Ciri-ciri Perlembagaan Malaysia: (a). Pemerintahan berdasarkan prinsip demokrasi (b).

Agama Islam adalah agama rasmi tetapi kebebasan amalan agama-agama lain dibenarkan.

(c). Bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa kebangsaan (d). Kedudukan setiap rakyat adalah sama di sisi undang-undang (e).

Yang Di-Pertuan Agung memelihara kedudukan istimewa orang Melayu dan bumiputera.

School bullying
School bullying is a type of bullying that occurs in connection with education, either inside or outside of school. Bullying can be physical, verbal, or emotional and is usually repeated over a period of time.[1][2] School shootings have focused attention on student bullying, with shooters in several of the worst shootings reporting they were bullied. Studies prompted by the shootings have shown long-lasting emotional harm to victims. The studies also revealed that bullies themselves are likely to suffer problems as children and adults.[3] Many educational institutions have implemented anti-bullying campaigns. Studies in Norway and England confirm these programs can be effective. The programs usually focus on increasing awareness and supervision, establishing clear rules, and providing support and protection for victims. Children who are gay or gender variant are particularly vulnerable to bullying. The gender variant child may well wish to transition to his/her affirmed gender role and this needs particularly sensitive treatment by the school. A recent publication, sponsored by the United Kingdom Home Office gives a number of case studies of transsexual children and provides a toolkit for schools to deal with the issues that arise [4].

Types of bullying and what it means to bully

School bullying is behavior intended to harm or disturb the victim. It can be physical or emotional and can occur in person, electronically, or indirectly.

Physical school bullying

Examples of physical bullying include: [5]

Punching Shoving Slapping Other acts that hurt people physically and emotionally Wedgies [of all types] Attacking Pranks Teasing and abusing

Emotional school bullying

Examples of emotional bullying include: [6]

Spreading bad rumors about people Keeping certain people out of a "group" Teasing people in mean ways Getting certain people to "gang up" on others Name calling Taunts, Insults etc Harassment Provocation

Electronic bullying: (cyber-bullying)

Bullying also can happen on-line or electronically. This form of harassment is known as Cyber-bullying. It occurs when someone bullies through the Internet, mobile phones or other electronic means.[7] Examples include:

Sending mean-spirited text, e-mail, or instant messages. Posting inappropriate pictures or messages about others in blogs or on Web sites. Using someone else's user name to spread rumors or lies about someone. Lying to hurt internally and externally.

Causes of school bullying

Some children bully because they have been isolated, and they have a deep need for belonging, but they do not possess the social skills to effectively keep friends (see social rejection).[8]

Who bullies
One student or a group can bully another student or a group of students. Bystanders may participate or watch, sometimes out of fear of becoming the next victim. People that bully other people are the types of kids that enjoy putting other people down and that makes them feel better about themselves. People like that also feel insecure about themselves by putting others down.[citation needed] However, there is some research suggesting that a significant proportion of "normal" school children may not evaluate school-based violence (student-on-student victimization) as negatively or as being unacceptable as much as adults generally do, and may even derive enjoyment from it, and they may thus not see a reason to prevent it if it brings them joy on some level.[9] Bullying can also be perpetrated by teachers and the school system itself: there is an inherent power differential in the system that can easily predispose to subtle or covert abuse, humiliation, or exclusion - even while maintaining overt commitments to antibullying policies.[10][11][12]

Notable school bullies in history

Heinrich Himmler Himmler's father was a school principal who set him as a bully to spy and punish other pupils.[13] Later, he became head of the infamous SS in Nazi Germany, was among the main architects of the Holocaust, and declared a major war criminal.

Bullying
Bullying is the act of intentionally causing harm to others, through verbal harassment, physical assault, or other more subtle methods of coercion such as manipulation. Bullying can be defined in many different ways. Although the UK currently has no legal definition of bullying,[2] some US states have laws against it. Bullying is usually done to coerce others by fear or threat.[3] Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as peer abuse. In colloquial speech, bullying often describes a form of harassment perpetrated by an abuser who possesses more physical and/or social power and dominance than the victim. The victim of bullying is sometimes referred to as a target. The harassment can be verbal, physical and/or emotional. Sometimes bullies will pick on people bigger or smaller than their size. Bullies hurt people verbally and physically. There are many reasons for that. One of them is because the bullies themselves are or have been the victim of bullying[4][5] [6] (e.g. a bullying child who is abused at home, or bullying adults who are abused by their colleagues). Many programs have been started to prevent bullying at schools with promotional speakers. Bullying consists of two types - verbal and physical. Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus defines bullying as when a person is "exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons." He defines negative action as "when a person intentionally inflicts injury or discomfort upon another person, through physical contact, through words or in other ways."[7] Bullying can occur in any setting where human beings interact with each other. This includes school,the workplace, home and neighborhoods. It is even a common push factor in migration. Bullying can exist between social groups, social classes and even between countries

Definition
Bullying is an act of repeated aggressive behavior in order to intentionally hurt another person, physically or mentally. Bullying is characterized by an individual behaving in a certain way to gain power over another person (Besag, 1989). Behaviors may include name calling, verbal or written abuse, exclusion from activities, exclusion from social situations, physical abuse, or coercion (Carey, 2003; Whitted & Dupper, 2005). Bullies may behave this way to be perceived as popular or tough or to get attention. They may bully out of jealousy or be acting out because they themselves are bullied (Crothers & Levinson, 2004). USA National Center for Education Statistics suggests that bullying can be broken into two categories: Direct bullying, and indirect bullying which is also known as social aggression.[1] Ross states that direct bullying involves a great deal of physical aggression such as shoving and poking, throwing things, slapping, choking, punching and kicking, beating, stabbing, pulling hair, scratching, biting, scraping and pinching.[8] He also suggests that social aggression or indirect bullying is characterized by threatening the victim into social isolation. This isolation is achieved through a wide variety of techniques, including spreading gossip, refusing to socialize with the victim, bullying other people who wish to socialize with the victim, and criticizing the victim's manner of dress and other socially-significant markers (including the victim's race, religion, disability, etc). Ross (1998)[8] outlines other forms of indirect bullying which are more subtle and more likely to be verbal, such as name calling, the silent treatment, arguing others into submission, manipulation, gossip/ false gossip, lies, rumors/ false rumors, staring, giggling, laughing at the victim, saying certain words that trigger a reaction from a past event, and mocking. Children's charity Act Against Bullying was set up in 2003 to help children who were victims of this type of bullying by researching and publishing coping skills.

Effects
The effects of bullying can be serious and even fatal. Mona OMoore Ph. D of the AntiBullying Centre, Trinity College Dublin, said, "There is a growing body of research which indicates that individuals, whether child or adult who are persistently subjected to abusive behavior are at risk of stress related illness which can sometimes lead to suicide".
[9]

Victims of bullying can suffer from long term emotional and behavioral problems. Bullying can cause loneliness, depression, anxiety, lead to low self-esteem and increased susceptibility to illness.[10] The National Conference of State Legislatures said: "In 2002, a report released by the U.S. Secret Service concluded that bullying played a significant role in many school shootings and that efforts should be made to eliminate bullying behavior."[11]

Characteristics of bullies
Research indicates that adults who bully have personalities that are authoritarian, combined with a strong need to control or dominate.[12] It has also been suggested that a prejudicial view of subordinates can be particular a risk factor.[13] Further studies have shown that while envy and resentment may be motives for bullying, [14] there is little evidence to suggest that bullies suffer from any deficit in self esteem (as this would make it difficult to bully).[15] However, bullying can also be used as a tool to conceal shame or anxiety or to boost self esteem: by demeaning others, the abuser him/herself feels empowered[citation needed]. Researchers have identified other risk factors such as quickness to anger and use of force, addiction to aggressive behaviors, mistaking others' actions as hostile, concern with preserving self image, and engaging in obsessive or rigid actions.[16] Bullying may also be "tradition" in settings where an age group or higher rank feels superior than lowerclassmen, such as in the Russian Army where conscripts in their second year of service typically bully and control first year conscripts.[citation needed] It is often suggested that bullying behavior has its origin in childhood: "If aggressive behaviour is not challenged in childhood, there is a danger that it may become habitual. Indeed, there is research evidence, to indicate that bullying during childhood puts children at risk of criminal behaviour and domestic violence in adulthood."[9] Bullying does not necessarily involve criminality or physical violence. For example, bullying often operates through psychological abuse or verbal abuse. Bullying can often be associated with street gangs, especially at school.

History of bullying
High-level forms of violence such as assault and murder usually receive most media attention, but lower-level forms of violence such as bullying, has only in recent years started to be addressed by researchers, parents and guardians and authority figures (Whitted & Dupper, 2005). It is only in recent years that bullying has been recognised and recorded as a separate and distinct offence, but there have been well documented cases that were recorded in a different context. The Fifth Volume of the Newgate Calendar [17] contains at least one example where Eton Scholars George Alexander Wood and Alexander Wellesley Leith were charged, at Aylesbury Assizes, with killing and slaying the Hon. F. Ashley Cooper on February 28, 1825 in an incident that would now, surely be described as "lethal hazing"[18]. The Newgate calendar contains several other examples that, while not as distinct, could be considered indicative of situations of bullying.