Civil Affairs Handbook Denmark Section 7

CIVIL AFFAIRS
HANDBOOK
DENMARK
WSoc #
LIBRARY
v.s ,*;
ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL
(B)^ M I
\^
i.
i.
**
CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK
DENMARK
SECTION 7 : AGRICULTURE
UNCLASSIFIED
VHjmiPNr
Dissemination of restricted Batter. The information con tained in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restricted \u25a0aterial may be liven to any person known to be in the service of the United States and to persons of andoHbted loyalty and discretion who are cooperating in Government work, but will not be coaaiin icated to the public or to the press except by authorized Military public relations (See also par. 18b, agencies. AR 380-5, 28 Sep 19*2.)
JAN 31*46
HEADQUARTERS, ARNY SERVICE FORCES, 23 FEBRUARY 1944
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M 366-7 M 366-8 M 366-9
23 Feb# 1944 Section 7t Agriculture

20 Juiu 1944 Section 8t Industry and Commerce
2 Jun. 1944 Section 9: Labor
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n^'^Xa^nc-et^SUa,^
UNCUSSIFIED
ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL
M 366-7
Civil Affairs
UNCLASSIFIED
CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK
DENMARK
SECTION 7: AGRICULTURE
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HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES, 23 FEBRUARY 1944
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Oisseminat ion of restricted natter. The information con tamed in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restricted material may be given to any person known to be in the service of the United States and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperating in Government work, but will not be communicated to the public or to the press except by authorized military public relations agencies. (See also par. 18b, AR 380-5, 28 Sep 1942.)
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ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUALS
The main subject matter of each Army Service Forces Manual Is Indicated by consecutive numbering within the following categories:
- M99 - M199 M2OO - ME99 M3OO - M 399 M4OO - M499 M5OO - M 599 M6OO - M699 M7OO - M799 MBOO - M899 up M9OO
Ml MIOO
Training Army specialized Training Program Induction Training
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HEADQUARTERS,
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ARMY SERVICE FORCES' 26, D. C. 23 February 1944.

Agriculture,
Army
Service Forces Manual M 366-7, Denmark,

the supervision of The Provost Marshal of all concerned.
has been pre

published
pared under
General and Is
for the information and guidance
[SPX
461
(21
Sep
43)/
command of Lieutenant
General SOMERVELLJ
W. D. STYER.
Major General,
General
Staff corps,
Chief of staff.
OFFICIAL: J. A. ULIO,
Major General,
Adjutant
General.
UK
iD
UNCLASSIFIED
This study on Agriculture in Denmark

vat
prepared for th#_
MILITARY OOTBRHMJBHT DI7ISIOI, 07FICB 07 THI PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL

by the
DEPARTMENT Of AGRICULTURE, OFPIGE 07 TORIIGH ABBICULTURAL BSLATIOHB
Officers using this sate rial are requested
to sake suggestions
and
criticiss indicating the rerisions or additions which would make this
material more useful for their purposes.
These criticisms should be
sent to THE CHIS7 07 TES LIAISOH ABB STUDIES BRANCH, MILITARY QOVSBHMBKT
DIVISIOH, PMOO, 2807 MUHITIONS BUILDING, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.
-\
UNCLASSIFIED
IHTRODECTIOH
Purpose! of the
Civil Affairs Handbook,
The basic purposes of civil affairs officers are (l) to assist the Commanding General by quickly establishing those orderly conditions which will contribute most effectively to the conduct of military operations, (2) to reduce to a minimum the human suffering and the material damage resulting from disorder, and (3) to create the condition* which willmake it possible for civilian agencies to function effectively. The preparation of Civil Affairs Handbooks is a part of the effort to carry out these responsibilities as efficiently and humanely as possible. The Handbooks do not deal with plant or policies (which will depend upon It should be clearly understood changing and unpredictable developments). that they do not imply any given official program of action. They are rather ready reference source books containing the basic factual information needed for planning and policy making.
The study is divided in three parts. The first deals with the basic
The second part is
conditions under which Danish agriculture operates; pec- war position of the country's agriculture
devoted to a review of the and food economy, while the third part analyzes developments in agricult ural production, trade, and food consumption since the outbreak of war.
ILllk A2ZAISS lAHDBOOZI
ifiPICAL O2T LI II
Geographical and Social Background
Oorernsent
and Administration
Legal Affairs
4. Government finance
Money and Banking
latural Be source
Agriculture
Industry and Commerce
Labor
10. Public Works and Utilities
11. 12.
Transportation
Bys terns
Communications
13. Public Health and Sanitation
14. Public Safety

16. Education 16. Public Welfare
17.
Cultural Institutions,
This study on Agriculture in Denmark was prepared for the MILITARY 00T1RHMEHT DIVISION, 07FI0B 07 TRS PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL by the 077101! 07 TOEBIQH AORICULTUBAL SSLATIOVS, DSPABTMX9T 07 AGRICULTURE.
II
TABLE 01* COHTBHTS

Page
Preliminary
-HoH
iv
1
1
6
8
17
19
22
29
Fart I.
Basic Conditions A. The country and its natural environment B. Types of farming D. Composition of farm labor. Ownership E. Land use and crop rotation F. Use of fertilizers and machinery
C.
The farms
Part 11. Denmark's agriculture and food economy prior to

World War II A* Introduction B. Crops D. Livestock numbers 2. Liestock products r T. Livestock breeds a. Total food self-sufficiency H. Composition of diet
C. Utilisation of crops
29
30
32
41
43
50
54
58
Part 111 Tood and Agriculture since the Outbreak of War A* Summary of war-time developments B* Agricultural production since the occupation Introduction Acreages, yields, and production Utilisation of crops Livestock numbers and production of
animal foodstuffs
C. Foreign trade in foodstuffs D. Food consumption in 1942-43 E. Domestic food supplies available for con-
in 1943-44 ?. Possible surpluses at time of reoccupatlon
Appendix
62
62
65
65
69
71
77
80
83
86
87
89
A Note on Agricultural Cooperatives
in Denmark
1&P: Soils of Denmark
26b
111
LIST Of TABLES
Page
1. Meteorological conditions, 1886-1925 average 2. Distribution of farms according to else, 1933 3. Land use on farms "by size groups, 1933 4. Land use on faros by size groups, 1933, (percentage distribution) 5. Livestock on farms of different sizes 6* "Livestock units" per 100 hectares, 1933 7. Man-years of labor per farm and per 100 hectares of agricul tural land in farms of all sixes, 1934 8. Composition of farm labor by farm size groups, 1934 9. Land use in 1937 10. Total quantities of plant food applied, 1933-34 11. Utilization of agricultural machinery, 1936 12. Agricultural land in farms using specified types of machinery,
13. 14. IS. 16.
17,
11
13
14
*1
16
18 21 23 26,26 28 31 34 37 39 42 44 44 46 47 49 51
18.
19.
20. 21. 22. 23. Livestock breeds, 1933 (numbers) 24. Summary of pre-war food production and consumption 25. Pre-war per capita consumption of food, average 1933-1937 protein, fat, and carbohydrate and 26. Nutritional conversions per kilogram of food calories 27. War-time reduction in plant food content of available fer tilizer and manure supplies 28. Disposition of the 1942 grain crop as determined in the Grain Law 29. Disposition of the 1942 potato crop 30. Available feed, 1940-41, 1941-42, and 1943-43 31. Food production, trade, and consumption, 1942-43 32. Per capita consumption of food, 1942-43
1936 Acreage, yield, and production of specified crops Available feed, average 1933-1937 pre-war grain balance, average 1933-1937 Pre-war balance of legumes, potatoes, and sugar, average 1933-1937 July census Livestock on farms Production of animal foodstuff* pre-war production of animal foodstuffs from domestic and imported feed, average 1933-1937 Pre-war milk balance, average 1933-1937 Pre-war edible fats and oils balance, average 1933-1937 Pre-war meat, fish, and egg balance, average 1933-1937
55
59 61 67 73 75 76 82 84
MAP
Soils of Denmark
93
IV
Preliminary Note
Danish agriculture "before the war was organized with a view to the most efficient production of aaimal foodstuffs. The country was the world market's greatest supplier of "butter,
"bacon, and eggs. Practically all of the crops produced including the bread grains wheat and rye were used as feed for livestock. In addition there were large imports of oil cake and corn for feed. For reasons of quality, bread grains for human consumption were largely imported.
After the outbreak of war, these imports of bread grain and However, the domestic crops concentrates were discontinued. rye normally fed to livestock constituted a re of wheat and
serve of bread grain, sufficient to supply human requirements of farinaceous foods. As a result the use of these grains for feed has been prohibited since the fall of 1939. The livestock industry had to be adjusted to this two-fold reduction in feed supplies, the absence of imported feed and the diversion of domestic bread grain from feed to food uses. By the summer of 1942 cattle numbers had been reduced. by almost 15 percent, hog numbers by more than 60 percent. An equilibrium had been reached when the domestic crops supplied the population with its bread stuffs, sugar* vegetables, fruits, etc., as well as the live stock industry with sufficient feed for a production which was severely reduced, to be sure, but still large enough to permit substantial exports.
Good crops in 1942 and 1943 have caused an upward trend in live stock numbers most important in the case of hogs. A possibly
less favorable growing season in 1944 and the cumulative effect of war-time shortages, for instance of fertilizers, may well arrest or* reverse this recent trend. In spite of such fluctua tions Denmark will probably be able to continue on a basis of food and feed self-sufficiency with some export surpluses of
animal foodstuffs.
Barring extensive disruptions of transportation and severe de structions of supplies Incident to military action, Denmark should not be in need of food relief at time of reoccupation. Far from being a liability to the United Nations in respect to foodstuffs, it could contribute some of the scarce and valuable animal foodstuffs to other countries. Furthermore, the produc tive capacity of Danish agriculture in the winter of 1944 is still so far intact that a reversion to the former high level of efficiency in respect to the livestock industry within a few years after the resumption of world trade is very well possible.
C UR INM.2I!AGR IV L I E
Part I BASIC CONDITIONS A. The
country
and its natural environment
Situated "between the North Sea and the Baltic Denmark it a country of many Islands and one peninsula, Jutland, stretch
ing north from the German border,
country is only 42,931
While the area of the whole
square kilometers (sq. km.), it has a

Out. of a total number of 483 Islands
coast-line of 7,438 km.

101 are inhabited. was 3,844,000.
The total population figure in November 1940
Of these, 1,406,000 lived in Jutland with its

(ha.)., while another 1,406,000
land area of 2,379,000 hectares
lived on the largest island, Sealand,
of 702,000 ha.
The presence
of Copenhagen with 814,000 inhabitants on this Island therefore

contributed to the high average population figure of 200 per sq.
km. as compared to only 59 per sq. km. in Jutland.
Second largest
of the islands is Funen with 326,000 inhabitants and 298,000 ha.

or 110 per sq. km.
Occupational
statistics are only available for 1930, when With their
525,752 persons
dependents
were employed in agriculture proper.
they numbered 1,029,208 or 29 percent of the population;
193,577 were owners or operators
of farms.
The farm population's
share of the whole population was only very slightly larger than
that of crafts and industries, but the latter constitute a much

less homogeneous
group.
The main resources
of the country are agricultural, and
climate, soils, and topography by and large favor agricultural

pursuits.
The climate is a cool temperate climate with mild

and humidity is high.
Precipitation,
winters and cool summers,
although not great, is therefore adequate
throughout the year.
Fluctuations
great.
in temperature
from day to day are generally not and precipitation "by months as well
Average temperature
as average numbers of hours of sunshine and days of frost are

shown in table 1.
Winter temperatures
generally oscillate around
freezing although severe
winters occasionally
occur.
Hard frosts The mean
in spring, causing damage to crops, are not frequent.

temperature
in the interior of Jutland is generally a degree or
two lower than along the coast, both in winter and summer.
While
precipitation is fairly plentiful all year round, it is greater

in the summer culminating in August with 80 mm. while February,
March, April, and May have only 34, 41, 40, and 42 mm. , respec
tively.
Dry periods during these months occasionally
hamper grains
on light soils.
cipitation.
The southern part of Jutland has the largest pre
In spite of the small area of the country, climatic differences are significant enough to influence crop conditions.
Thue the growing season starts 14. days to one month earlier on
the islands than in the northern and northwestern parts of Jutland,
and the frost-free period lasts about a month longer in western
Table 1. DENMARK: Meteorological conditions, 1886-1925 average

Average temperature
nth
January
Days of frost
Hours of sunshine 36
64
119
175
248
254
246
214
159
98
49
27
1/
Precipitation
Centigrade
millimeters 44
34
41
40
42
47
64
80
57
66
53
58
626
0.1 -0.1
21 21 18 7 1 0 0 0 0.2 3 10 16 97>
February
March
April May
1.6
5.5 10.7 14.2 16.0 15.3
June
July August September
12.3 8.1
4.1
October November
December Tear
1.6
7.. 5
Statistlsk
Aarbog, 1941.
1689
Source:
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations

December 1943
1/
1903-1934
Jutland than in the rest of the country.
1/
Soils.- G-lacial deposits have formed the surface soils

of Denmark,
Only on the small island of Bornholm in the Baltic
does the granite bedrock in places appear from this, formations

country,
on the surface.
Apart
of the chalk period are the oldest in the
From the point of view of agriculture it is mainly the
"blanket of glacial deposits which is .of interest although the limestone of the chalk period is of direct importance too "because
it is toeing used in liming of the agricultural
soils.
The map on Glacial clay
page 93 shows the distribution of soils in Denmark.
loam, gravel, and sand are the three predominant
types of surface
soils.
Gravelly and sandy soils predominate
in the sections marked

type of sandy
"sandy soils. 11
wHeath soils" designate
the poorest
soils.
Glacial clay predominates
both as to extent and thickness
of deposits.
The islands and the eastern parts of Jutland are to

The clay has a variable
a large extent covered by this soil. content of stones,
rocks, sand, clay, and lime, depending upon
the geological formation of those regions over which the ice
sheets passed before reaching Denmark.
The lime content thus is

towards
high in the eastern parts of the country, but diminishes
the interior of Jutland.
The glacial clay Is made up of clay thoroughly mixed with sand and gravel and contains valuable plant foods.
Because of its
1/ Discussion of climate, soil, and

Jensen:
topography based on Einar
Danish
Agriculture.
physical properties it preserves moisture well and absorbs added

plant food readily.
It is the most important, most stable
soil
basis for Danish crop production although it is a rather heavy soil. Another heavy fertile clay soil is found in northern Jutland deposited in fresh or salt water in interglacial or post
glacial times.
The lighter soils of Denmark are made up of stratified

glacial sand and gravel.
An admixture of clay in many places

But where the
makes
them fairly good for agricultural purposes.
subsoil is glacial gravel which has too little power to absorb

plant food and
conserve moisture for agricultural purposes,
the
land has never been cleared of forests.

Through the central and western parts of Jutland is large stretch of glacial outwash plains of poor and sandy
soil.
On account caused obstacle
of the particular vegetation on this soil leaching has

which is a great
the deposit of a compact layer of hardpan, to all cultivation.

Only in recent
days of cheaper power,
fertilizer, and lime has it been possible to take in land of this

nature for agriculture*
The
topography
of a country is important to agriculture

the degree of ease
not only because
it determines
agricultural operations age of mechanized
can be carried out
agriculture
- particularly
with which in an
but also because
level land is
country
less subject to erosion.
In Denmark the bottom moraine
the fertile glacial clay loam district referred to above flat or gently rolling.
-
is
Where, on the other hand, terminal

of the land, steep hills and southern Funen, and in A third type of landscape
moraines have shaped the surface
ridges are found as in central Sealand,
a "belt through the middle of Jutland.
is formed by the already mentioned glacial outwash plains in
central and western Jutland, a gently, sloping surface occasionally

broken by land of higher elevation (moraine formation of earlier
glaciations,
smoothed down by erosion.)
Along the western coast of south Jutland is a
narrow
belt of fenlands, B.
Types
low level clay land, formed by ocean deposits.
of
farming
The differences
in the natural basis for agriculture as
between various parts of Denmark are not as striking as in most
countries, and it is therefore
to be expected
that farms at least

By and large
within a certain size group are fairly homogeneous. this is true.
A good medium size farm, say, from 15 to 30 ha.,
may have about 40 percent of its land in grain, 15 to 20 percent
in roots, and 30 to 40 percent in pasture and hay. and with the help of some purchased
On this basis, 10 to 15 cows
concentrates,
may be kept and a number of hogs, as well as some other livestock. Dairy products
and pork are the main source of income.
Sale of
plant products is generally not important.
This is a typical Danish farm.

are of two kinds.
Variations from the type
First there are some variations in farming
practices
due to variation in size of farm.
This may roughly "be
described "by an increase with a decrease
in the intensity of livestock production On the other hand, grain as
in the size of farm.
a source of cash is of importance
on the larger farms.
Second,
the data
there are regional variations.

involved in the farm management
A detailed study
2] of
and farm income reports collected
by the Danish Farm Management, Bur.eau
as well as official agri
cultural statistics may be summed up in the following types of

farming characterization.
1.
On the clay loam soils of eastern
Jutland
and the
islands, the type of farming conducted is of the dairy-hog type,

with 40 to 45 percent of the land in cereals, in roots, and 30 to 35 percent in meadows 12 to 16 percent
for pasture and hay.

the
Dairying provides a greater part of the farm income than does
sale of hogs and more than 40 percent of total income.
2.
Coastal stretches
of land along the eastern coast
of Jutland as well as coastal areas of the islands with the rich

est soil and mildest climate in the country have around 50 percent
of the farm land in grain and only about 25 percent in pastures and hay.
Sugar beets and root seed crops
are specialized crops

But dairying and pork
of particular importance in this region.
production remain the chief source of income.
3.
Around the western part of the Lime Tjord in northern The climate is,
Jutland is another fertile clay loam area.
}|7
Elnar Jenaen.
Danish
Agriculture, x>. 297.
however, somewhat different from the already described regions

windier and with more rainfall and a larger percentage
of the
land is in pastures.
While the number of cattle per unit of
land is as high as anywhere in the country, the number of dairy
cows is not as high, and beef production is here an important source of income together with dairying and pork production.
4.
On the sandy soils of western Jutland (south of the
Lime Fjord) cereals claim only 35 percent of the farm land and
yields
are fairly low while pastures
take up a full 50 percent.
Cattle raising emphasizes beef production as well as dairying.

Hog numbers
are smaller than in the first mentioned three sec
tions of the country.
5. In central Jutland are the poorest soils (partly

the glacial outwash plains). The relative share of land in
grains, pasture and roots is somewhat like that of wet tarn Jut
land.
Dairying is the
main farm enterprise, btef production is
not important, and the number of hogs is smaller than in most
other sections of the country. 6.
The fenlands on the west coast of southern Jutland,

There agriculture is
when drained, provide excellent pasture.
distinctly different from that in the rest of the country with fattening of cattle at the farmers
1
primary occupation.
C.
The farms
In 1933 there were 204,231 farms in Denmark with a total
agricultural
area of 3,176,000 ha. (table 2).
This gives an
Table 2.
BE1IMABK:
Distribution of farms according to size, 1933
Size-group
Farms otal number Percent 3309 4785 19899

f
Land in farms
Total area
hectares 3442 5889 43904 111303 360891 333715 973787 844828
Percentage
hectares 0.55 1
- 1.5
-1
3
1.6 2.3
0.1 0.2 1.4 3*5 11.4
1.5
9.7 13.6
i
3-5 5-10 10
27730 50054 26860 45492
- 15
24.5 13.2 22.3 10.5 1.8 0.4 0.1

100.0
10.5 30.7
26.6 9.1 3.7 2.8 100.0
15-30 30-60
21406
3769 740 287 204231
60-120
120-240 240 and over Total
290087
119172 89939 3175957
Source: Statistiske Meddelelser. 4 Raefcke, 102 Bind, 2 Haefte, og Kreaturhold efter Ejendqmsstdrrelse 1933".
wArealanvendelse
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations December 1943
10
average
size of about 15 hectares,
glance at the table shows
a great concentration
prises
22,3 percent
of farms of 16 to 30 ha.
This group com
of all farms and 30.7 percent of the total

Farms of 30 to 60 ha. claim 10.5 percent
agricultural land.
of the farms with 26,6 percent of the area.
Another large group
from the point of view of number of farms is that of 5 to 10 ha. with almost one- fourth of the farms, but only 11.4 of the agri cultural area*
This small farm type has been favored by legisla

of small holdings,
tion, providing loans for the establishment

the so-called Stats-Husmandsbrug.
The legislation,
which dates
back to 1899, first aimed at the establishment

holdings,
of much smaller
which would prdvide only part-time occupation for its
owner.
The intention was partly to tie more agricultural labor
to the land, but this policy later gave way to one of establish
ing holdings of a size, which under Danish conditions emphasis
- with
on livestock production
-
would provide
a complete live
lihood for the family.
Tables 3 and 4 provide a description of the land use

on farms by size groups. The similarities in the land use on
large and small farms are more striking than the differences.
The area in grain is very close to 40 percent of the agricultural

land on farms of all sizes.
The more intensive livestock pro
duction on smaller farms is, however, reflected in the fact that farm 8 of less than 10 ha. have 20 to 28 percent of their land
11
Table 3. DENMARK! Land use on farms by size groups, 1933 Grain

Size-group
Roots
Other crops
Fallow
hectares 0.55 1 1-1.5 1.5 -.3

3-5 5-10
Grass and green feed in the rotation 1,000 hectares 1 2 12

29 91
Grass and green feed outside the rotation
Total area
agri
cultural
'
1 2 18 48
156
1 1
10
10 15 15-30 30-60
60 120
24
74
... ... ...

1 2
...
3 16
3
44
11
4
8
34
--120 240
142 408
344
113
48
62 164 125 37 15
11
524
1 5 6'
4
5 15 14
4
240 and over Total
37
1,317
3 6 29
2 3 48
83 233 183 56 19 13 722
41 148 172 77 31 21 536
111 361 334 973

844
291 118
91
3,176
Table 4. DENMARK: Land use on farms by size groups, 1933 (percentage Grain
Size-group
distribution)
Roots
Other crop
. Fallow ' Grass green

in the
and
feed
Grass and green feed outside the
Total agri cultural area
hectares
1 0.55 1 1.5 1.5 3

3-5 5-10
-
- -
--
rotation percent 34.4 38.1 28.2 23.7 22.6 21.6 20.4 18.6 16.8 14.8 12.8 12.9 11.9 16.5 6.3 3.0 1.8 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.2 2.8 6.3 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.8 2.9 1.5 22.3 26.4 27.2 26.2 25.3 24.9 23.9 21.7 . 19.3 16.2 14.2 22.7
rotation 8.1 8.0 5.9 6.9 9.6 12.2 15.3 20.4 26.5 26.0 23.7 16.9
1933,
M
4i.6
43.3 43.2 42.5 41.9 40.7 38.9 40.3 41.0 41.5
10-15 15 30 30 60 60 120 120 240 240 and over Total

Source:
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Statlstlske
"Arealanvendelse og Kreaturhold efter E,jendomsBtorrelse Meddelelser. 4 Raekke, 102 Bind, 2 Haefte. Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations December 1943
12
in root crops while the percentage is 12 to 18. in respect
for farms of more than 10 ha.

difference exists
A similar though less pronounced
to grass and green feed in the rotation,
for grass
and green feed outside
the rotation the trend is reversed.
The more intensive livestock production on small farms

is also brought out in table 6.
In this table all categories of
livestock on farms have been placed on a comparable basis by con

version into a common denominator, a "livestock unit. 11
3/
(Actual
livestock numbers are given in table, 5. )

as
ttnumber
They are then presented
of livestock units per 100 ha. N in farms of all sizes.
Small holdings of less than 5 ha. have from 200 to 350 such live
stock units per 100 ha. As might be expected the small holdinge In respect
are particularly well stocked with chickens and hogs.
to cattle, the concentration per 100 ha. is only twice as great
on the smallest farms as on the largest.

grown
The importance of home
coarse fodder (grass, roots, and green feed) is, of course,
much greater in the case of cattle than in the case of hogs and
chicken, so that the size of farm sets definite limits to the
number of cattle kept, while a large number of hogs or chicken
may be kept
on purchased concentrates
even on a very small farm.

outstanding
In this between
fact lies the basis of one of the
differences
the economic organization of the large and small farms in
according to which each type of livestock has been converted into livestock units is as follows: 1 livestock unit ; 1 horse over 2 years !;Sepl^B \u25a0 1 dairy cow 2*25 heads of young cattle 6 hogs iee P*
3/ The scale
4HHMKNMBHHto*
13
Table 5.
DENMAiIK: Livestock on farms of different sizes
Size-groiap
Horses
Cattle Total Cows

3 8 56 138 405 355 997 779 236 91
Sheep
Hogs
Chickens
hectares
0.55
1000 heads 1 1 2 12 34 87 56 144 111 31 2.. 6 42 98 264 209 543 400 117 49 37
1-1.5 1.5
-3
..
8 15 101 246 656 516
214 314
2 3 11 17 56 55 18 6 4 172
1,411 2,162 4,339 2,704 5,653 3,338

662
3-5 5-10
10
15
15-30
30 60
- 60
120
1,372 1,005
294 96
120-240
240 and over
'
10 7 495
153 63
63
3,131
56
4,365
Total
1,767
21.0J.3
1933," Statis
Source: "Arealanvendelse og Kreaturhold efter Ejendomsstdrrelse tlske Meddelelser. 4 Raekke, 102 Bind, 2 Haefte.
14
Tatle 6.
DENMARK:
"Livestock units" per 100 hectares,
1933
\u25a0
Horses
Size of farm
hectares
Cattle Total Cows 105.6 112.3 110.8 104.0 90.5 82.2 76.4 67.2 58.7 56.6 54.0 94.1 97.4 96.6 87.8 73.1 62.8
Hogs
Sheep
Chickens
Total
0.55-1 1-1.5 1.5-3

3-5
19,6
52.0
1.4
0.8
0.7
175.1 106.8
64.3
353.7 283.0 237.5 206.5 165.7 140.1 126.2 108.2 91.0 81.5
74.3
30.9 23.2 26.4
42.2
38.5 36.9 30.3 25.8 23.5 19.8 16.9 13.5
0.4
0.4 0.7
38.8 24.0 16.2 11.6 7.9 4.6 2.6

1.4
5-10
10-15 15-30 30-60
'
20.5
15.2
13.9
55.7
47.3 40.5 41.0
0.8 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.8
- 120 60
240 and over
12.4
9.9 8.1 8.0
120-240
41.1
55.6
10.3
22.9
Total
Source:
14.2
74.7
13.2
125.8
"Arealanvendelse og Kreaturhold efter Ijendomsstflrrelse Meddelelser. 4 Raekke, 102 Bind, 2 Haeft*. Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations December 1943
1933," Statistiske
If See footnote 3, page 11.
15
Denmark:
in cereals
the large farm
- grows
- with about - grown much
40 percent of its area
more grain than it uses and is therefore a
seller of grain while the small farm cent of its area in grain
- also
with about 40 per-
less grain than is needed
for feed, and it becomes a purchaser
of grain.
The difference in production intensity as between small

and large farms is further illustrated in the intensity of the
application of labor.
Table 7 gives the number of full-time
employed men on farms of various sizes, both in absolute numbers per farm, and in numbers per 100 ha. of agricultural land in
each size group.
All labor has been converted into this common

Leaving the very small hold
denominator,
the "man year of labor."
ings of less than 3 ha.
out of consideration, it will be seen that
the application of labor per
unit of land is 2 to 3 times as
great
on farms of 10 ha* or less as on farms over 60 ha.
The different intensity in the livestock production on

these farms as reflected in the figures of table 6 provide in part the explanation of this fact. It willbe noted, for instance,
that farms of 5 to 10 ha. have 2.2 times as many livestock units

per 100 ha. as the largest farms (over 240 ha.) and 2*3 times as
much labor.
Similarly, farms of 10 to 15 ha. have 1.9 times as
much livestock and I*B times as much labor per land unit as the farms over 240 ha. In spite of these differences, there is an essential the fact remains that
similarity in the type of farming on Danish
16
Table 7.
SKNHIKKi Man-years of labor per farm and per 100 hectares of agricultural land in farms of all siies, 1934
Si ge-group
Man-years per 100 hectares
Man-years
per
fain 0.9 I*o
hectares 0.55 -1.6 1.5

3
93.9 48.5 32.4 21.5
3-5 5-10 10
1.2
1.5
- 15
60
17.4
14.6 11.6 8.9
2.1
3.1 4.5 6.8 14.6
15-30 30
60-120 120-240 240 and Total

Source;
CTer
- 9.0
9.5 15.1
\u25a0
29.1
2.3 Statlstlske Meddelelser.
"Landbrugets Arbejdskraft 1934 og 1935, 4 Baekke, 102 Bind, 3 Haefte.
Office of foreign Agricultural Relations
December 1943
17
farma of all sizes.
All groups depend on mixed farming with

feed, supplemented
daily cattle and hogs fed on home-grown coarse
with purchased
concentrates
(imported oil cake and domestic or
imported grain) the main
source of income.
Qwnershi
that the family size farm
D. Corn-position of farm labor.
It is a common observation
or the farm with one or two hired helpers is characteristic
of
Danish farming.
of man-years
Table gives on a percentage basis the amount
of farm work supplied by the owner (operator), other

types of hired labor.
members of the family, and various
In the
country as a whole 56.2 percent of the labor was supplied by -the operators
of the farms or their relatives, but this percentage
varied f*?om 87.1 on the smallest holdings to 4.2 percent on the

very largest.
On farms of 15 to 30 ha*, which as stated before
comprise 22.3 percent of the number of farms and 30.7 percent of

the agricultural land, the farmer and his family supplied about
one-half of the number of man-years worked, while hired help, liv

ing on the farm, provided 44.6 percent and day laborers only 3*5 percent. Socially there are significant differences
between
the
various categories
of hired helpers.
Those men who work on small
or medium sized farms and live on the farm are often sons of
farmers for whom this work is training for their later occupation
as independent
farmers,
while those employed on larger farms and
the day laborers are to

proper.
beônsideredasagri
cultural laborers
18
Table 8. ESKMARK: Composition of farm labor "by farm size groups, 1934
Size-grouo
Owner's la"bor on his own farm 67.7 64.4 63.7 57.5 41.0 27.4 18.3 12.7 5.4 2.4 34.6
Children and Hired help -permanent ~k! other relatives Male Female Total Male Female Total
percent
Day
Qcca-
laborers
sional
help
Grand total
hectares 0.55-1.5 1.5-3 3-5 5-10 10-15 15-30 30-60 60-120 120-240 240 and over All farms 8.3 9.7 10.7 11.1 19.4 11.5 21.2
4.6 5.3 6.0 9.1 20.1 29.5 39.2 42.8 44.3 44.6 25.6
6.7 6.8 5.6 6.1 10.6 15.1 16.5 17.0 16.6 16.2 12.5
11.3 12.1 11.6

15.2
0.4 0.7 1.2 0.7 0.6 1.? 5.0 10.5 23.4 28.5 3.3
1.2 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7

2.3
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0. 100.0 100.0. 100.0' 100.0 100.0.
100,0'
4 Raekke,
11.1 21.8 24.8 26.0 24.5 18.2 13.3 3.9 1.8 21.6
13.7 11.1
14.6 13.9 10.5 11.4 10.6 7.7
30.7 44.6 55.7 59.8 60.9 60.8 38.1
2.8 3.7 6.4 6.5 2.4
7.4 5.9 2.7 1.2
0.6 1.2 12.0 9.6
Source: "Landbrugets Arbejdskraft 1934 og 1935," Statistiske Meddelelser. 102 Bind, 3 Haefte. Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations December 1943
1/ Farm laborers who live on the farm where
they are employed.
19
Viewed from a different angle it is found that in 1984,

57 percent of the Danish farms with 47 percent of the agricultural land engaged no farm laborers the farmer and his family. at all "but were operated entirely by
Another 19 percent of the farms (with
19 percent of the land) had only one hired man, while 24 percent of the farm 8 employed two or more laborers.
Ownership. owner-operated.
The great majority of Danish farms are

carrying low interest
Slowly amortized mortgages,
have been easy to obtain through credit institutions organised on a cooperative basis
siderably.
- a fact
which has encouraged ownership con
In 1919 the percentage
of owner-operated farms was 94.3,
and it is known that this percentage has Increased since then.

E. Land use and crop rotation
The use of the farm land is Intimately tied up with total

agricultural production of both plant and livestock products since
the major part of the crop on Danish farms is fed to livestock on

the farms where it is grown. the half century preceding; It is a
well known fact that
during
the present war Danish agriculture In the direction of more and
underwent a pronounced development
more intensive livestock production.
Around 1860 the country was
still a grain exporter, but 20 years later the increasing emphasis
on dairy cattle and pigs made grain Imports necessary.

not mean a decrease in the area devoted to grain growing
This did Then
as now about 40 percent
of the agricultural land was In grains,
20
but the grain is now fed on the farm, generally not sold.
rye
Wheat and and oats
are grown, but barley,
oats,
and a mixture of
barley
claim a much larger share of the acreage in grain.
The wheat and rye while
area in 1937 was 129,000 ha. and 139,000 ha. respectively,

barley, oats, and mixed grained acreage
was 369,000, 376,000, and
309,000 ha.
Under favorable soil and climatic conditions wheat and
barley give much higher yields than rye and oats, but the latter will
do relatively better on the less fertile and more acid soils. The larger part of the wheat and barley areas are there fore found on the islands (table 9) while Jutland claims
approximately
four-fifths of the rye and mixed grain area and more than two-thirds of the area in oats,
practically all of the wheat is winter wheat*
inter rye is also dominant.
The area in roots is approximately of

As to
the same relative magnitude on the islands and in Jutland.
individual root crops there are considerable differences, however, with potatoes and rutabagas claiming a larger relative share of the
root acreage
in Jutland than
on the islands, while the situation it
reversed in respect to sugar beets and mangels.
The less fertile soil of Jutland is reflected in the lar

ger
area devoted to grasslands both in and outside the rotation.
Out
6f the total agricultural land in Jutland such grassland constitutes

44 percent, while the corresponding percentage
only 31. Crop rotation practices country.
for the islands is
are fairly uniform throughout the
A seven or eight year rotation is common with, for Instance,
21
Table 9.
DENMARK: Land use in 1937
Item
Islands hectares
74131
Jutland hectares
55014 116760
Denmark hectares
129145 139218 368592 376259
Wheat
Bye Barley
22458
201506
Oats
Mixed grain Leguminous plants Total grain
111660
60416 2234 472405* 16902 56707 8618
167086
264599
248777
1495
309193
3729 1326136
85373163797
87246 8560 157771 14374
Potatoes
Mangels
\u25a0
80699 143953
17178
Fodder sugar beets

Rutabagas Turnips
39638
2086
Carrots Sugar beets: for sugar production

for feed Chicory Total roots
783 38815 4309

269 168627.
3346 1183
11423 107
197409 16460
4129
39998 16232
.
376 516434' 48399
34780713604
17304
Other crops Tallow
1/
in the rotation:
34795 30595 5072 14430

73532
37899 8480 18069 279115
405210
Grass and green feed Green feed Lucerne Clover

and grass: for hay for pasture Total
3408 3639
205583
98510 191544grassland
306700 519330-
710874.
Grass outside the rotation:

Meadows, permanent
for hay for pasture Outlying grasslands Total Total agricultural area
"Landbrugsstatistik Source? 4 Haefte.
15730 85034 22122 1228861010852*
120041 218176
100993
4392102190986,
135771 303210 123115 562096 3201838

4 Raekke, 106 Bind,
1937," Statistiske Meddelelser.
1/
Seed, buckwheat,
flax, etc.
22
3 or 4 fields of grain, 2 or 3 fields of clover and grass mix
tures, and one or two root or potato fields.- The smaller the
farm, the more roots and the less grass in the
is quite insignificant.
rotation,
fallow
The sequence
of crops varies greatly. are important considera
Combating of weeds and plant diseases
tions.
Foot rot, for instance, is particularly likely to de
velop if wheat and barley
occur too frequently and the oat

is used more often than Grass in the rotation
nematide may become serious if oat
every sth and 6th year in the rotation.
is often triennial, but is rarely of longer duration, and may be annual. to become
y.
The duration of the grass in the rotation has tended

shorter since the introduction of roots.
Use of fertilizers and machinery
fertilizers.- The use of artificial fertilizers has

greatly increased
in Denmark in the last 25 years before the the application of plant food by means of
war. Nevertheless
artificial fertilizers was not nearly as great in Denmark as in Holland and Belgium, and Germany. The intensive use of farm for this fact.
yard manure in Denmark no doubt accounts
Tor 1933-34 a comparison
is available
4/
of the re
spective amounts of plant food supplied by farmyard manure and
fertilizers (table 10).

is evident.
The predominant importance of
Jianure
It supplied 86 percent of the nitrogen, 62 percent Denmark

Agriculture 1935
\u26664/ The
Agricultural Council.
23
Table 10.
DENMARK: Total quantities of plant food applied 1933-34
Item
P205
1,000 metric tons
K2OK 20
Farmyard manure
166 28 194
Percentage figures
89 53 142
189 30 209
Fertilizers Total
Farmyard
manure
86 14 100
62 38
100
90 10 100
Fertilizers
Total
Source:
The Agricultural Council.
Denmark Agriculture 1935
Office of Foreign Agriculture December 1943
24
of phosphoric
compounds,
acid and 90 percent
of the potash.
All fertilizer
or in the case of superphosphate were imported.
the raw material
from which it was produced,
In terms of plant foods the applications per ha. in 1933-34 in 1938-39, respectively, was as follows:
kgs. per ha. 1933-34 1938-39 1938
N K2OK 20
*25
9.3 17.8 6.8
11.9 21.3 13.7 increase in
The figures indicate a rather considerable

the use of
fertilizers in the years immediately pre

to potash fertilizers.
ceding the war, particularly in respect
Trade figures support this fact and further show that during this period there was a decrease "but a more than corresponding rock imported. As to the use of fertilizers and manure for individual
crops,
in the imports of superphosphate,
increase in the amount of phosphate
the following (juot&tion from a publication by the Danish
Agricultural Council
j5/ provides an illustration of its
dig'
tribution in an ordinary rotation of crops on good clay loam soil:
1. Wheat. 200 kgs. superphosphate, per ha.
200 to 400 kgs. of lime
2. Swedes: Farmyard manure and liquid manure, phosphate per ha.
200 kgs. super
5' See footnote 4.
25
3. Barley: 100 to 200 kgs. superphosphate, nitrate of lime per ha.
oto 100 kgs.

200 kgs.
4. Mangels:
Farmyard manure, nitrate of soda.
200 kgs. superphosphate,
5. Barley with grasses and trifoils: 200 kgs. superphosphate, 100 kgs. potash, 0 to 100 kgs. nitrate of lime. 6. Clover grass; 100 to 200 kgs. superphosphate, potash per ha. 7. Biennial grass:
liquid manure
100 kgs.
8. Oats:
200 kgs. superphosphate, ammonia per ha.
100 to 300 kgs. sulphate
9. Permanent pastures:
potash per ha. Machinery.farming
100 to 300 kgs. superphosphate
and
In view of the special character
of Danish
one might expect that it did not lend itself particularly

As a matter of fact, however, "both labor
well to mechanization.
and machinery intensity is great, and Denmark is considered one of the countries where machinery is most extensively used.
This
is due partly to the fact that such a large share of the agri
cultural land is arable, partly to the great number of farms in

to relation i total area.
Furthermore, much machinery is used in
the preparation of feed on account of the great number of live

stock on farms.
High cost of labor is also a contributing fac
tor to the extensive use of machinery. Straw choppers are used on more farms than any other
type of machinery, namely on 139,728 farms (table 11) or 70.6
percent of all farms.
Some type of thresher
is used by 71.7
26
Table
11.
DENMARK: Utilization of agricultural machinery,

Percentage
1936
30 60 to to 6o 120
of farms in each size group using machinery.

hectares
0.55
to Type
3
5
to
numbers
Total number of farms:
to 10
10
to
15
30
120
to
to
240
and
15
percent
240
over
All farms
203 F)00
Number of farms
using machinery:
Tractors
Steam engines
Electro-motors Internal combustion

engines Power windmills
6660 1268 735H
Windmills for water pumps
34822 12587
2927
3.6 3.0 1.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 lO.b 20.6 26.7.38.8 4.8 1.2 18.4 21.9 6.4 3.9 8.3 0.4
2.4 0.3
0.1
1.7 5.4 22.6 58.3 78.5 34 0.7 0.7 1.8 8.7 28.2 0.6 53.5 65.0 69.2 60.5 71.9 37. 1 22.8 21.7 21.5 33.9 40.0 17.6 9.9 12.3 14.7 12.9 5,9 6,4
1.9
0.4
0.7
1.4
3.8
5.4 12.1
24.8
1.5
G-raiif threshers,
double screening Grain threshers, single screening Smaller, single screening threshera Threshers without
cleaning equipment Straw balers Straw presses without ties
13888
29752
65380 33163
29295
6.5 5.4 4,3 6.7 10 .7 30.1 3.1 4.8 7.3 12.2 24.4 36.8 38.0 4.3 14.6 31.7 44.8 48.6 42. 0 24.4
4.7
72.4 90.0 7.0 18.8 6.3 15.0 7.7

2.3 1.5 33. 0
0.7
IA..J 26.9 2A.5 18.7 b.O 8.1 10.
Feed mills
Straw choppers Root washers Root cleaning
14501 86083 139728
2191
10.3 4.8 19.8 32.9 8.4 0.8 2.1 4,0 8.3 12.4 13.8 5.3 13.3 30.2 R0.7 68.2 78.4 20.2 55.0 73.3 00.8 85.2 87.7 0.8
2.9 45.5
69.8 75.6 14.8

5.1 10.0
16.7
0.3
machines
Milking machines
3638
3354.
0.5
0.9
1.3
2.4
15.6 19.^ 20. 4 7.3 81.0 Bl.f 84. A 43.5 88.4 92.5 92.6 70.6 1.1
3.5
11.2 11.2
0.3
1.1
0.1
0.6
Drills
Broadcast seeders Potato planters
Fertilizer distributors Horse-drawn sprayers Liquid manure

distributors
112237 15823 2620
38
8902 3063
5499
354 51351 bO 5 75 57.7 94-.q 95.6 95.6 3 0.3 O.b 1.1 3.3 12.9 20.2 38 .8 63.4 70.7 0.2 I,* 5.0 13.4 24.3 28.1 0.1 0.3 1.3 6.A 15.5 35.6 67.9 84.8 0.2 0.4 1.0 l.b 4.2 13.5 30.4 45.2
0.1
2.3 3.0
R.J b.b
13.8
15.4. 23,3
21.1
1.7 1.0
56.7
0.5
0.9
2.7
4*3
7-4 11.4
16.5 17.8
8.0 1.3 4.5 1.5 2.8
26a
Mowers
Heaping attach
ments Reapers
115915 10b24 7133 19954
Binders Potato diggers Beet lifters

Liquid manure cisterns
29412 82303
54 17*7 0.7 6.2 0.7 A.I 4.3 8.1 0.1 0,2 0.3 0.8
46.9 73.6 88.5 96.2 98,7 94.5 8.6 6.5 7.0 19,2 26.2 18.6 8.2 5.5 5.9 3,4 5.3 10.4 21.3 43.7 70.0 90.4 96.4 95. 0 0.4 1.0 4.4 13.9 27.4 44.0 27 6.4 15.6 31.0 47.5 67.0
0.3 0.5 95.2 0.7
95.9
58.5
36.3
95.6
57.7
4,1 14.9 SA
41.6
3.6
78. 1 83.7
9.0
10.1
Silos
174418 1218
56.7 82.7 91.8 93.6 0.2 0.1

4 Rakke, 10b Bind,
96.4 98. 0 l.b
3.1
92.3
8.4
88.1 0.6
Source : Statistiske brugsmaskiner 193b
" Meddelelser,
Hafte, "Anvendelaen af Land
Office of Foreign Agricultural December 1943
Relations'
26b
U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
NEG.256
OFFICE OF FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL RELATIONS
27
percent respect type.
of all farms, but there is probably some overlapping in to threshers where the same farm may use more than one
115,915 farms (58.5 percent) used mowers, while 82,303
used binders and 10,624 reapers.
112,237 farms reported the use

seeders.
of drills, and 15,323 furthermore used broadcast
Electro-motors are in general use, and combustion motors
are not uncommon.
Only 6,660 farms used tractors.
Only among
farms over 240 hectares
are they at all commonly used, while
they were used by 58.3 percent of the farms of 120 to 140 ha.
Attention is called to the fact that Danish machinery statistics

do not give machinery figures, but number of farms using each
particular type of machinery.
Table 12 gives total agricultural area in those farms

which use specified types of machinery, both in hectares a percentage of total agricultural land. and as
Since large farms are
more intensively mechanized

instance, thresher,
than small farms, it is found, for
that while 71.7 percent of all farms use some type of

these farms comprise
87*0 percent of all agricultural
land.
Similarly, that 58.5 percent of the farms which used
mowers Claimed 82.4 percent of the agricultural area.

parison of tables 11 and 12 discloses
A com
further examples of the
same
trend.
With the exception of binders, reapers, and tractors which are normally imported from Great Britain, Denmark produces
its own agricultural machinery.
28
Table 12.
DENMARK : Agricultural land in farms using specified types of machinery,
1936
Area in fame using 1000 hectares
specified
a of machine percent of all farmland
Tract ors Electro-motors Internal combustion engines Grain threshers, double screening Grain threshers, single screening Smaller single screening threshers Threshers without cleaning equipment Straw balers Straw presses without ties Feed mills Straw choppers Milking machines Drills Broadcast seeders Potato planters Fertilizer distributors Mowers Reaping attachments Reapers Binders Potato diggers Beet lifters
'
ljb
285 G9B
$.1 52,5 22*1
451 755 1197 337 021
14*3
38. 0
10*7 26. 0 11. 7 5.0
2634 2622
368
156 2369 030 IJ2 4&0
64.5 83*2
2598
743
452 208 215?
348
4*B 14..6 82*4 IA.J o.b 68.4 11.0

23,6
75.2 20.0
Source: Statistiske * Meddalelser, brugsmaskiner 193b. 1
4 Rakke, 106
Bind,
3 Hafte, "Anrendelsen
af
29
Part II S AGRICULTURE USD POOD BCOHOMY PRIOR TO WORLD WAR II A. Introduction
Within the framework of "basic conditions which has been outlined in the preceding chapter, Banish farming has taken the
shape of a highly commercialized type of agriculture,
which for
continued existence in its pre-war structure and volume was de

pendent
on Imports of such saw materials as concentrates
and
fertilizers and on exports of livestock products*
The parti
cular use of the land and the crops was adjusted to this situ ation. While bread grains were grown, most of the domestic
production
was normally used for feed; for reasons of quality,

The other
wheat and rye for human consumption were imported. domestic grains were also fed to livestock,
root crop 8 only a fraction
of the area in
served direct
perhaps one-seventh,
human consumption.
The remaining agricultural area was used feed.
for the production of absolute
In order to evaluate the output of grass and green feed and to apply a common denominator to all crop production, Danish
statistics make use of the Scandinavian unit represents
"feed unit.* A feed
the feed value of 1 kilogram barley, and all

They are, in other words,
crops are converted into this unit.
compared on the basis of their value as livestock feed.
This is
30
not unreasonable
under Danish conditions where such an over
whelming share of the crop is fed to livestock,
a detailed
account of the crop, its composition and utilization as well as of the livestock population and the production of animal food stuffs will be given in the following section. B. Crops A total agricultural area of about 3 million hectares in 1933-1937 (not including fallow land, some outlying fields,
etc.) produced a total crop of 3,353,000 metric tons of grain,

of which only 600,000 tons were bread grains; 1,300,000 tons of
potatoes;
1, 300 fOOO tons of sugar beets; and 22,360,000 tons of

In addition, 2 million tons of hay
roots for feed (table 13).
and 4,5 million tons of straw were grown, and an estimated
2, 7oo, rail.feed units were obtained from grass and green feed*
These crops represent high yields per acre, as table 13

reveals.
Wheat and barley yielded crops which
averaged
close to
30 metric quintals per hal, while oats yielded around 25 quintals,
rye
17
In respect
to roots it will be seen
that the
yield of
feed roots is 570 quintals per ha. as compared
with 326 for
sugar bests.
The dry matter content of the sugar beet is, how

turnips,
ever, much higher than that of feed roots (mangels,
rutabagas) cent.
, namely
22 to 24 percent as compared to 12 to 14 per

There are
Potato yields averaged 169 quintals per ha.
significant
differences between Jutland and the islands In
31
Table 13.
EBKMAHK: Acreage, yield, and production of specified crops
Crop
1933-37
1939
1940
Acreage
1941
(IQQQ hectares)
1942
1943
Wheat
Hye
119
145
134 137
421
82
Barley
Oats
356 378
333
Others, mainly mixed grain Total grain
1331
77
Potatoes
Sugar beets
Roots for feed Total roots Natural and cultivated meadows for hay (Trass and green feed
41 401 519 398

750
376 307 1375 70 40 415

525
139 397 347 329 1294 64

44 410
82 192 377 342 328 1321 73

46
46
518 325 875
393 512
267
ISO 413 338 376 1323 99 45 395 539 223 950
226 393 328 320 1313 ~ 1/ 128 385

553
45
358 816 Yield (100
960
kilograms per hectare)
Hye
29.2 17.3 Barley 28.2 25.8 Oats Others, mainly mixed 23.3 169.2 Potatoes Sugar beets 325.9 Feed roots 569.6 Hay 50.5 34.1 Straw Orass (100 feec? units per ha.) 35.9
Wheat
31.4 17.6 29.7 26.8 22.8 176.0 399.7 598.5 44.3 34.4 35.6
23.1 19.5 29.2 26.1 21.9 209.6 361.0 573.7 43.3 31.0 32.1
23.2 15.2 24.4
21.0 17.7 180.8 344.8

520.0
33.8 29.5 28.1
35.1 21.5 33.6 29.6 25.3 172.9 320.8 550.0 38.1 29.0 27.8
39.1 22.1 32.3 31.7 27.8 151.2 291.1 542.9
production (1000
metric tons)
190
Wheat
Hye Barley
348
252
419 241
189
272
20
410
Oats
Others, mainly mixed Total grain
1004 977
777
Potatoes
Sugar
3353 1306
1339
beets
Hoots for feed Total roots

Kay Straw
22860
25505
1249 1011 702 3622 1224 1583 24868

27675
1159 907
720
310 920 720

580
3247 1352
1570
23546 26468
1408 4003
2720 1320 1593 20447 23360

900
2009 4538 2696
1588
4731
3900 2700
1390 1000 950 3770 1700 1450 21700 24850 850 3845 2640
180 500 1270 1010

890
3880 1940 1310 30900 24150

2110
Grass and green, feed (million feed units)

Source:
29C8
2809
Partly official statistics; rsartly U. S. foreign service reports based
Office of
on official Danish statistics. Foreign Agricultural Relations. December 1943 According to one informant. Other sources indicate a potato area of roughly 1/ the same magnitude as in 1942.
32
respect
to potato yields*
In 1937, for instance, the yield in
Jutland was 171 qu. per ha.; on the islands it was only 137. In other years the difference was even greater.
A comparison be
tween the yields per ha. of grains and roots, on the basis of
feed units, shows that roots in general provide twice as many feed units per ha. as do grains (including the feed value of the
straw)
These high yields do, however, involve a high input of

labor, fertilizer, and animal draft power.
root 8 provide the main succulent
they must "be consumed
6/
Furthermore,
while
cattle feed in winter time,
on the farm where they are produced*
There is, therefore, no incentive for a farmer to increase hit

root production, except as his cattle numbers increase.
Production statistics for seeds are not available. Denmark is, however, self-sufficient in respect to seeds with
the exception of the seeds
of some leguminous plants in the
grass fields, such as lucerne, early clover, kidney vetch,
etc.
There are, on the other hand, significant exports of root and

grass seeds*
0. Utilisation of cro Jeed*JL* already emphasized, the major part of the
Danish crop is fed to livestock.
X comparison of the crop figures

normally about and potatoes
6/ Cost of production per ha* of feed roots was
50 percent higher than that of grain; for sugar beets almost twice as high.
33
of table 13 and the livestock feed figures in table 14 show to what extent this statement
holds good.
It will "be seen that 83
percent of wheat, rye, and "barley production was fed to live
stock, while the corresponding

were 90 and 88, respectively
figures for oats and mixed grain
(the remaining 1G to 12 percent
being mainly seed and waste)
In respect the crop was fed*
to potatoes
it was found that 44 percent of
Feed roots, hay, straw, grass, and green feed

No allowance has been In the case of roots
were* of course, altogether used as feed.

made for waste in respect to coarse feed.
it is probably considerable. The average amount of feeds tuffs available annually during the pre-war years from domestic as well as foreign sources is shown in table 14 Amounts are given both in metric tons
and converted into feed units.
An equivalent of a little over

If the milk fed to
11 billion feed units were fed annually.
pigs and calves is included, the total figure is 12 billion.
Of this, home grown coarse, feed provided 7 billion, domestically

produced concentrates
2.7 billion, and imported concentrates
1.5
billion. The bulk of the imported feed was oil cake, of which
the annual imports averaged 0.9 billion feed units, while corn
provided 0.4 billion and grains and bran 0.2 billion. On the
basis of their feed unit value the imported feeds tuffs, therefore
do not appear to have been
or^N^P^jM^BVftrtance.
On this
basis only 12*5 percent of all feed (including milk) was imported
34
Table 14. DENMARK: Available feed,
average 1933-1937
___^
Domestic Imported total feed feed feed 1,000 metric tons feeds: 289 209 835 882 690 2,905 7
90
Domestic Imported Total feed feed feed million feed units 289 209 835 741
621 90 379
Concentrated Wheat
Hye
33 1/
7
Barley
Oats Mixed grains grains ill

Legumes

'
Com Bran Feed meal from grains Other feed meals Oil cake Total concentrated feeds Coarse fodder: Potatoes for feed Feed roots
Hay
Grass and green feed
8 2
130 352 2/ 87 12 17 4' 759
..
379 242 835 889 690 3,035 7 352 95 14 17 759
33 ~ 6
242
835 747
2,695
129
373 7 70 2 12 17 3/ 911
1,513
621 2,824 7 373

77
14 17 911
4,223
2,710
578
22,860
Straw
2,009 4,538
Total coarse fodder Total feed of vegetable origin Milk for feed (all types)
Source:
~
~
578
22,860 2,009 4,538
151
2,396
846 967 2,696

7,056 9,766
~ -1,513
151
2,396
846 967 2,696

7,056 11,279
820
820
Based on official statistics

December 1943
1/ There was an export of 28,193 tons of barley.

2j Imported as bran or produced from imported grain.
3/ 246 .mi11i0n f v. produced domestically from imported oilseed.
4/ 205,000 tons
produced
domestically from imported oilseed.
35
However, the contribution of the imported feeds tuffs to the

protean rea to Danish livestock
was of much greater signifi

This is particularly
cance.
Domestic feed is low in protein.
true of roots which supply only about 36 grams of protein per
feed unit, while the feed of a high-yielding dairy cow should contain around 125 grams of protein per feed unit. The protein
deficit was therefore made up through the feeding of imported oil cake,
on
the "basis of protein content imported feeds tuffs
provided about
one- fourth of the total supply as compared with
only one-eighth on a feed unit basis*
If measured against the protein content of cattle feed

alone, the share contributed by Imported feed may be estimated
at about one- third.
This Is the more realistic comparison
since most of the imported oil cake is actually fed to dairy cattle.
It means
that the large export surplus of butter to a
great extent was not a genuine surplus but was directly depend
ent on the importation of oil cake.
Similarly a considerable
part of the exports of bacon and eggs was dependent
on imported
corn.
When in the early 1930*8 the foreign markets for Danish
livestock products became increasingly unfavorable as expressed

in low prices and Import restrictions
(more particularly the
British bacon quota), the question of how to bring the produc tion of livestock products more in line with domestic feed
production
was taken up for serious considerations
The war
and the resulting stoppage
of feed imports made a complete
36
adjustment
necessary.
Its consequences
in respect to Danish
livestock numbers and production of livestock products will be

discussed
later. Out of the total

grain crop of
Hunan consumption.-
3,358,000 tons only 59,120 tons, or less than 2 percent, were

used for direct human consumption. Half of this amount was
wheat, so that approximately 8 percent of the wheat crop appears

to have "been used for human consumption. Less than 13,000 tons
of domestic rye or 5 percent of total production was used for the production of rye flour.
The pre-war utilization of the total supply of grains domestic and imported
- is given in table
15.
A total of 424,000
tons of grains was used for the production of flour and groats, of which 365,000 tons were imported.
Furthermore, 47,000 tons
of domestic barley went into industrial uses (beer production).
With milling percentages
of 72.6 for wheat, 90 for rye, 65 for
barley, and 60 for oats a total of 335,000 tons of flour and groats
were produced.
Wheat and rye flour production were of
practically the same magnitude, namely 156,000 tons of wheat
flour and 161,000 tons of
rye flour.
There was, however, an
average import of 17,000 tons of wheat flour, whereas 5,000 tons
of rye flour were exported.
Total consumption of wheat flour

On a
thus was about 10 percent higher than that of rye flour.
per capita basis the total annual consumption of flour, groats,

and rice was 97 kilograms.
37
Table 15.
DENMARK: pre-war grain balance,
average 1933-1937
Wheat
Rye
Barley
Oats
Mixed
Corn
Rice
All
rains
rain 1000 metric tons

Supply
Production Seed and waste

Net production
Net "trade Total supply Utilization
347 31 316
+278
594
252 30 222 +199 421
1,004
83
978
87
769
73
921
-28 893
891
+17
6.96

+356 356
908
696
3,350
304
3,046
+ 832
3,868
Human consumption
as grain or
flour in terms of grain V
215
Other human consumption
Industrial consumption '
179
179
11
47
19
\u25a0

696 696
Feed Total consumption

Human consumption
379 594
242 421
835 893
889 908
352 356

+11
424 47
4 3,393 3,868
Grain for flour Percentage of ex traction Flour eauivalent Imported as flour, groats, etc. Total human con sumption of grain
as flour, grain
215 72.6 156 +17
11 65
7 +2
19
60
90
161
11
+1
-5
424 335 +26
or groats in terms of flour

Source:
173
156
12
11
361
V Of this
27,100 tons of wheat, 12,600 tons of rye, 10,880 tons of barley, 8,840 tons of oats, or a total of 59,120 tons were of domestic origin.
38
The pre-war "balances are given in table 16.
for legumes,
"potatoes,
and sugar
Total domestic production of legumes,
which after deduction for seed and waste amounted to 6,600 tons, was fed to livestock. Out of an import of 2,200 tons only 1,800 This amounts to only one-half
was used for human consumption.

kilogram per person per year.
Of a total potato production of 1,300,000 tons, according

to estimates
"by Danish authorities, 300,000 tons were used for
direct human consumption.
In addition to this the potato equi
valent of the annual consumption of potato flour was 65,000 tons.

In the first year of the period, that is 1933, there was an import
of 6,000 tons of potato flour, "but since 1934 the Danish potato flour industry has been able to cover total domestic consumption*.
Sugar-beet
production averaged 1,700,000 tons of which
an average
of 1,300,000 tons were used for sugar production.
This
figure varies greatly from year to year due to great vari
ations in yields,
Furthermore,
the sugar content of the beets In some years there have while other years
is subject to considerable
variations.
therefore been significant imports of sugar, showed an export surplus.
On the average for the three year
period there was an import of only 3,150 tons of refined sugar

refined sugar equivalent
production averaged
of imported raw sugar.
Domestic The
lfe,ooo
tons of the refined products.
result Is a very high per capita sugar consumption,

kgs. per year.
namely 49.9
39
Table 16.
EENMAEK: Pre-war 'balance of legumes, potatoes, and sugar rerage 1933^-1937
Legtmes
Potatoes
Sugar
(refined)
metric tons
Bupply
Production Seed and waste Net production

Net trade
\u2666
7740 1161 6579 2213 8792
1306040
181710
319980
986060 14308
971752
181710 + 3150 184860
Total supply Utilisation Human consumption (direct)
1793
300000 65269 28027
2/ 184860
Other human consumption

Industrial consumption
feed 6999
578456
$*1752 184860
Total consumption Source: Based on official statistics
8792
1/ Total
sugar beet production was 1,724,740 tons (1933-1937 arerage), of which 1,337,600 tons were used in sugar production, while 387,140 tons were fed. if Including sugar used in industries, of which the ultimate products are dom estically consumed.
40
The degree of of
self-sufficiency In respect
to foodstuffs JLn
vegetal origin may "be
illustrated with a few figures,
estimate has been mad on the basis of calorie content of flour,

groats, and other breadstuff s (including rice) to ascertain
the to
extent to which the Danish crap in normal tines contributes
the domestic consumption of breads tuffs. for other vegetal and animal foodstuffs*
The same has been done It was found that the
total annual consumption of 360,000 tons of breadstuff s amounted

to 1.224 billion calories.
Of these only 42,000 tons or 142 bilThe
lion calories, not quite 12 percent was of domestic origin.

corresponding
calculation for other vegetal foodstuffs gave the

of potato consumption (including potato flour)
following results:
98 percent was of domestic origin, of sugar 98 percent, of fruits

and nuts 72 percent, and of vegetables 100 percent, while all of the consumption of vegetable oil, cocoa beans, of foreign origin. and legumes was
Almost 90 percent of the calories derived

(hard liquor, wine, and beer, all In
It was finally
from alcohol consumption
terms of pure alcohol) was of domestic origin.
found that out of a total human consumption of 2,826 billion calories of foodstuffs of vegetal origin only 46 percent were
derived from Danish resources.
The heavy dependence
on imported
grains for flour production was the main, contributing factor to
this low self-supply percentage in respect to vegetal foodstuffs.

although this dependence
was more apparent
than real, as will

imports of vegetable
later be explained in detail.
6a/
Considerable
>*<
6a/ See
pa*e
56.
41
oils for margarine production were also an important factor in the country's deficit in vegetal products. D. Livestock numbers The feed situation described in the preceding section
provided the "basis for a considerable emphasis
livestock industry with The numbers of animals
on dairy cows and bacon pigs.
kept on Danish farms are given in table 17.
It should be men
tioned that the conceal some significant
average figures for the 1933-1937 period
trends.
For instance,
while the aver
age number of pigs on farms was 3,413,000,
there was a drop from
4,407,000 in 1933 to 3,061,000 in 1934.
UJhe hog figure had cul
mluated in 1931 with 5,455,000 on the basis of which 7 to 8 million pigs were slaughtered
annually.
But severe reductions the
in the bacon quota granted Denmark by England brought about drastic adjustment in the 1934 census
figures.
While total cattle numbers were steadily around 3,100,000

during the period, there was a significant reduction in the number
of dairy cows from 1,770,000 in 1933 to 1.574,000 in 1937 and

a corresponding
increase in the number of other cattle.
The
number of horses underwent a slow but steady growth, and chicken
figures reached a high of 28.6 million in 1935, fell to 26.5
million in 1937, and increased again to 32.4 million in 1939.

Sheep
were not of great importance.

The livestock situation on farms of various sizes has
been described
earlier (see tables 5 and 6).
42
Table 17.
DENMARK:
Livestock on farms
-
July
census
Type
1933-37
1939 ,
1940
___
1941
1942
1943
Horses Cattle: Dairy cows Other cattle Total

Hogs:
1/
523 1664 1428 3092 22 395 823 2173 3413
594 1642 1684 3326 18 390

'
594
589
596 1391
1474
2/ 600
1619
1660
1456
1548 3004
3279
2865
9
2980
9 231
Boars Sows Suckling pigs Other pigs Total
856
1919
17-11 240 761 440 2104 1079
336
172
253 772 1206
429
1342
3/
3183 13530
18869 32399 147
3218 13731
10837 24568
1770
6850 5098
2011
Chickens:
Hens
Other chickens
Total
12136 14736 26872
Sheep
Source:
4/
187
11948
11478 171
14000 180
1933 to 1940 official statistics; 1941-1943 U. S. foreign service reports, based on official Danish statistics
T7 The number of horses outside of rural districts was as follows: 1933, 19,000
1939, 17,000; and in April 1941 it was estimated at at least 24 f OOO.
2/ It is not definitely stated that this figure refers to horses on farms, but
it seems likely.
4,407,000 in 1933 to 3,061,000 in 1934.
There 3/ Figure was a drop from only.
refers to 1937 4/
B.
LlTestoek
products
Average annual production figures for the main products
livestock
are presented
in table 18.
The previous discussion of of
feed supplies brought out the fact that the export surpluses
butter, bacon, and eggs were dependent on imported feed supplies

to a considerable extent. In order to evaluate this dependence
in terms of the final product, an allocation of imported feed stuffs to the various types of livestock has been made and the
specific production resulting from this allocated imported feed
was estimated.
It goes without saying that such allocations are
somewhat arbitrary and can be presented only with reservations.

Nevertheless
they
are believed to give a fair approximation to

The results are presented in table 19 It will be seen that over
the actual relationship.
as "-production from imported feed.*
half of the butter production or 97,000 tons was attributed to

foreign feed,
This leaves a production from domestic resources
of 83,800 tons, of which only 33,300 tons were domestically con sumed.
7/
The genuine export surpluses
were also considerable
in
the case of pork and eggs.
Total pork production was 346,000
tons, with 185,000 tons from purely domestic sources and a dom
estic consumption of only 117,000 tons.
8/
Total eggs production
was 96,000 tons 9/, production from domestic feed alone 66,000 tons
and domestic consumption only 20,000 tons.
8/
7/
See table 21, pre-war edible fats and oils balance. 8/ See table 22, pre-war meat, fish, and eggs balance. 9/ Official Danish estimate. In view of later data, production at this time appears to have been underestimated by roughly 10,000 tons. Added to the original estimate,, this would leave a domestic egg consumption of 30,000 tons or 8.1 kgs. per capita.
44
Table 18.
EENMAEK: Production of animal foodstuff s
Foodstuff
933 "37
19 ?9
1940 1941 1000 metric tons 4615

163
1942
1943 2'
Milk
Butter
5281
181
5245
183
3606
125 27 59 190 166 8
3330
108 33
3600
115 33
Cheese Pork Beef and veal Ift** Source:
te 8
1/
29 96 346 149
17
33
135
34
113
,
309
155
13
316 203
11
38
115
38
140
2/5
146
110
6
"~"
Table 19.
EHHMABX:
Pre-war production of animal foodstuffs from domestic and imported feed, average 1933-1937
Foodstuff Mi3Jc
Butter
Production from imported feed metric tons
Production from domestic feed metric tons 3003000 83800 29320 66004 184967 149429 8860
Tota3 production metric tons 5261000 180800 29320 96004 346467 149429 17360
Cheese Stefi*
ork
3/
2278000 97000
Beef and veal I****
30000 161500 8600
Office of Foreign Agricultural Eelations December 1943
\J 2/
Estimated.
There was a steady increase in the production of eggs during the period.
% Intermediate
product utilized in production of that- 97,000 tons of butter which is attributed to imported fSed. /r 1/ (contd.) See also footnote 9, ppca *c 43.
45
With an average number of dairy cows of 1,664,000 total annual milk

kg6. per
production came
to 5,281,000
tons annually or 3,174
cow.
The utilisation of this milk is given in the pre
war milk "balance (table 20).
About 80 percent of the milk was Of the skim milk resulting
used for the production of butter.
from this production, a small part, 182,000 tons, was used in

cheese production, and a similar
amount* it tyas been estimated,

By far the greater part
is used for direct human consumption.
however, is used for the feeding of calves and pigs.
In addition
to the skim milk, 138,000 tons of whole milk was used in cheese
production.
Direct human consumption claimed 650,000 tons fresh

A
milk, and 250,000 tons of whole milk were fed to calves.
small amount, 25,000 tons, was used for the production of condensed
milk, of which practically all was exported.
Approximately 80
percent of the butter production and 30 percent of the cheese production were also exported.
If these dairy products are con
verted into their milk eauivalent, it is found that 3,500,000 tons or two- thirds of the milk produced was exported.
Of this
2,278,000 tons or 43 percent
of total milk production were pro
duced from imported feed.
Domestic human consumption claimed a

and
total of 1,529,000 tons of milk, consumed as butter, cheese,
whole milk. Butter consumption on a per capita basis worked out

at 9 kgs. annually, cheese at 5.6 kgs., and whole milk at 175 kgs.
The importance of butter in the total fats supply situation
of the country may be seen in table 21.
Of a total fat consumption
46
Table 20.
DENMARK:: Pre-war milk balance, average 1933-1937
Supply and
Milk
Butter
Cheese
disposition
Condensed milk
Fresh milk
Consumption "by
-producer
Teed
Consump tion "by
production
(Jtilization
5,281
4,218
138
1000 metric tons
others
of milk 1/ Ultimate
production
25
150
500
250
181
-148
2/29
-8
21
Net trade
-3,502
1,779
3/-25
Domestic utilization
Human consumption
33
33
150
500 500
250
4/
1,529
21
150
Based on Official statistics; partly estimated. Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations December 1943
1/ ~ZI
As per DanmarkB Me.ierl-Statistik 1933 to 1938 inclusive.

In the production of this cheese was also used 182,200 tons skim and butter milk.
Zj Fresh milk equivalent.
Fresh milk equivalent of all dairy products.
4/
47
Table 21.
BENMABK: Pre-war edible fats and oils balance, average 1933-1937
"
Olive
Item
;
Other
vegetable oils
Marine
oils
Slaughter fats
Butter
All fats and oils
Domestic production
Net trade Net supply
*47 47
1/
39966
metric tons
22097
-13524
180800
-147506 33294
242863
-144467
+2246
42212
4-14270 14270
8573
98396
Utilization:
For margarine
47 47
42212
Other food uses

Total utilization Source:
14270
2537 6036 8573
33294 33294
59019 39377 98396
42212
14270

December 1943
4J
Refined domestically or produced from imported oilseed
48
of 98,000 tons, i.e. 26.5 kgs. per capita annually

supplied slightly
butter
over one-third.
Vegetable oils provided
42,000 tons and whale oil 14,000 tons.

were used in margarine production. for 8,600 tons* It might be added,
Both of these products fats
Slaughter
that of the hog fats, only
lard is included in these figures.

in the pork figures*
Other hog fat is included
Table 22 finally presents production, trade, and con

sumption statistics
for meat, fish, and
eggs.
Of a total meat
production of 553,000 tons, pork accounted
for 346,000, beef
and veal for 169,000. one-half.

slaughter
Exports totaled 281,000
or just about
Exported live animals were converted into their weight equivalent
and included in these figures.
The
extent to which the export surplus of pork, as well as of eggs, is derived from imported feed has already been discussed. Dom
estic consumption of all meat was at 252,000 tons, which gives
the very high per capita annual average of 68 kgs.
The annual
fish catch averaged 89,000 tons of which 34,000 were exported,

leaving a per capita consumption
of around 15 kgs.
Total
eg*
consumption was 20,000 tons annually
10/ or 5*4 kgs*
per person.
While it was found that only 46 percent of the foodstuffs of vegetal origin consumed were home produced, there is a sur liie production of all livestock 10/ See footnote 9, page 43.
product
as
milk, butter,
cheese.
49
Table 22.
DENKABK: Pre-war meat, fish, and egg "balance, average 1933-1937
Item Domestic production Net trade Total supply Industrial utilization Human
consumption
Beef and veal
Pork
Lamb and mutton
Poultry
Offals
Total meat
Pish
Eggs
--
96004 -75846 20158
metric tons 169229 346467 -42653-229573 126576 116894
1/
3600 +293 3893
1/ 14000 2/
-2180 11820
20000
553^96
271843 19800 252043
88575 -34050 54525
-7340 -281453 12660
3/
19800
3893
~
11820
12660
106776 116894
54525
20158
Source:
Based on official statistics.

Foreign Agricultural Relations
Office of
December 1943
1/ 2/
Estimate for 1933 by Danish authorities. Estimate for 1933 by Danish authorities. Includes liver, hearts, kidneys, and r pork tenderloin.
production of meat meal, bone meal, technical fat, etc.
3/ For
50
meat,
slaughter fats, and eggs.
Fish, is also on an export
basis.
Only one animal foodstuff is imported, namely whale
oil for the production of margarine.
11/
A calculation on a
calorie basis shows that production of animal foodstuffs from domestic resources
(with production from imported feed left out
of consideration)
sumption in the
was as high as 337 percent of domestic con case of eggs, 251 percent in the case of butter,
159 percent for slaughter fats, 155 percent for meat and poultry,
and 142 percent for cheese.
Total annual fish catch was 163

Tor all foodstuffs of
percent of domestic fish consumption.
animal origin taken together (including whale oil) the percent

age was 146*5.
P.
Livestock "breeds
Horses.-
12/
The chief objective in Danish horse breeding
has been to develop a medium heavy draft horse suitable- for agri
cultural work, and the native Jutland horse was found to provide
good material
tor such
breeding.
Efforts to improve this breed

As
have been in progress
since the middle of the last century.
a result, the Jutland breed now provides excellent work horses
that mature early.

light-colored
They
are broad and heavy, generally red with

Stallions entered at shows weigh
manes and tails.
around 1,000 kgs. or more.
These horses are particularly common
in Jutland as table 23 indicates, but they are also in general

use on the Island of Funen. 11/ See table 21.
*"'"i '^W
12/ Based on Denmark
Pre-war fats and oils balance.

Agriculture. The Agricultural Council.
51
Table 23.
DENMARK: Livestock breeds, 1933 (numbers)
Type
Islands
Breeding Trails
Jutland Cows
Breeding
Denmark Cows
Breeding
Cows
Cattle Black and unite Jutland

cattle
Trolls 771 546018 786 4424 1630 354 311 4837 88831 12178 14444 803 243 74 9028 1283 554 11214 49821
Breeding
bulls 344484 335360 9093 3886 1584 193448 68323 73750 120247 1150175.
Mares
Red Danish milk cattle Holland cattle Jersey cattle Jersey crossings Shorthorn cattle Shorthorn crossings Others and mixed Unknown 1-otal Horses Jutland race
Belgian race
242 22141
110
214
24 24 9 175 6779 29718
647962
Mares 14105 8897 11013 8350 2559 171 4972
12420 36585 913 457 98 9052 1292 729 17993 79539-
345255 881378 9879 8310 3214 193802 68634 78587 209078 1798137
Mares
Breeding stallions
Breeding
stallions 577 242 70 73 53 30 116 714 1875.

Rams
stallions 58342 3462 5767 1423 1264 316 8060 695 676 122
254
Others and mixed (heavy)

Frederiksborg race Foreign half-blood
Pure blood Others and mixed Unknown Total

Shee-p
118 433 52 181 83 15 31 366 1279 Ram 8 651 59 582 1292
5006?
Ewes
78634
Ewe's
136 45 147 1080 l/ 3154- 1/128701, Rams 2916 436 4533 7885
%wes
72447 12359 .16780 9773 3823 487 13032
Oxford Down race

Leicester race
Others
Total Source: Statlstisk
Aarbog.
7542 616 9458 17616
377 3951 6593>
22.65
18612 2877 53913 75402
26154 3493 63371 93016
1936
1/ Total 226,100
number of stallions over 3 years was 3,300, mares ovef 3 years of age
52
On Sealand the Belgian type of haavy work horse was
introduced in 1894 and has "been crossbred with local animals. While the horses developed are not always equal to those of pore Belgian breed* the breeding of these Dano-Belgian horses has been steadily progressing,
the Oldenburg breed. JLs a carriage and
riding
A third breed of work horse is
horae.
the Jrederiksborg
horse
is the dominant "breed.

iksborg Stud in North
It is derived from the old Royal Freder
Sealand.
Around the middle of the last

English thoroughbred
century, when the stud was deteriorating,
stallions and stallions of pure Arab blood were introduced and mated with Sealand mares related to the stud horses.
sulting Trederiksborg horse is dark red with a height
The re
orer the
withers of from 160 to 175 cm.
She head is small, the neck erect,

shape*
and the horse on the whole of a harmonious
Besides these horses, bred in Denmark, there is a fair

somber of small horses
They
of foreign origin used on small holdings.
are generally Imported from Iceland, Russia, the Baltic or Poland.

In 1933 there were 89,700 such small horses
States,
in Denmark.
In northern Jutland there is some breeding of small
Weat-Horwegian horses*
Cattle.-
There are two national Danish breeds of oattle
the Red Danish Milk Cattle and the Black and White Jutland Cattle. Between them they account 'for oattle population.
shfm^WSlilîtthn
of the Danish
The Jutland Cattle is the older breed of
53
the
twjo
and until around 1865 it was considered

But as the work to develop a pure "breed
the superior
"breed.
main of the Red Danish Milk Cattle progressed

particularly, to high milk yield
-
this
- with a
within the do
view,
race gained ground, and as the Jutland cattle.
it is now two to three times as numerous
The remainder of the stock of cattle consists of Shorthorn Cattle

which account for about 17 percent, Jersey and Dutch Cattle which each account
for about one-half percent, plus various crossings

Table 23 gives an indication- of the numbers of
of these breeds.
cattle of each breed in 1933.
The Red Danish Milk Cattle is a horned type of cattle of

light red to dark red coloring. Markings are fairly
rare.
The
weight of a fully grown cow from an ordinary herd is generally
around 500 kgs. while a cow from an outstanding herd may weigh a
hundred
kilograms more,
A prize bull may weigh around 950 kgs.
In 1933-34 the average milk yield of 290,000 controlled cows of this breed was 3,584 kgs. with a fat content of 3.92 percent or
140.6 kgs. butterfat (157 kgs. butter), while the corresponding

figures for the highest yielding cow was 12,326 kgs. with a fat
content of 3.82. was 6 percent.
The highest fat content recorded for that year

The Black and White Jutland Cattle, which is
also horned, is of about the same size as the Red Milk Cattle, but the milk yield is somewhat
lower,
the
average milk yield
of 102,000 controlled cows was 3,327 kgs. in 1932-33, content of 3,74 or 124.4 kgs. butterfat
with a fat
(139 kgs. butter).
The fat.
highest yielding cow gave 10,394 kgs. milk with 4.35 percent
54
Pigs.-
When in the 1880 's the Banish hog raisers "began
to cater
to the English market a change of breed became neces
sary with a view to production of lean "bacon.
The medium- sized
Yorkshire pig and the Berkshire pig had been used extensively
but were not suited for this specific purpose while a cross be
tween a local native breed and the large Yorkshire pig proved more satisfactory. scientific basis. From 1896 on
Separate
this
breeding was placed on a
pedigree breeding centers
were es
tablished for the old Danish Landrace and the large white York shire pig, whereupon Yorkshire boars and Landrace centers sows from these
were mated, combining the bacon qualities of the York
shires with the ability of the Landrace to produce large litters.

A generation of work along these lines resulted in the breed of
an excellent bacon pig.

An indication of the breeds of sheep found in Denmark is given in table 23. G.
Total food
self-sufficiency
According to the preceding analysis,
only 46 percent of
the foodstuffs of vegetal origin consumed in Denmark were of

domestic exceeded
origin while the country's output of livestock products
its consumption by 46 percent.
In order to coordinate
these data and arrive at an estimate of the general food self-
sufficiency table 24 has been computed.

highly summarized
This table gives a
account
of production, trade, and consumption It will
Of vegetal and animal foodstuffs on a calorie basis.
\u25a0**
" OO
Table
24.
DENMARK: Summary of pre-war food production and consumption Calculation A Calculation B (domestic wheat and rye (domestic wheat and rye considered as feed) considered as food) Vegetal Animal Total Vegetal Animal Total foodstuffs foodstuffs foodstuffs foodstuffs food food billion calories
Item
Domestic production of food from: Domestic resources Imported feeds tuffs All sources Direct net imports
Consumption
1294 1294 1532 2826

percent
2264 1250 3514
-1969
1545
percent
- 437
3558 !?59 4858

4371
percent
2339 2339
35H
2093 1421
4432
486 2825
percent
-1969
1545
percent
5553 -1483
4370
percent
Calories consumed in percent of total Domestic production from all sources in percent of consumption Domestic production from domestic sources in percent of con sumption
64.6
35#4
100.0
64.6
82.8
35.4
100.0
45.8
227.5
110.0
227.5
134.0
45.8 146.5
81.4
82.8
135.5
101.4
56
be seen (calculation a) that total domestic production of

vegetal foodstuffs
I/
was 1,294 billion calories, that of feed 2,264 billion calories,
animal foodstuffs from domestic
and animal foodstuffs from imported feed 1,250 billion calories. Total production in terms of its ultimate food use therefore
was 4,808 billion calories.- Imported vegetal foodstuffs sup

plied 1,532 billion calories
while exports of animal foodstuffs thus there was a net trade
amounted
to 1,969 billion calories;
surplus of 437 billion food calories.
Since, however, produc
tion of animal foodstuffs from imported feed supplied 1,250
billions of the animal foodstuff calories, there was actually

a deficit of a little over 800 billion calories. As a result
it willbe seen that while total domestic consumption was 4,371
billion calories annually, total domestic production of food stuffs from purely- domestic sources was only 3,558 billion calories or 81.4 percent.
This, however, is not at all an adequate
expression
of the country's degree of food self-sufficiency.
It represents
the actual utilization of domestic crop production as it was

at the time, but Ignores the fact that a large crop of bread
grain
was raised which could have been used for human consump
From thqpoint of view
tion rather than as feed for livestock.
of the caloric value of the resulting foodstuffs, this use of

the crop for feed makes domestic
production appear very low sugar and vegetable
13/ This
oils.
comprise
legumes, fresh vegetable^frMt, o^^
breadstuff s (mcl. rice) , potatoes,
57
since roughly six-sevenths their utilization for feed.
of the calories are "lost* in The Danish 'bread-grain crop, in this cal
which was almost entirely used as feed, appears
culation, in terms of its resultant

products,
equivalent in livestock
with only around one-seventh
4 of the' caloric value of
the original crop.
On the other hand, the wheat and rye im
ported to take the place, so to speak, of the domestic grain
in human consumption appears value.
as a deficit with its full caloric
In order to make allowance for this particular situation
another calculation has been made (calculation B, table 24),

"based on the fact that the Danish wheat and rye crop was large
enough to country respect
cover domestic human consumption of bread grains.
The
was therefore in a very real sense self-sufficient in

to these products.
It could have supplied Itself with

On this
bread grain and fed the imported grain to livestock.
assumption
it is found that 82*8 percent
(calculation B) of
domestic consumption of foodstuffs of vegetal origin could be derived from domestic resources,
as compared to 45*8 percent
when domestic "bread grain is considered as feed (calculation A). On the other hand, the corresponding percentages
products is reduced from 146.5 to 135.5 because
for livestock of the larger The final self-
share of production derived from imported feed.

sufficiency percentage
for food as a whole works out at 101.4
58
(calculation B) as compared to 81.4 (calculation A). In this
sense Denmark had a small "but genuine surplus of ultimate food

production.
H.
Composition
of diet
Per capita consumption
of all foodstuff, on an annual The table furthermore contains a
basis, is given in table 25. calculation, of the average
daily caloric Intake and an analysis
of the diet by food constituents*
These figures are based upon

as
the calculation of human consumption in the food balances

per tables 15, 16, 20, 21, and 22.
No such balance was given
for fruits and vegetables
since only few data are available re
garding production of these foods*
The vegetable supply from which the per capita con
sumption figure is derived has been estimated at 148,000 tons on the basis of the commercial vegetable acreage with an es
timated additional amount from small garden production. was practically no foreign trade in fresh vegetables,
exports and imports cancelling cabbage
There
small that with
out.
It may be mentioned
claimed the largest whare of the vegetable acreage,
leak and celery next in importance.
Danish sources give total

around 1933
production of apples, pears, plums, and cherries
at 70,000 tons*
14/
To this was
added an estimated 12,000 tons
14/ This estimate teems fruit production during as high as 150,000 tons. the years preceding the Nevertheless, the fruit
very low In view of the magnitude of the the last few years which has been reported Extensive plantings of fruit trees in war account in part for this increase. supply in 1933 was probably underestimated*
59
Table 25.
EENMARX: Pre-war per capita consumption of food, average 1933-1937 (Population 3,706,000)
KiloFoodstuffs Breads tuff8 and cereals, includ ing rice in terms of flour Potatoes for food
Sugar Legumes fruits and nuts Cocoa Vegetables grams oer year ear
Grams per day
Consumption by food constituents and calories -per day Carbohy- Calories Protein Pat
. Grain 8
265
dfrate
Grams 2
Grams
97.2 98.5 49. 9 0.5 30.2 1.2

40,0
272
137 1
Alcohol
Vegetable oils
1.9 11*4
1 3l 110 2 5 31 30-
83
Subtotals: Foodstuffs of Tegetable origin Butter

Slaughter fats Marine oils All fats and oils
9,0
2.3 3.8 (6.5) 31*5 28.8 1.1 3.4 3.2 68.0 61.2 5.4 175.4 5.6
25 6
(72)
86
79
10
..
22
4
\u25a0
193
48 134
901
212
1
13
-.
548
3
58
13 33 35
29
33
396
(66)
20 6 10
281
1/2084
191 53 92 (617)
Pork Beef and veal Mutton and lamb Meat offals

Poultry All meat
10
9 187
(wholesale weight) (retail weight)
168 40 15 480 15
Fish
Eggs
2/
14.7
Fresh milk Cheese Subtotals: foodstuffs of animal origin Grand total

31. 4 3
\u25a0
26.
370 40 22
322 42
2
2
2 15
18 3
23.
23-
55. 84.
87120
1132
419.
1/
3216.
Office of foreign Agricultural Relations December 1943
1/
2/
Including 35 calories from alcohol. See footnote 8, pae-e 40,
**^2ls2SteiSflEHi^
60
of domestically grown berries and the average import of 30,000

tons
15/ of fruits,
giving a total fruit consumption
of 113,000
tons.
The net result is a per capita consumption of 40 kgs* of

and 30 kg8. of fruit annually. in Denmark in normal
vegetables
Consumption of animal foodstuffs
times is the highest in continental Europe.
Of a total daily
caloric intake of 3,216 calories, vegetal foodstuffs provided

65 percent and animal foodstuffs 35 as compared to 78 and 22
percent, respectively, Dally consumption
for continental Europe as a whole.
16/
of protein was 84 grams, of which 55 grams The fat consumption was 120 grams daily 419 grams.
In respect to in
were of animal origin.
and consumption of carbohydrates
dividual foodstuffs it will be seen that consumption of meats,
fats, and milk was high, of breadstuff s and potatoes low, while
sugar consumption
was exceedingly high.
The conversions used in calculating the composition of

the diet by food constituents are given In table 26.
15/ Of this 7,200 tons was dried fruit and 2,800 tons nuts, 16/ See foreign Agriculture, August 1942, p. 311.
61
Table 26.
DENMARK: Nutritional conversions
protein, fat, and carbohydrate and calories per kilogram of food
Foodstuff
Protein grams
Fat
grains
Carbo hydrate grams
Calories
\J
Breadstuffs and cereals,

including rice, in terms of flour Pre-war YJar-time Alcohol
Sugar Legumes
81 94
8 10
728 688
Potatoes
Other Fruits Fish Butter
2/ vegetables
165
13 15
7
187 100 6 2 4 200 200 107 32 32 32
Meats etc. (includixg fat pork} Lard

Other slaughter fats Vegetable oils, etc. Fish oils Cheese Pre-war War-time Eggs Whole milk Pre-war War-tin milk Skim
6 1 2 3 154 63 817 951 913 973 989 200 167 100 37 32 2
'
976 460 175 55 157 *
3400 3300 7000 4000 2620 780 300 700
2200
1000 7640 8850 8510
9050 9200
2800 2500 1470 670 630 360
30 30 6 48 48 50
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations, as per European sources. Factors for food groups (meats, fish, vegetables, fruit) estimated by Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations* Protein, fat, and carbohydrate given /bn a digestible, not total, basis* December 1943
1/
Calories per gram:
Protein, 4.1; fat, 9.3; carbohydrate,
4.
for such wastage
2/ Household were made,
wastage of 11.4 percent deducted. If no allowance the values would run: 15, 1, 198, and 880,
62
Part 111 FOOD AftS AGRICULTURE SINCE THE OUTBREAK OF WAR A.

Summary
of war-time development
With the pre-war agricultural and food situation in mind,

it is immediately clear that war and occupation, with termination
of overseas
necessarily
imports and dislocation of export markets, must

have reduced
total agricultural production.
under the specific circumstances
- with a feed
But
grain production
that could be directed into the channels of production for direct

human consumption the threats
By
- and a great
surplus
of animal foodstuffs
of overall caloric deficiencies
were not imminent.
and large food supplies have until the late summer
of 1943 remained good as compared to other occupied countries.
Domestic grains have been substituted for imports in the pro duction of flour and groats, potato production has been stepped
up, and an increased
amount of this crop has been used for direct

Sugar production has been large enough so
human consumption.
the population might have been supplied with sugar in pre-war

quantities. Actually, however, sugar was rationed immediately
after the outbreak of war and consumption reduced to something like three- fourths of normal, in order to assure
an export
surplus in return for which much needed imports, particularly
wood and wood products, could be obtained from- the other Scan dinavian countries.
Vegetable and fruit supplies,
with the
63
exception of imported citrus fruit and "bananas,
appear
to have
been satisfactory.
Supplies of vegetable oils, however, have
been practically nil, and margarine production has been suspended
Production of animal foodstuffs was greatly curtailed

as was to be expected in view of the difficulties in supplying 1
adequate
feed for the large livestock population.
Significant
reductions in livestock numbers have taken place.
Milk yields
per cow hare also fallen, and there was a reduction in total
milk production by one- third. Production of pork and eggs has

suffered a similar decline, but beef and real until recently
were produced approximately in pre-war
amounts,
since the slaugh meat production
tering of capital livestock temporarily increased
While butter production is down to two-thirds of pre-war, dom

estic consumption has been doubled though in view of the lack of
margarine total fat consumption is considerably
reduced.
There
appears
to have been a general overall reduction in the daily
caloric intake by about 11 percent.

Exports
of
agricultural -products
are most significant in
respect
to butter and meats.
Sugar exports are also siseable,
while exports of cheese and eggs only come to smaller amounts.
The fish catch has been greater in 1941 and 1942 than in pre
war years, but a large part of the increase is supposed to have
into exports.
Only comparatively
ject to rationing
- primarily breadstuff s,
few agricultural products
are sub
sugar, and butter.
64
Meat sales
are also regulated (though meat Is not actually
rationed)
appears
, and
in the case of fresh milk for consumption there
to have "been local rationing at times.
While the overall war-time picture in regard to Banish food supplies thus appears
Considerable differences
satisfactory,
there are of course The farm
as among population groups.
population no doubt has maintained its food standards
best, and
the population in small towns, often with a vegetable garden and a few chickens, may also have had an above-average diet*
The low income groups in larger towns, particularly in Copen

hagen, have suffered considerable
hardships.
This is, however,

but to a shortage
not due to a general lack of food supplies,
or at least a reduction in available amounts of such products a

margerine and sugar on which they used to rely heavily. respect
In
to certain other products, prices severely limit con
sumption by these population groups.
As to the allocation of Danish agricultural production between domestic uses and exports, notably to Germany, the fol
lowing procedure
has been applied, at least until recently.
The
Danish authorities estimate what quantities of various products
will be available and after deduction of domestic demands, Ger

man requirements
are first considered and the amounts to be ex

Finally exports to the secondary
ported to. Germany agreed upon.
markets
mainly the other Scandinavian
countries, are negotiated
In respect to the share of Danish agricultural production which
65
Germany claims, the bulk of this is set forth in trade agree
ments, and there are some statistics available regarding the

ensuing exports.
There has "been practically no imports of food or feedstuff s into Denmark since the
occupation.
B. Agricultural production since the occupation Introduction
After the occupation in April 1940 the question of a re orientation of agriculture in accordance
was immediately with war-time conditions
taken up by the authorities
the Agricultural
Council and the Danish Government.
It was agreed that the ob

Firstly,
jective of the agricultural policy should be as follows:
to supply the Danish population with adequate
supplies of vegetal thirdly,
foodstuffs; secondly,
to secure adequate
seed supplies;
to provide industry with raw materials to the largest possible

extent; and finally to keep up
livestock production insofar as it

former objectives.
was possible in view of the three
The difficulties to be surmounted were first and foremost those of substituting home-grown cereals for
imports
and cur
tailing livestock numbers due to the two-fold reduction in feed
supplies (cessation of imports and diversion to food uses).
Further difficulties developed in the course of time such as

shortages
of man-power,
draft-power, fertilizers, insect sprays,
and binder twine.
The shortage
of labor was in part due to the
employment in the season
of large numbers of men in the peat bogs,
*\u25a0\u25a0
\u25a0n
66
since peat became an extremely important fuel when imports of
coal, coke, and fuel oils were severely reduced.
With other
draft -power in short supply an increase in the number of horses

has been attempted and some increase in the number of horses on Itmust be borne
farms is indicated by the figures in table 17.
in mind, however, that it takes close to four years to produce a
work horse*
The actual number of work horses available for agri
cultural work is therefore probably not much larger at present

than in pre-war years.
Exports of horses
to Oermany have been on
a larger than normal scale (15,000 to 16,000 annually compared to half that number before the war). Horses employed outside of agri
culture have increased in numbers (see footnote to table 17).

Imports of nitrogenous
fertilizers and potash from Nor

whereas
way and Germany have kept Denmark fairly well supplied,
the shortage decrease
of phosphates
has been severe.
If, however, the
in farmyard manure is included in the comparison with a shortage appears

slightly.
pre-war years,
also in relation to nitrogen, From August 1943, potash was,
while potash increased
however, reported to have been
rationed.
Table 27 reveals the fact that commercial phosphate tilizer has practically disappeared
pre-war being 97 percent.
- the
fer
reduction compared to
If, however, commercial fertilizers

as a whole in terms of plant food, the
and manure are considered
resulting reduction in phosphoric
acid comes to 50 percent.
Thit
reduction is rather drastic*
Superphosphate
is used on practically
67
Table 27.
DENMAEK: War-time reduction in plant food content of available fertiliser and manure supplies
*&S
Metric tons
KgO
Artificial fertilizer
Pre-war application 1942-43 application Reduction (-) or increase
Percentage
38,595 37,665
68,940
(\u2666)
- 930
reduction
- 67,140 - 97#
1,800
43,200 62,400 +19,300
* 44^
Farmyard
manure
Pre-war application 1942-43 application Reduction

Percentage
reduction
- 32,600 - 194
170,000 137,400
103,028
- 18,087 - 18
84,941
- 10,239
-5*
199,964 189,725
otal fertilizer and manure Total pre-war application Total 1942-43 application
Reduction {-) or increase

Percentage
(+)
reduction
- 33,530 - 16#
208,595 175,065
- 85,227 - 50#
171,968 86,741
243,164 252,125 +8,961
2f>

December 1943
68
all crops (see page 25), particularly on light soils.
The ef
fect of the shortage must become increasingly important.
While
the reduction in nitrogen supplied by commercial fertilizers
was only a little over 2 percent, the total reduction in nitro

gen
as supplied by "both fertilizer and manure
- is fully 16
percent. Damage
from
-plant diseases
and insect pests has con
siderably increased,
and the scarcity of spraying solutions made
its combat difficultr Hew varieties of noxious insects have
appeared
(leaf -wasp for instance),
and those already known were
particularly numerous in 1942 when the carrion beetle did great

damage
to turnips and sugar beet fields and aphlds injured the Beet fields and pastures in Jutland were seriously
fruit trees.
attacked by noctuids. Denmark normally has an annual consumption of 25 tons of 80 percent nocotine solution for spraying, but only a small
part of this amount has been available since the
war. Danish
farmers have used a mixture of 2 kgs. of lead arsenate per 50

kg 8. of wheat bran against
carrion beetle and noctuids.
Around 6,000 tons of binder twine is used in Denmark

each
year*
In 1942 approximately one-half was made of paper and
caused considerable
by Germany, Experiments paper twine.
difficulties.
Some fiber twine was furnished
and 2,000 tons were promised for this year's harvest.
are being carried out to improve the quality of
69
Adverse weather conditions were an additional soutce of difficulties encountered by Danish agriculture from the of the war until the summer of 1942,
winters
outbreak
In addition to very severe
which in the season
of 1941*42 resulted in such exten
sive winter-kill of wheat that practically all of the crop that

*
was left had to be reserved
for seed
early summer droughts have

in
been prevalent, and precipitation which is always greatest

August has been particularly heavy during the harvest
.creages.
season.
yields,
and
-production
17/
Acreages.-
The total acreage in grain has not undergone The acreage in wheat, however, has fluc
significant
changes.
tuated greatly under influence of adverse weather conditions. While it was 134,000 ha. in 1939, it fell to 82,000 in 1940 and
following the severe
winter in 1941-42 the acreage harvested
in
1942 dwindled to a mere 6,000 ha.

Eye acreage,
In 1943 it was 46,000 ha.

a fairly steady in
on the other hand, underwent
crease so that it is now 55 percent greater than in 1933-1937.

A large increase to potatoes.
has also taken place in the area devoted
First, there was a decline from 77,000 hectares
in
1933-1937 to 64,000 in 1940, but by 1942 it had increased to 99,000

hectares.
port states
The acreage
for 1943 is not certain although one re
a further Increase of 30,000 ha.
Other reports seem

In
to indicate an area approximately
the same as that of 1942.
view of the upward trend in hog figures since the summer of 1942
17/ See table 13.
70
and the fact that potatoes have 'become an important hog feed, the increase in potato acreage
sugar beet
is not improbable.
The
area is reported to be the same in 1943
as in the preceding war years although a decline was anticipated due to an expected labor shortage
satisfactory
in the sugar beet season,
un
sugar prices, and a shortage of seed.
The small
decrease
in the
feed
beet area is probably due to the fact that so that only a smaller root crop
cattle numbers have decreased can be utilized.
There has been a very pronounced decline in the hay acre

age, namely from 398,000 ha. before the
var to 223,000 ha. in

in the area in grass
1942, but a more than corresponding

and green feed.
Figures for 1943
increase
are not yet available.

of all grains were
Yields and
production.- The yields
exceedingly low in 1941, and the total grain crop in that year
was only 2,720,000 tons or almost 20 percent below the average

grain crop of 1933-1937.
But in 1942 excellent yields brought tons or more than 12 percent above this
the crop up to 2,770.000

average.
The 1943 yields were fully up to those of 1942, and the

The exceptionally high
total grain crop came to 3,880,000 tons.
yield of 39.1 metric quintals of wheat per ha. may be due to the
fact that with a smaller than normal area in wheat only the soils most explicitly suited for wheat growing are used for this crop.
The potato crop remained around 1,300,000 tons up until

1942 when the large increase in the potato area raised production
71
to 1,700,000 tone.
tons.
The 1943 potato crop climbed to 1,940,000
fb*
BWr "beet crop
was very large in 1939, 1940, and

But in
1941 (table 13), with a total of around 1,580,000 tons.
1942 it came to only 1,450,000 tons*

tent of the beets
estimated,
Furthermore the sugar con

It was, therefore,
was lover than in 1941.
that the total raw sugar production would cone to only

Sugar beet
2Q0,0Q0 tons as compared to 250,000 tons in 1941*

production in 1943 declined further to 1,310,000 expected to yield 194,000 tons of raw
sugar*
tons and is
The feftde* beet
crop underwent a slow decline as the acreage was diminished. While the hay crop has declined in keeping with the de cline in acreage, there has not been any increase
grass
in the amount
of feed units obtained from
and
green
feed.
This may be
due in part to the fact that drought has a deteriorating effect
on pastures and perhaps in part to the method "by which the feed
from pasture is evaluated since it is estimated on the basis of the number of livestock which has been grazing* With a con
siderable reduction in cattle numbers the estimated amount of

feed from pasture
would also go down.
till ion of cro sat The utilisation of the Danish grain crop during the years of occupation has roughly been as follows. Practically all of the net wheat and rye crop has beta used for domestic consumption
as flour and breadstuff s.
The use of these grains for feed
72
was prohibited at an early date (September

specific cases.
1939) except In
Furthermore, around 100,000 tons of oats and 35,000 tons of barley
barley have been utilized for groats.
have been used by the breweries, 12,000 tons for coffee sub
stitutes, and 7,500 tons have gone into distilleries*
The rest
of the grain crop has been utilized for livestock feeding.
Of the potato crop from 450,000 to 500,000 tons hare

been used for direct human consumption while Industry (potato
flour and alcohol) has claimed from 120,000 tons to 150,000 tons,
and from 450,000 tons to 600,000 tons hare been available for feed.
The disposition of the 1942 grain crops is given in

table 28.
This is the planned disposition as determined by the The provisions of the law do not
years*
Grain Law of March 30, 1942.
differ materially from those of preceding
The law states
that all rye and wheat and certain quantities of barley and oats
must be delivered by the farmers and mills. to authorized grain merchants
The quantity of grain covered by this compulsory

to 732,000 tons (565,000 tons for human con
delivery amounted
sumption and 167,000
tons for feed) or approximately 20 percent

The rest of the feed grains may
tje disposed
of the total crop.
of freely.
The grain crop of 1943 will no doubt be utilized in
a very similar manner although it is known that the amount of

grain allocated to flour and groats has been raised from
Oxo, ooC
to 563,000 tons.
73
Table 28.. BKHMABK: Disposition of the 1942 grain crop as determined in the
grain Law
1000 metric tons Total grain crop harvested

Shrinkage
Planned disposition for toman consumption: For bread (chiefly rye and barley) For groat 8 ("barley and oats) For breweries ("barley) For distilleries (barley) For coffee substitutes (barley) Balance For seed
Balance available
Available
quantity
3,750 375 3,375
410 100 35
8
12
65
2,810 255
for feed
2,555
Planned disposition for feed

Feed grain for small farms Feed grain for established swine and poultry raisers, (not farmers) For breeding centers, etc* For horses not on farms
100
23 4
40
167
Balance for free disposition
2,388
74
The disposition of the 1942 potato crop is given in table 29.. The very large crop of 1942 allowed the potato flour factories to operate at full capacity while at the same time
500,000 tons were provided for direct human consumption as com

pared to 300,000 tons "before the
war. Still over 600, 000 tons
were available for feed.

A summarized statement
of the total amount of feed from

1941-42, and
domestic
crops during the three years 1940-41,
1942-43 is given in table 30.
A comparison with table 14 shows
to what extent available vegetal
feeds tuffs have declined
(milk i not included). 8i 8

1933-1937,
While on the average for the period
11,279 million feed units were available for live
stock feed, this figure in 1941-42, the year of the poorest crops had fallen to 7,848 million feed units or roughly 70 percent of pre-war. The good crop of 1942 raised this figure to 8,567 mil
In
lion feed units or 76 percent of the 1933-1937 figure.

terms of protein the declines were even greater.
It has been
calculated that during 1934-1938 the average domestic production of feed protein was 734 million kgs. (excluding milk) to which
was added 287 million kgs. in the form of imported feedstuff s.

The corresponding figures for the war years are also given in table 30. The total protein supply declined from 1,021 million
kgs. in 1934-1938 by 40 percent*
to a low of 615 million kgs. in 1941-42, or
75
Table 29.
DKNMABK; Disposition
of the 1942 potato crop
1000 metric tons
Total crop harvested

Shrinkage
Balance For industrial uses

For planting For human consumption 500 150 250
1,700 178 1,622
900 622
Balance available for feed or export
1/
Source:
1/ Exports
amounted to only
, n^^t'|Mrtl,J, f dt to
Q Idt o1
76
Tafcle 30. BBHKABK: Available fead,
1940-41,
1941-42, and 1943-43
Feed
1940-41
1941-42
1942-43
Million feed unite Grain and similar products Oil cake and meal, other meals
Feed roots Beet top s, sugar "beet waste Hay Straw Grass and green, feed Total
2,001.9 45.5 2,787.2
1,502.5
12.6
2.575.4 167,. 0 320.8
2,921.6
135.0 504.7 640.6
2,700.0
569.8
2,386.1 21.0 2,290.4 153.2 275*3 800.5 2,640.0 8,566.5
9,036.5.
7,848.1
Protein content Grain and similar products Oil cake and meal, other meals
Feed roots Beet tops, sugar "beet waste Hay Straw Grass and green feed Total Source:
Millionkilograms
146.4 11.0 109.6 12.8

55.5
109.4 2.4 107.2
175.0
4.0 95.7
15.7
16.3
35.3
30.3
28.0 316.8 665.5
22.4
350.6
19.9 324.0 614.5
708.3'
77
From 1941 to 1942 there was an increase
In the amount
of feed available which, however, as table 30 shows was due to increases

in grain and straw, while other feed (feed roots,
"beet tops and hay) declined. To make the best possible use of available supplies,
ensilaging of feed (root tops, grass,
etc.) has greatly increased.
In 1942 15,000 farms had silos while 21,000 farms used earthen
pits.
Total cubic meter volume of silos increased from 183,000

Shortage
in 1941 to 400,000 in 1942.
of cement has been a hin
drance to the construction of silos.

Since the crop of 1943 according to recent reports is well up to that of 1942, there is no reason to expect a deter
ioration of feed supplies in the crop year of 1943-44 as com

pared to 1942-43.
Livestock numbers and
production
of animal foodstuffs after the occupation
The lack of imported feedstuffs
led to immediate reductions in livestock numbers, with the ex

ception of horses and sheep.
Total cattle numbers, which in
1939 were 3,326,000, had fallen to 3,004,000 in 1941 and de clined further to 2,865,000 in 1942. It willbe noted (table
17) that the number of dairy cows declined somewhat more sharply
(15$) than that of other cattle (12$).

shows an increase
The census of July 1943 The distribution
for all cattle to 2,980,000.
of this number as between dairy cows and other cattle is not
known.
78
The reduction in hogs, which in July 1940 numbered
3,218,000,
reached
was much more drastic*
In May of 1942 hog numbers a
the low of 1,162,000; by July they were 1,206,000,
reduction of over 62 percent compared to July 1940.

crop of 1942, both in grains and potatoes,
The better
provided a basis for
increased breeding of hogs, and by the summer of 1943 the figure had again passed
2,000,000.
In October 1943 it stood at
2,396,000.
This, however, is still about one-fourth below pre
war figures.
Numbers of chickens declined from a total of slightly over 32 million in 1939 to 11,500,000 to 14,000,000 in 1943. Farmer
8
in 1942.
They increased
hare been urged to increase
sheep breeding,
mainly to provide wool.
As a result, there has been an increase
of over 20 percent compared to 1939.
The 1939 figure of 147,000
seems very low, however, since sheep numbers in 1937 were re

ported to have been 187,000.
There has been a great increase
in the number of rabbits.
The fluctuations in the
-production
of animal foodstuffs
Which has resulted from this movement in livestock numbers is

apparent
from table 18.
Total milk production fell from 5,281,000
metric tons before the war to 3,330,000 tons in 1942 or by 37

percent*
Since the decline in the number of milk cows was only

the decline in milk yields
15 percent,
cow must have been
79
about one- fourth.
If the number of cows at the census in July

cow numbers
during the year t , we
1942 1b taken as representing

get an arerage
milk production per cow of not quite 2,400 kgs* that the pre-war yield came to 3,174 kg8,
It will "be remembered

per cow.
Butter production claimed around 2,400,000 in 1942
tons of milk
or
about 72 percent of
total milk! production.
This is
a lower proportion than the roughly 80 percent
which prevailed
before the war.
The resulting production was 108,000 tons of Cheese produc
butter as compared to 180,000 tons in 1933-1937.
tion, on the other hand, remained at roughly the pre-war level,
although the fat content of cheese has been considerably reduced.

Consumption of whole milk is stated to hare increased
somewhat.
Better feed supplies,
particularly better grazing in
the summer of 1943 and a slow increase has resulted in an Increase
this year in cow numbers Total produc
in milk production.
tion for 1943 has been roughly estimated at 3,600,000 tons. Butter production also increased during the summer months while the first three months of the year showed lower production than
in 1942. For the whole year it has been estimated at 115,000 tons
Utilization of total milk production in 1943 has been estimated as follows: for for for for butter cheese
2,565,000 135,000 700,000 200,000
tons tons tons tons negligible
direct human consumption feed for canning
80
Danish authorities have estimated that on the basis of

a pig population of 2,000,000 an annual production of 140,000 tons of pork nay be expected.
This estimate applies to 1943*
In 1942 production was down to 115,000 tons or only one- third of

average pre-war production*
The lowest hog number was registered in the early summer of 1942.
When the turning point came and Increased
breeding began,
hog slaughterings
fell to very low figures which contributed
to
the low total production of 115,000 tons for the year 1942. Beef and veal production is expected
to be considerably
lower in 1943 than in 1942, due to the better feed situation and
the farmers
1
desire to replenish reduced
cattle numbers.
Daring
the first six months of the year it was only 46,700 tons, and
total production in.1943 may not be much above 100,000 tons. It should finally be noted that the fish catch in 1940,
1941, and 1942 was reported much higher than in pre-war
years*
It is reported to have been 115,000 tons in 1940, 140,000 tons in 1941, and 160,000 tons in 1942 compared to an average
of 88,600
in 1933-1937.
While domestic consumption may hare increased
it has been estimated at about 20 legs, per capita In 1942 com

pared to 15 legs, before the war
0.
foreign
exports hare also increased.
trade in foodstuffs
Import of foodstuffs into Denmark during the
war hare
been practically nil. Among the foodstuffs of
vegetal origin,
sugar has supplied an important export surplus, 60,000 to 70,000
81
tons (table 31), which mostly goes to the other Scandinavian
countries.
At the 'beginning of 1943, when the results ojf the

crop became known, a redaction of the weekly
1942 sugar-beet
sugar ration from 500 grams to 375 grams went into effect in
order to safeguard
these sugar exports; a reduction in the There have,

As
amount allocated to industrial uses was also made.
furthermore, been some slight exports of grain to Norway.
a result of the abundant apple crop in 1941 exports of apples this indicated that amount might be doubled.
to
Germany
was scheduled at a total of 25,000 tons, but it was
The bulk of Denmark's food exports, however, consists

of animal foodstuffs.
Exports of "butter have been around 44,000
tons annually, of which Germany in the crop year 1941-42 got

31,000 tons.
The remainder went to the other neighboring At the beginning of the crop
Germany
countries, particularly Finland.

year 1942-43,
butter exports to
for that year were
scheduled to be 25,000 tons, but available information points

to a larger export*
It is probably safe to assume that butter have been of at least
exports through regular trade channels
the same magnitude as in the preceding year, that is, over 30,000
tons, and will,emain as great in the year of 1943-44. r
This Is
approximately the same amount that Germany used to get in pre
war years.
With the present great Influx of German troops and
civilians into Denmark very considerable amounts or butter ap pear to be consumed by Germans in Denmark or brought out of the
82
Table 31.
DENMARK: Food production, trade, and consumption, 1942-43
Foodstuffs
Production
Exports
Consumption
1000 e trie tons Breadstuff s and cereals, including rice in terns of flour Potatoes for food
Sugar LegUes Fruit 8 and nuts
1/ 2/
434
Cocoa
Vegetables Vegetable oils
. 143
156
550
300
Butter Slaughter fats (lard)
Marine oils All fats and oils

Meats Fish Eggs Fresh milk
115 6
121
~"
4/54

60
3/140
118
434 550
25
156
6 67 150
61
54 100
250
160
82
Cheese
December 1943
5/
38
700 33
78
34
700 28
1/
Based on grain allocation of 410 tons of grain for flour at 90 percent extraction and 100 tons of grain for groats at 65 percent extraction. The result corresponds well with a calculation based on bread and groats rations* 2/ 500,000 tons for direct human consumption, plus an estimated 50,000 tons for potato flour production* 3/ Includes industrial uses, since practically all of it goes into domestic consumption* Arriyed at by deducting domestic consumption from production. Includes consumption by Germans in Denmark. 5/ That part of the milk production which has been estimated used for direct human consumption*
4/
83
cotxntry by them.
When exports to secondary markets are added

in Denmark, this year.
to exports to Germany and consumption by Germans
a total of over 50,000 tons will probably be reached
Meat exports to Germany hare been around 100,000 tons
annually.
In 1941-42 they consisted
of 40,000 tons of pork and
60,000 tons of beef.
For 1942-43 a total of 100,000 tons was still appears to govern trans
envisioned, and this agreement

actions.
Exports of egg 8 and cheese
to Germany were 8,700 tons
and 4,800 tons, respectively, in 1941-42 and were to be reduced

to 1,000
jfcons
and 2,000 tons in 1942-43.
In addition there countries.
have been some exports of eggs to other Scandinavian
Fish exports have been greater than in normal years and

may have been as high
as 80,000 tons in 1942 when the fish catch
was of record proportions.

1).
Food
consumption
in 1942-43
While table 31 contains the figures for total amounts

of various foodstuffs produced in 1943-43, the amounts and the approximate
exported,
quantities domestically consumed,
table 32
gives the resulting per capita consumption and an analysis
of
this consumption by food constituents.
In the case of those
foodstuffs of which only a part is used for direct consumption, such as grain and potatoes,
only that part of the production
which has been allocated to direct consumption is included here. 18/
18/
For total product 1 onf^gê%^mooKl^M.es 13 and 18.
84
Table 32.
UEIIMAHK:
Per capita
consumption,
of food, 1942-43.
("Estimated \u25a0oopulation 3,900,000)
KiloFoodstuffs Breadstuff s and cereals, includ ing rice in terms of flour Potatoes for food
Sugar
(Trams
grams per year
per
day
Consumption "by food constituents and calories -per day calories da: Carbohy- Calories Protein Fat drat c Grams Grams Grains
111.3 141.0 35.9 30.2 40.0
305 386
98 83
29 5
Legumes Fruits and nuts Cocoa Vegetables Vegetable oils
110
2
37
3 3 35. 5
210-
1006
68. 96 13 6 393
301 392 58 33
1790 328 51
(379)
Subtotals: Foodstuffs of vegetable origin Butter Slaughter fats (lard) Marine oils All fats and oils Meats (wholesale weight) (retail weight) Fish
Eggs
~
15.6 2.0
(17.6)
45
6
(49)
107

24 1 25
(40)
14 4
38.5 34.6 20.0 8.7 179.5 7.3
95
55
18
209 55 35 310
50
6
3
Fresh milk Cheese Subtotals: Grand total
24 492
20
Foodstuffs
of animal origin
16 4 -47 84
3 16
3
8083
1038 2828
418
Tentative estimates,
partly based on rations and official reports of crop disposition

December 1943
85
It has been assumed that per capita fruit and vegetable con
sumption is the same as in pre-war years.
Sugar consumption
is not based on the existing rations, but on estimated produc

ticn minus export* thus been included. Uses other than household
consumption hare
Butter consumption is based on rations as
of April 1943.
fresh milk consumption has been estimated at
700,000 tons as compared to 650,000 tons in 1933-1937.
There has been a reduction in average
daily
caloric
intake of 11 percent, namely from 3,181 (excl. alcohol) before the war to 2,828 in 1942-43.
It willbe noted that the re
duction is entirely due to a decline in fat consumption which has been our tailed from 130 grams to 83 crams dally. appearance The dis
of margarine (vegetable and marine oils) has only

for by increased consumption of butter.
in part been compensated
Consumption of bread and potatoes has gone up by a total of 194
calories per person per day, but was almost offset by reduced
consumption
of sugar.
There has been al5 percent decrease
in
the intake of animal proteins, but a corresponding the consumption of vegetable proteins.
Increase in
to
It is interesting
note that the number of calories obtained from animal foodstuffs in 1942-43 actually constituted a slightly larger share of total consumption
than in pre-war years, contrary to common The substitution of butter for margarine
war-time experience.
manufactured from vegetable oil in the consumption cf the Danes

accounts
for this unusual occurrence
86
Only "breadstuff s and cereals, sugar, and "butter are
rationed
The weekly "bread rations as of April 1943 were for

2,320 grama, for heavy worcers 3,020
grams*
normal consumers
for very heavy workers 3,720 grams, and for children under 6
1,230 grams, while groats rations were 310 grams for normal
consumers,
425 for heavy
, and
540 grams for very heavy workers. with the
The sugar ration was 375 grams weekly for everyone,

exemption of sea-going fishermen (500 grams).
It now stands
at 350
grams*
The butter ration was 300 grams, for sea-going

Home churning is prohibited.
fishermen 450.
There have not
been any complaints of rations being unobtainable. Meat is not actually rationed, but a system of regulat
ing sales was instituted in the spring of 1943, by which a more
equitable distribution of the reduced supplies was attained.
Ho separate analysis of the consumption by different

population groups has been attempted since the general food consumption level is above that of relief standards.
any analysis by regions been made because
Hor has
of the relative ease
of communication between the various parts of the country and because of the essentially homogeneous and its people*
Existing inequalities
at
character
of the country are mainly
in consumption
due to differences in income, such

although accentuated by
are met with at all times
war-time conditions.
available for
consumption in 1943-44
1.
Domestic food
supplies
Judging by the 1943 crop outturn there
seems to be no
prospect of drastic changes In total food production of Denmark

*%
%: '%mm
87
during the crop year 1943-44.
The production of vegetal and
animal products has arrived at an equilibrium where domestic

production and consumption is independent
of any imports of
food or feedstuffs
although imported fertilizers still contri-
bute to these results. still persisted
The upward trend in hog numbers, which
in November 1943 and, to a much smaller extent,
in cattle numbers may not continue, but there does nat appear to be reason
government
to expect a reversion of the trend if the Danish will remain comparatively free to
and Banish farmers
carry out their programs
of agricultural production.
It is, how-
ver, possible that excessive German demands,

pork, will be enforced regardless
say for meat and
of consequences
as to future
production.
Barring such developments
the food supplies for
domestic consumption and export in 1942-43 (table 31) should be a good indication of what may be available in 1943-44.
This does not mean that actual consumption by the Banish

population in 1943-44 necessarily
will be on the same level as
in 1943-43.
Greater
concentration
of German troops in Denmark
and more ruthless requisitioning may reduce average per capita
consumption by the Banish population even in case productive

capacity remains at the 1942-43 level.
But from the point. of
view of food supplies at the time of reoccupation it is of course
productive capacity that is of importance.

?
Possible
surpluses
at time of reoccupation
Barring extensive dislocation of population,
disruption
of transportation,
and seifre^^M^tM^tîlAs"applis during the :
88
last phases
of the war, the Danes should not be in need of food
relief at time of reoccupation.
The cpuntry has "been independent

and it
of foreign food and feed supplies daring the occupation, could remain so during a period of reoccupation
following emergency period.
and the immediately
Far
from "being a liability to the United Nations in re
spect to foodstuffs it could contribute
some of the scarce and

Exports of food
valuable animal foodstuffs to other countries.
stuffs in 1943-43 (see table 31) give a clue to the magnitude of

the surpluses that may become available to the United Nations.
These figures, however, should be considered as maxima.
Destruc
tion due to war, less favorable crops irt 1944, and a possible* desire to increase,
for instance, domestic butter consumption until oils
for margarine production may become available, would all tend to

reduce these surpluses. In a later period there will be an import need for <such
agricultural raw materials
as fertilizers, machinery,
insecticides,
and certain kinds of seeds.
Furthermore, as shipping conditions
permit, a resumption of oil cake and
corn imports may be envisioned.
Such imports would contribute to restoring to more nearly normal

operation a livestock industry that is among the most efficient
in the world and whose products willbe sorely needed in other
European
areas.
89
APPENDIX A Note on Agricultural Cooperatives in Denmark
While the question of agricultural institutions in

general lies outside cooperatives
the scope of this study,
the agricultural
have constituted
such an integral part of the econ that a brief men
omic organization of modern Danish agriculture tion of their role may "be in order.
A very large share of the livestock products which the
Danish farmers in the years "before the present war placed on the
market was cooperatively
processed
and marketed.
Cooperative
creameries
accounted
for 90 percent of the butter produced for

slaughterhouses
export, cooperative
handled 80 to 85 percent of and 25 percent of the

egg export associa
the pork cured in export slaughterhouses,

eggs exported went through the cooperative
tions.
While processing
was the primary concern of the cream the export trade in their products
eries and slaughterhouses,
was also to a large extent in the hands of cooperative wholesale

organizations.
Thus, in 1932 there were 11 cooperative butter

of which 629 of the existing 1,400 coopera the membership. These export as
export associations
tive creameries sociations
constituted
handled almost 50 percent of the total butter exports.
Of the remaining 50 percent roughly one-half was handled by

private Danish butter exporters, while the other half went di
rectly from the cooperative
creameries
to agents in foreign markets.
90
Similarly, the cooperatively organized Danish Bacon Company,
which operated in the English market handled about 30
percent of all Danish exports of "bacon and other pork products.
Of the 59 cooperative 33 were members
slaughterhouses
that existed in 1932,
of the Danish Bacon Company.
There are also
cooperative
cattle export associations
and cooperative poultry
slaughterhouses*
But Danish farmers have not only used cooperative
enterprises
for the purpose of processing and marketing of

An exhaustive list of the cooperatives to
their products.
which they directly or indirectly (through their membership in other organizations)

might belong would also include cattle,
horge, and hog breeding associations
as well as milk recording The purchasing of im
societies (cow testing associations).

portant raw materials
was organized in cooperative -purchasing
pools such as the seed,
feed, and fertilizer associations*
Farmers,
finally, were very often members of general
consumers
cooperative
cooperatives
and had their mortgages
financed through
credit institutions. Both small and large farms have participated extensively
in the farmers cooperative
enterprises,
but on the whole It has
been the owners of the medium-sized
farms, say from 10 to 60 ha.
of whom the largest percentage tives*
have become members of coopera
As an illustration of the ex teat of participation the
following figures may be quoted:
In 1939 there were about
91
204,000 farms in Denmark,
Of these, SOI, OOO had dairy cows, There

In came
199,000 had hogs, while 190,000 had one or more horses.

were altogether
311,000 flocks of chickens in the country.

in the cooperative creameries
the same year the membership to 190,000,

corresponding
to 94.5 percent of the number of herds
of dairy cows.
The membership in cooperative slaughterhouses

to 194,000.
in the same year came

slaughterhouses
Since, however, some of these
also are exporters of eggs, it is not likely that

A detailed investigation in
all of the members are hog owners.
1923 revealed that 70 percent of all hog owners with 75 percent of all hogs were members of cooperative slaughterhouses*
The cooperative feed purchasing associations and the
cooperative
membership
fertilizer purchasing associations of 95,000 and 57,000, respectively. of the
in 1939 had a
The reasons for the success
cooperative movement
in Denmark are many and varied ,- social and political,, as well as economic, in character. mention here. the processing
Only a few may be singled out for
First may be stated the historical reason that

cooperatives, particularly the creameries,
de Butter
veloped together
with the trend towards dairy farming.
making had always been a farm enterprise
and not a prerogative the first cooperative
of commercial interests. creameries were established
When, therefore,
in 1882 and the following years,
they did not have to fight already established private organi
zations, but grew as the milk production increased and markets
for dairy products
92
Furthermore,
the cooperatives
in Denmark were success
ful because
each organization stuck strictly to its single and
well-defined purpose.
combine business
Banish cooperatives never attempted to What
with social or educational efforts.
effects they may have had in such directions have been entirely incidental.
It may finally be stressed that the cooperatives
were
not imposed or even urged upon the farming community from above but they developed voluntarily and spontaneously
ing realization
out of a grow
on the part of the farmers that the cooperative was in the long run to the
way fitted their purpose best and
economic advantage of them all.

Through their membership in the semi-official Agricultural
Council,
the federated agricultural cooperatives
play an import
ant part in the
formulation and execution of Danish agricultural
policy.
There are no indications that their sphere of influence*
in this respect or in any other has undergone any ohange during

the preient war.
**
ft
5
I

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Civil Affairs Handbook Denmark Section 7

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CIVIL AFFAIRS

ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL

CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK

HEADQUARTERS, ARNY SERVICE FORCES, 23 FEBRUARY 1944

v/a *-as7 USU

M 366-7 M 366-8 M 366-9

23 Feb# 1944 Section 7t Agriculture

ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL

HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES, 23 FEBRUARY 1944

ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUALS

Training Army specialized Training Program Induction Training

Basic and Advanced Personnel Fiscal

and Morale Civil Affairs Supply and Transportation

Procurement and Production

ARMY SERVICE FORCES' 26, D. C. 23 February 1944.

Service Forces Manual M 366-7, Denmark,

has been pre

for the information and guidance

This study on Agriculture in Denmark

prepared for th#_

MILITARY OOTBRHMJBHT DI7ISIOI, 07FICB 07 THI PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL

DEPARTMENT Of AGRICULTURE, OFPIGE 07 TORIIGH ABBICULTURAL BSLATIOHB

Officers using this sate rial are requested

criticiss indicating the rerisions or additions which would make this

material more useful for their purposes.

These criticisms should be

DIVISIOH, PMOO, 2807 MUHITIONS BUILDING, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

Civil Affairs Handbook,

ILllk A2ZAISS lAHDBOOZI

Industry and Commerce

10. Public Works and Utilities

13. Public Health and Sanitation

14. Public Safety

TABLE 01* COHTBHTS

Part 11. Denmark's agriculture and food economy prior to

A Note on Agricultural Cooperatives

1&P: Soils of Denmark

and its natural environment

While the area of the whole

square kilometers (sq. km.), it has a

coast-line of 7,438 km.

The total population figure in November 1940

Of these, 1,406,000 lived in Jutland with its

land area of 2,379,000 hectares

lived on the largest island, Sealand,

of Copenhagen with 814,000 inhabitants on this Island therefore

km. as compared to only 59 per sq. km. in Jutland.

of the islands is Funen with 326,000 inhabitants and 298,000 ha.

statistics are only available for 1930, when With their

were employed in agriculture proper.

they numbered 1,029,208 or 29 percent of the population;

193,577 were owners or operators

The farm population's

that of crafts and industries, but the latter constitute a much

The main resources

of the country are agricultural, and

climate, soils, and topography by and large favor agricultural

The climate is a cool temperate climate with mild

winters and cool summers,

although not great, is therefore adequate

throughout the year.

as average numbers of hours of sunshine and days of frost are

generally oscillate around