Differentiation

Pure Maths/ Differentiation / p.
DIFFERENTIATION
Differentiability
y = f(x)
P(x, y)
slope of chord PQ
=
( )
f(x) - f x0
y -y 0
=
x -x 0
x -x 0
When x x0 , the point P approaches the point Q.
Q(x0 , y0)
In the limiting case when P coincides with Q, the chord

PQ becomes the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at Q.
If
( )
f(x) - f x0
0 x - x0
lim
xx
( )
f(x) - f x0
0 x - x0
lim
xx
| x - x0 |
exists,
slope of tangent at Q =
When
( )
f(x) - f x0
0 x - x0
lim
xx
(Let x = x0 + h, as x x0 , h 0 )
( )
f(x0 +h) - f x0
h
h0
lim
(or
( )
f(x0 +h) - f x0
h
h0
lim
) exists and is finite, i.e. not equal to ,
the function f(x) is said to be differentiable at x = x0 and the limit is called the derivative of f(x) at
x = x0 . We say that f (x) is differentiable on an open interval (a , b) (possible for a , b = ) if it is
differentiable at each point of the interval.
f (x0) =
df(x)
dx
x=x 0
dy
dx
x=x 0
( )
f(x) - f x0
0 x - x0
lim
xx
Example
x
Let f(x) = x = 0
-x
( )
f(x0 +h) - f x0
h
h0
lim
y
if x>0
if x=0 .
if x<0
right hand derivative :
left hand derivative :

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Exercise 1
1.
Find the derivative of f(x) =
2.
Find the derivative of f(x) = sin2x at x =
3.
x sin
Find the derivative of f(x) =
x
0
at the origin.
if x 0
if x =0
at the origin .
Pure Maths/ Differentiation / p.2
4.
5.
1
2
x cos
Let f(x) =
x
0
if x 0
. Find f (0).
if x =0
Locate the point(s) at which the function is not differentiable and sketch the graph.
(x +2) 2
x +2
(a) f(x) =
6. Let f(x) =
i f x 2
(b) f(x) =
if x <- 2
x 2-1
s
inx
(a) Show that f(x) is differentiable at x = 0.

(b) Find the derivative of f(x) for all real values of x.
(Answer : 1. 0
2. 1
3. Doesnt exist
if x 0
if x <0
sinx +x cosx
- sinx - x cosx
6. (b)
4. 0
6. (a) -2 (b)
1, -1
Theorem
If a function is differentiable at a point x = x0 , then it is also continuous there.
Differentiability
Continuity
Proof
Assume f(x) is differentiable at the point (x0 , f(x0) ).
( )
f(x) - f x0
0 x - x0
lim
xx
exists
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Remark :
Continuity
Differentiability
Example
1.
y
2
3
f(x) = x
- ___________________________________
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2.
f(x) =
1
x3
- _____________________________________
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Classwork
3.
x
f(x) = 2
x
if x 1
if x <1
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4.(97) Let f (x) = x
(a) Find f (x) for x > 0 and x < 0 respectively .

(b) Prove that f (0) exists .
(c) Prove that f (x) is continuous at x = 0 .
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x 2 + bx + c
5.(2000) Let f (x) = sin x

+ 2x
if x 0
if x < 0
(a) If f is continuous at x = 0, find c.
.
(b) If f (0) exists, find b.
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Here are four ways that a function will not be differentiable at a point:
1. if it is not continuous at a point,
2. if the function has a corner (vertex),
3. if it has a vertical tangent line,
4. the point is not in the domain of the function.
H.
W. Exercise 1 Q. 4 , 5 , 6
W.20 Q.3 , 8 , 18 , 26
Example
1.
Let f(x) be a real-valued function such that

(i) f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all x, y R ,
(ii) f(x) = 1 + x g(x)
where
lim
x0
g(x) =1 .
Show that f (x) = f(x) for all x R .

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W. 16 Ex.B Q.2, 5, 8
H.W. W.16 Ex.B Q.3, 4, 6, 7(a) (b)
Formulae
Let f (x) = xr .
Case 1 : if r is a positive integer,
(x +h)r - xr
dx r
= lim
dx
h
h 0
lim
k=0
r-k k
r
rCk x h - x
h 0
h
r
= hlim
0
k=1
r-k k-1
rCk x h
r
r-k hk-1
rC xr-1 +
C
x
r k
h0 1
k=2
= lim
=
rx r-1
Case 2 : if r is not a positive integer,
(x +h) - x
dx r
= lim
dx
h
h 0
xr 1 +
=
x
lim
h
h 0
- xr
=
=
dx r
=
dx
dx r
= rx r-1
dx
(1)
For constant function, i.e. f(x) = c for all x R ,

df(x)
dx
f(x +h) - f(x)

dc
= lim
dx
h
h0
lim c
h 0
- c
= 0
h
dc
=0
dx
for any constant c
(2)
Remark : c can also be a variable independent of x

dsinx
dx
sin (x +h) - sin x

=
h
h0
lim
=
= ____________________________________
dsinx
dx
= cos x
dcosx
dx
= - sin x
(3)
Similarly ,
(4)
Theorem
Let u(x) , v(x) be 2 differentiable functions of x.
Then u(x) v(x) is also differentiable and
du(x) v(x)
du(x)
=
dx
dx
dv(x)
dx
Proof :
du(x) v(x)
dx
lim [
h 0
u(x +h) v(x +h) ] -
[ u(x)
v(x) ]
u(x +h) - u(x)

v(x +h) - v(x)
h
h
h0
lim
u(x +h) - u(x)

v(x +h) - v(x)
du(x)
lim
=
dx
h
h
h0
h0
lim
Theorem (Product Rule)

Let u(x) , v(x) be 2 differentiable functions of x, then u(x) v(x) is also differentiable and
du(x) v (x)
=u(x)
dx
dv(x)
dx
+v(x)
Proof :
du(x)v(x)
dx
=
=
=
Remark:
lim [
h0
u(x +h) v(x +h) ] h
[ u(x) v(x) ]
du(x)
dx
dv(x)
dx
1.
dc u(x)
dx
du(x)
=c
dx
= c
2.
dc
dx
+u(x)
where c is a constant
du(x)
dx
If u(x), v(x) and w(x) are 3 differentiable functions of x, then

du(x) v
(x) w(x)
dx
dv(x) w(x
dx
=u(x)
dw(x)
dx
= u(x) v(x)
+v(x)
+u(x)
= u(x) v(x) w(x)

w(x)
w(x)
dw(x)
dx
du(x)
dx
w(x)
dv(x)
dx
+v(x)
1 dv(x)
v(x)
dx
w(x)
du(x)
dx
1
u(x)
In fact, let u1(x) , u2(x) , , un(x) be n differentiable functions of x , then

n
d
ui (x)
dx
i =1
n
=
ui (x)
i =1
du i (x)
ui (x)
dx
i=
1
Proof :
When n = 2, it is product rule.
Assume
k
d
ui (x)
dx
i =1
k+1
d
d
ui(x) =
dx
dx
i =1
k
=
ui (x)
i =1
d u
(x)
dx k+1
k+1
ui (x)
uk+1(x)
i =1
1
ui (x)
du i (x)
dx
i=
1
ui (x) uk+1(x)
i =1
ui (x)
i =1
1
k+
ui(x)
i =1
(x)
u (x)
k +1
i
i=1
d u
(x)
dx k+1
1 d u i (x)
u
(x)
dx
i=1 i
1
k+
ui(x)
i =1
du i (x)
ui (x)
dx
i=
1
1
k+
du i (x)
ui (x)
dx
i=
1
Special Case : when u1(x) = u2(x) = = un(x) = u(x) ,

1 du(x)
du(x) n
n
n-1 du(x)
= u(x) n
= n u (x)
u(x)
dx
dx
dx
e.
g.
d x3 +2x
dx
11
= _________________________________________________
Quotient Rule
Let u(x) and v(x) be 2 differentiable functions of x where v(x) is non-zero.
du(x)
dv(x)
v(x)
- u(x)
d u(x)
dx
dx
=
dx v(x)
2
[ v(x) ]
d u(x)
=
dx v(x)
u (x + h)
u (x)
v(x + h) - v(x)
lim
h
h 0
du(x)
dx
=
=
=
=
Remark :
dtanx
dx
dcotx
dx
dsecx
dx
dcscx
dx
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Chain Rule
Let g(x), h(x) be two differentiable functions of x, then h (g (x)) or hog (x) is also differentiable and
dh(g(x)
dx
dh(g(x) )
dx
h g (x +))
lim (
dh(g(x)
dg(x)
) dg(x)
dx
- h ( g (x))
=
=
=
e.
dsin
g.
( 2x 7+5 )
dx
dtan ( cscx )
dx
Differentiation of an inverse trigonometric functions

Let y = f(x) be a differentiable function of x. If corresponding to each value of y, there is a unique
value of x for y = f(x), then the inverse function of x = g(y) or x = f-1(y) can be defined and g(y) is
d g (y)
1
=
d y
differentiable with d y
d x
dg(y)
dy
=
=
=
g (y +h) - g(y)
h
h0
lim
y = f(x)
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dg(y)
dy
=
0
=
Example
1.
y = sin x
dsin-1 y
=
dy
x = sin-1y
1
dy
dx
=
In order to satisfy the condition, the principle range is
y 0

- 2 , 2 and sin x is differentiable and strictly increasing
on
where cos x > 0 .

2
dsin -1 x
=
dx
2. y = cos x
dcos-1 y
=
dy
1
1- x 2
y
(9)
x = cos-1y
1
dy
dx
=
=
[ 0,
] and cos x is differentiable and strictly decreasing
on ( 0, ) where sin x > 0 .
dcos -1 x
=
dx
-1
1- x 2
(10)
0
3. y = tan x
d tan-1 y
=
dy
x = tan-1y
1
dy
dx
=
=
=

y
____________ and tan x is differentiable and __________

_________________ there .
dtan -1 x
1
=
dx
1+x 2
4.
(11)
y = cot x x = cot-1y
dcot -1 y
dy
1
dy
dx
=
=
=
____________ and cot x is differentiable and __________

_________________ there.
dcot -1 x
-1
=
dx
1+x 2
5. y = sec x
dsec-1 y
=
dy
x = sec-1y
1
dy
dx
(12)
=
=
0

y
________________________ and sec x is differentiable and

___________________________ there .
dsec -1 x
1
=
dx
x x2 - 1
6. y = csc x
dcsc-1 y
=
dy
(13)
x = csc-1y
1
dy
dx
=
=
0
=
________________________ and csc x is differentiable and
___________________________ there .
0
dcsc -1 x
-1
=
dx
x x2 - 1
(14)
Classwork
2x
-1 2
+ c tan x +1 - x
2
1+x
-1
Determine the value of c such that the derivative of sin
is
identically zero.
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W. 16 Ex.C : Q.1, 5(c), (d), 7

H.W. Ex.C : Q.2, 3, 5(e), (f), 6
(A) Define ln x = loge x where x > 0 and e = lim 1 +

x
x
ln (x +h) - ln x
1
h
dlnx
= lim
= lim ln 1 +
dx
h
x
h 0
h 0 h
1
h h
ln 1+
x
h0
= lim
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Example
dlnx
dx
1
x
for x > 0
(15)
d
dx
1.
{ ln [ ln(lnx) ]}
where x > e
=
_________________________________
d
dx
2.
3
ln ln(lnx)
=
_________________________________
where x > e
=
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=
__________________________________________________________________
dlog 10 x
Remark :
dx
= ?
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(B) Let y = ex
dloga x
1
=
dx
x lna
lny= x
for x > 0 , a > 0 and a 1
(16)
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dex
= ex
dx
(17)
Let y = 5x = _____________________________________
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dax
= a x lna
dx
for a > 0 and a 1
(17)
Example
1.
Find
dx x
.
dx
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2.
x
d xx
Find
.
dx
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3.
Let y =
x3 (2x- 1) 4
.
3 x+1
Find y .
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Exercise
Find the derivatives of the following functions :
ln ta
ne
(a)
y=
(b)
y = ( cos x)
1
xx
(c)
y=
(d)
y = sin-1 (sin2 x)
Implicit Function
y = f (x) - explicit function
Let f(x, y) be a function of two variables x and y. If y cannot be expressed in terms of x, then the
function
is called an implicit function .
e.
g.
x2 + y2 + 2fx + 2gy + c = 0 and
Example Let F(x, y) :
x+
y
e
sinxy +
x+
y
e
sinxy +
(x+y) 2
(x+y) 2
=0.
Method 1 :
1.
Differentiate both side of the equation with respect to x regarding y as a function of x.

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2.
The equation obtained in step 1 is a linear equation in
dy
dy
. Solve for
.
dx
dx
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Method 2 : Partial differentiation
1.
Differentiate F(x, y) with respect to x while keeping y as a constant .
F(x, y)
x
2.
Differentiate F(x, y) with respect to y while keeping x as a constant .

F(x,y)
y
3.
dy
=dx
F(x, y)
x
F(x, y)
y
Parametric Equations
If x and y are both expressed as functions of a parameter e.g. x = f(t) and y = g(t), then
d y
dy dt
=
dx
d x
dt
e.
g.
where
dx
0.
dt
y=t 2
x=cost
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Example
Find the derivative of xsin-1x with respect to sin-1x .
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Classwork
Find the derivative of
1+x 2 - 1
tan -1
with respect to
tan -1x
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W. 16 Ex.D : Q. 1(f) (j), 4(b)

H.W. W.16 Ex.D : Q.1(b) (e) (g) (k) (h) , 2, 3, 4(c) (e)
W.20 : Q.22
Higher Derivatives
If a function can be differentiated n times, the result obtained after the n th differentiation is called the
n th derivative of the function.
dn y
d d
dy
=
...
dx
dx dx
d xn
or f(n) (x) - n th derivative of f(x)

where n must be a non-negative integer and f(0) (x) is defined as f(x).
Example
1.
dr xn
dx r
Find
where r and n are two positive integers.
Case 1 : if r < n
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Case 2 : if r = n
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Case 3 : if r > n
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2.
dr x-n
dx r
=
=
3.
dn lnx
dx n
=
4.
dn (ax+b) -1
dx n
=
5.
dn 1
2 =
dxn x - 4
=
=
=
Classwork
1.
dn
dxn
( xlnx )
=
=
2.
dn+1
dxn+1
( xn lnx )
=
=
=
=
dsinx
=cosx
dx
d2 sinx
=- sin x ;
dx 2
d3sinx
=- cos x
dx 3
dn sinx
=
d xn
Similarly,
In fact,
dn cosx
=
dx n
dsinx
=cosx
dx
=sin +x ;
2
d2 sinx
dcosx
=
2
dx
dx
dn sinx
dx n
= sin n
+x
dn cosx
dx n
= cos n
+x
=- sin x =sin 2
+x
2
- prove it by M.I.
W. 17 Ex.A Q. 3, 6
H.W. Ex.A Q. 1, 4, 7, 8
Leibnitz Theorem
If u and v are two functions of x with their n th derivatives both exist, then
n
n
d uv
dr u dn-r v
=
nCr
n
dx
d xr d xn-r
r=0
where
Proof :
d0 u
=u and
dx 0
when n = 1,
d0 v
=v
dx 0
L.H.S. =
.
duv
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
R.H.S. = 1C0 u
Assume
dv
du
dv
du
+ 1C1 v
+v
= u
= L.H.S.
dx
dx
dx
dx
k
k
d uv
dr u dk-r v
=
kCr d xr
k
dx
d xk-r
r=0
for some positive integer k.
dk+1 uv
d
=
k
+
1
d
x
dx
dk uv
k
dx
kCrddxur
r=
0
r
k-r
d
d u d v
kCr d xr
dx
d xk-r
r=0
1-r v
1 u dk-r v
dk+
dr+
+
1 dx k-r
k
+
1
-r
dx r+
dx
= ______________________________________________________________
= ______________________________________________________________
= ______________________________________________________________
= ______________________________________________________________
Example
1.
d5x3sinx
dx 5
= _________________________________________________________
= _________________________________________________________
2.
dn x e-x
=
dxn
= ______________________________________________________
= ______________________________________________________
W. 17 Ex.B Q. 2, 4, 7, 8
H.W. W.17 Ex.B Q. 5, 6, 9, 10 ,11 W.20 Q.1 , 6
Indeterminate Forms
1.
2.
0
:
0
0
3. 0 :
1- x
x1 2 - 2x 2
lim tan3x
tanx
x
2
lim
lim
x 0+
4. - :
xx
5.
0 :
6.
1 :
7.
0 :
1
x
tan
2
x 0 x
lim
lim
1
(1+x) x
lim
(sec x) cot x
x0
x
2
x
1
ln x
x1 x - 1
lim
L Hospital s Rule
If the limit
f(x)
0
or
is in indeterminate forms
, then
x x0 g(x)
0
lim
f(x)
f '(x)
= lim
.
x x0 g(x)
x x0 g '(x)
lim
e.
1- cos x
x0
x2
lim
g.
1- cosx
x0
x3
lim
2
(
e x - e -x )
lim
x0 1 - cos2x
(2001)
=
= _________________________________________________
= _________________________________________________
= _________________________________________________
= _________________________________________________
= _________________________________________________
Example
x2 ln x =
x 0+
lim
= _________________________________________________
= _________________________________________________
1 :
lim
x0
(cosx)
1
x2 =
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lim (cosx)
1
x2 = ____________________________
x0
00 :
lim
x 0+
xx =
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0
lim
x
2
(sec x) cot x
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1 :
lim
x0
1
3
x
e - 5x x =
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1
1
=
2
x0 sin x
x2
lim
- :
= ________________________________________
= ________________________________________
= ________________________________________
Classwork
1.
lim
x
2
sec x - tan x
=
= _____________________________________________
= _____________________________________________
2.
lim
x 0+
sin x lnx
= ______________________________________________
= ______________________________________________
= ______________________________________________
W. 17 Ex.C Q. 1(a)
H.W. W.17 Ex.C Q.1 (d) (f) (h) (i) , 2 W.20 Q.19
Application of Differentiation
Let f(x) be well-defined in (a, b).
f(x) is said to have a relative maximum ( or relative minimun) at a point xo
number h such that for all x
(xo - h , xo + h) ,
(a , b) if there is a positive
f(x) f(xo) ( or f(x) f(xo) )

where (xo - h , xo + h)
(a , b) i.e.
x
a
xo
hh
y = f(x)
h h
xo
xo
Remark :
1.
A function may have many relative maxima and many relative minima .
(a)
(b)
2.
(c)
The value of a function at a relative minimum point may be greater than the value at a relative
maximum point.
3.
Relative maximum point may not give the greatest value (absolute maximum) of the function.
y
Theorem
Let f(x) be a differentiable function defined in (a , b). Suppose f(x) has a relative maximum (or relative
minimum) at a point xo
(a , b) , then
f (xo) = 0.
Since f(x) has a relative maximum at a point xo

(i)
(xo - , xo + )
(ii)
f(x) f(xo)
for all x
+
As x x0 ,
x x0+
As x x0 ,
(a , b) ,
(xo - , xo + )
f(x) - f(x 0 )
0
x- x 0
lim
(a , b) , there exists a positive number such that
f(x) - f(x0)
x - x0
f(x) - f(x 0)
0
x- x 0
lim
f(x) - f(x0)
x x0
x - x0
Since f(x) is differentiable at x0 ,
f(x) - f(x0)
lim
xx0
f(x) - f(x0)
lim
xx0
x - x0
lim
exists
x - x0
=0
x x0+
f(x) - f(x0)
x - x0
lim
x x0
f(x) - f(x0)
x - x0
f (x0) = 0
Note :
1.
if f(x) is differentiable, then

f (x0) = 0
e.
g. f(x) = x3
x0 is a relative maximum or minimum point

y
f (x) = 3x2
where f (0) = 0
0
2.
f(x) =
has a relative minimum point at x = 0 where f (0) doesnt exist.
In conclusion,
f(x) has a relative maximum or relative minimum at x = xo
f (xo) = 0 or f (xo) doesnt exist

Definition :
1.
Either a relative maximum point or a relative minimum point can be called a turning point.
2.
f(x) has a stationary point at x = xo iff f (xo) = 0 .

y
stationary points
0
0
3.
x
stationary point
f(x) has a critical point at x = xo iff f (xo) = 0 or f (xo) doesnt exist.

y
e.
g. f (x) =
2
x3
2
f (x) = x 3
3
-
has a critical point at x = 0 .
x
Rolle s
Theorem
Let f(x) be a function which is

(i)
continuous on [a , b] ,
(ii)
differentiable on (a , b) ,
(iii)
f(a) = f(b) .
Then there is at least a point c
(a , b)
such that f (c) = 0 .
Proof :
Since f(x) is continuous on [a , b], f(x) attains its greatest value M at a point
value m at a point [a , b] .
[a , b] and its least
Case 1 : M = m f(x) can only be a constant function
f (x) = 0 for all x (a , b)

Case 2 : M > m
and cannot both be the end-points of the interval [a , b], otherwise, the third condition
would become invalid. Therefore, there exists either a relative maximum point or a
relative
minimum point in (a , b). Let this turning point is at x = c, then f (c) = 0 (f(x) is
differentiable in (a , b) ) .
Mean Value Theorem
Let f(x) be a function which is
(i)
continuous on [a , b] ,
(ii)
differentiable on (a , b) .
Then there exists a point c

f '(c) =
(a , b) such that
f(b) - f(a )
b- a
(i.e. slope of PQ) .
Proof :
f(b)- f(a
Let g(x) = f(x) b- a
P
0
a
y
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
By Rolles Theorem, there exists a point c (a , b) such that g(c) = 0 .
f (c) f (c) =
f(b
)-f(a
b-a
f(b
)-f(a
b-a
x
y = g(x)
x .
y = f(x)
= 0
Example
3 - x2
2
f(x) =
1
A function f(x)is defined as follows :
if x 1
if x >1
Show that f(x) satisfies the conditions of the Mean Value Theorem on [0 , 2].
Continuity : ___________________________________________________________
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Differentiability : _______________________________________________________
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By Mean Value Theorem, there exists some c (0, 2) such that f (c) =
f(2
)-f(0
2-0
1 1 3
1
.
- =2 2 2
2
if x 1
-x
Since f (x) = - 1
x2
if x >1 , if c 1 , - c = - 2
if c < 1 , -
c= 1
1
1
=2
2
c
c=
Application of Mean Value Theorem

A. If a function has zero derivative everywhere in an open interval (a , b) , then it is a constant function
there .
Proof :
Let x1 be any arbitrarily fixed point in (a , b).
Let x be any point in (a , b).
(
a
if x > x1 , f(x) is differentiable on (x1 , x) and continuous on [x 1 , x] .

f(x)-f(x
x-x 1
1)
= f (c)
for some c (x1 , x)
= 0
f(x) = f(x1)
if x < x1 , f(x) is differentiable on (x , x1) and continuous on [x , x1] .
)
x1

f(x 1)-f(x
)
for some c (x , x1)
= f (c)
x1-x
= 0
f(x) = f(x1)
f(x) is a constant function for x
(a , b)
Definition :
strictlyi ncresing
increasing
f(x) is
decreasing
s
t
ric
t
lyd ecreasing
x1 > x2
( )
( )
( )
f( x1)
in [a , b] if for any two values x1 , x2
( )
( )
( )
< f ( x2)
f x1 > f x2
f x1 f x2
f x1 f x2
[a , b] such that
Corollary
If
f '(x) >0
f '(x) 0
f '(x) 0
f '(x) <0
strictlyi ncresing
increasing
for all x (a , b) , then f(x) is

decreasing
strictlyd ecreasing
in [a , b] .
Proof :
Let x2 > x1 be two points arbitrarily taken from [a , b].
f(x) is continuous on [a , b] and differentiable on (a , b).
[
a
For [x1 , x2] ,

f(x 2)-f(x 1)
x2 -x 1
f (c) =
for some c (x1 , x2)
x1
f (c) > 0 and x2 > x1 f(x2) > f(x1)

f(x) is strictly increasing
Note :
f(x) is strictly increasing

e.
g.
f (x) > 0
f(x) = x3 : x2 > x1 x23 > x13
However, f (x) = 3x2 = 0 when x = 0.

B. Proving Inequalities
Let f(x) be a function which
(a) is continuous on [a , b] ,
(b) is differentiable on (a , b) and
(c) m f '(x) M for all x (a , b) .
m(b - a) f(b) - f(a) M(b - a)
Proof :
By Mean Value Theorem, f (c) =
for some c (a , b).
m f '(c) M
f(b
)-f(a
b-a
f(b) - f(a )
M
b- a
m(b - a) f(b) - f(a) M(b - a)
(b - a > 0)
x2
]
b
Example 1 (97)
By considering the function f (x) = x e -x , or otherwise, show that if 1 a <b , then
a eb > b ea .
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Example 2
(a) Show that
x
<ln(1 +x) <x
1+x
for x > 0 .
< ln 1+
(b) Deduce that , for any positive integer n,
x
n
1+
n
x
Hence, show that
(c) Given that
lim
ln 1 +
n
x2
x2
1- n
<
1
n2
n2
x2
Show that lim 1- 2
n
n
Hence, deduce that
lim
n
n
<x
n
=x .
n
<1
(Bernoullis Inequality) .
n
=1 .
1 -
= e-x where x > 0.
(a) _______________________________________________________________________
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(b) _______________________________________________________________________
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(c) _______________________________________________________________________
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Classwork
By applying Mean Value Theorem to show that
1+x < ex <1+x e x
fo r x 0 .
(Hint : Consider the cases x > 0 and x < 0.)

Case 1 : if x > 0,
f(x) is continuous on [0, x] and differentiable on (0 , x).
By Mean Value Theorem,

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Case 2 : if x < 0,
f(x) is continuous on [x, 0] and differentiable on (x , 0).

_______________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________
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Corollary
Let f(x) be a real-valued function which is continuously differentiable on [a , b], then there exists a
( ) ( )
constant k > 0 such that

Proof : Case 1 : If
f x2 - f
x1 = x 2 ,
x1

k x2 - x 1
) ( )
f x 2 - f x1
foran
ya
x1, x 2 b
= 0 = k x 2 - x1
Case 2 : Without loss of generality, assume
x1 < x 2 ,
f (x) is continuous on [x1 , x2] and differentiable on (x1 , x2).

f(x 2)-f(x 1)
x2 -x 1
By Mean Value Theorem, f (c) =
( ) ( x1)
f x2 -f
f'(c)
for some c (x1 , x2)

x2 -x 1
Since f (x) is continuous on [a , b] , f (x) must be bounded i.e.

constant k.
( ) ( x1)
f '(x)
for some positive
k x2 - x 1
f x2 - f
W. 18 Ex.A Q.5 , 7(c)

H.W. Ex.A Q. 1 , 2 , 6 , 8
Theorem
f(x) is a function which is (i) continuous on [a , b] ;
(ii) differentiable on (a , c) (c , b) where a < c < b .
Then f(x) attains a relative maximum (or relative minimum) at c if and only if f (x) is positive (or
negative) immediately to the left of c and negative (or positive) immediately to the right of c i.e. there
exist two positive numbers 1 and 2 such that f (x) > 0 ( or < 0) for all x
( or > 0) for all x
(c - 1, c) and f (x) < 0
(c , c + 2) .
Proof : if
positive
(
c- 1
Assume
negative
c
)
c+ 2
sign of f (x)
x
Claim : There exists a positive number such that

x
(c - , c + )
f(x) f(c)
Let = min { 1 , 2} .
f (x) is positive in (c - , c) and negative in (c , c + )
f(x) is strictly increasing in [c - , c] and strictly decreasing in [c , c + ]
(c - , c + ) .
Case 1 : if x (c - , c)
Case 2 : if x (c , c + )
Let x
f(x) f(c)
f(x) f(c)
Case 3 : if x = c f(x) = f(c)
f(x) f(c)
only if
Assume
Claim :
(c - , c + )
f(x) f(c)
There exist two positive numbers 1 and 2 such that

positive
(
c- 1
negative
c
)
c+ 2
Sign of f (x)
x
Without loss of generality, we can take the derivative of f(x) to be non-zero in (c - , c + ) with the
exception of f (x) at c.
If x
(c - , c) , then apply Mean value Theorem to the interval [x , c],

f(c)- f(x
c- x
f '( )=
f(c) - f(x) 0
f '() >0
If x
for some
(x , c)
and c > x
( f '( ) 0)
(c , c + ) , then apply Mean value Theorem to the interval [c , x],

f(x)- f(c
x- c
f '( )=
f(c) - f(x) 0
f '( ) <0
for some
(c , x)
and x > c
( f '( ) 0)
Theorem
If f(x) is twice differentiable at c and f (c) = 0 and f (c) < 0 (or f (c) > 0 ), then f(x) has a relative
maximum ( or relative minimum) at c.
Proof :
f (c) =
lim f '(c +h) - f '(c)
h 0
If f (c) < 0 , for any
- <
f"(
h 0
f '(c +h)
- f "(c) <
h
<
f'(c+
h
)
h
<f"(c
)+
f"(c
)
2
<0
f '(c +<h0)

f '(c +>h0)
hi f> 0
hi f< 0
positive
(
c-h
f '( c + h )
- f " (< c )
h
c
)-
f '(c+h)
h
lim f '(c +h)
> 0 , there exists a positive number such that
0 <h - < 0
negative
c
)
c+h
f (x) has a relative maximum at x = c.
Theorem
If f (c) = f (c) = f (c) = = f (n-1) (c) = 0 and f(n) (c) 0 , then
(i) if n is even and f(n) (c) < 0 , f(x) has a relative maximum at c ,
(ii) if n is even and f(n) (c) > 0 , f(x) has a relative minimum at c ,
sign of f (x)
(Ta
k
e
=-
f"(c
)
2
(iii) if n is odd, f(x) has a point of inflexion at c.

Optimization
P.M./Diff./p.30
Example 1
A woman at a point A on the shore of a circular lake with radius 2 km wants to
B
reach the point C diametrically opposite to A on the opposite side of the

lake. She can row at the rate of 2 km/hr. and walk at the rate of 4km/hr.
Suppose she rows across to the point B at first and then walks along the
A
shore of the lake towards C.
If the angle BAC is , show that the total time T of travel is given by
T = 2 cos + where 0
. Hence, calculate the value of

2
such that the travel time is maximum. How would she minimize her travel time?
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Example 2
Find the semi-vertical angle of a right conical shell of minimum surface
area which, with its rim resting on a table, can cover a sphere of radius r
and show that its area is
(3+2
)r 2 .
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________________________________________________________
B R
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H.
W. : W.18 Ex.B Q. 1 , 4
W.18.5 Ex.A Q 2, 4, 9 Ex.B Q.7, 9, 10(h), (m), (n), 12, 16, 17
Concavity
y
increasing
concave
upwards
x1
x2
increasing
concave
downwards
x1
x2
decreasing
concave
downwards
decreasing
concave
upwards
x1
Convex
x2
x
Concave
x1
x2
Concave Upwards (Convex)

For any 2 arbitrary points chosen on the curve, the chord with these two points as end points lies above
( or below ) the curve if the curve is concave upwards ( or downwards) .
Let (x - x1) : (x2 - x) = n : m .
x=
c=
mx1 +nx 2
m+n
mf(x 1) +nf(x 2 )
m+n
c f(x)
f(x2)
c
f(x1)
mf(x 1) +nf(x 2)
mx1 +nx 2
m+n
m+n
x1
x2
Theorem
If f(x) is twice differentiable function with f (x) 0 for all x (a , b) , then f(x) is concave upwards
in [a , b].
Proof :
m
a+nb
Let x be a point in (a , b) such that x=
m+n
for some
real numbers m and n.

Claim :
mf(a) +n f(b )
ma+nb
f
m+n
m+n

f(x) - f(a )
=f '( )
slope of AP =
x- a
fo r som
e (a, x)
f(b) - f(x )
=f '( )
b- x
fo r som
e (x, b)
slope of PB =
f (x) 0 f (x) is increasing in [a , b]
as a < <x< ,
f(x) - f(a )
x- a
f '( ) f '( )
f(b) - f(x )
b- x
mf(a) +n f(b )
ma+nb
f
m+n
m+n
Point of Inflexion
A point at which a curve changes its concavity is called a point of inflexion. A point of inflexion is
characterized by a change in sign in the second derivative as x passes through the point.
f (x) :
OR
positive
negative
negative
positive
If f(x) is twice differentiable, then

point of inflexion at c
f (c) = 0
y
Counter-example :
y = x4 y = 12x2
when x = 0, y = 0
However, (0 , 0) is not a point of inflexion.
Exercise
1.
Determine A, B and C such that the curve y = Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx will have an inflectional tangent of
slope - 1 at the point (1 ,
2.
1
0
7
). (A =
, B = - 10 and C = 9 )
3
3
Show that the curve (1 + x2) y = 1 - x has 3 points of inflexion and they all lie on a straight line.
CURVE SKETCHING
1.
Find the domain of f(x) i.e. all real numbers x such that f(x) is well-defined.
e.
g.
(a) y2 = 4x
_______________________________________________
(b)
x2
y2
+
=1
a2
b2
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
(c)
x2
y2
=1
a2
b2
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
x+1
(d) y= 2
x +2
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_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
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_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
2.
Symmetry of the curve :

(i) If the given equation contains only even powers of y, then the curve is symmetrical about
_________________________________________ .
e.
g.
y=
y2 = 2x + 1
2x+1
(ii) If the given equation contains only even powers of x, then the curve is symmetrical about the
_________________________________________ .
e.g.
y = 3x4 + 2x2 + 1
i.
(iii)
e. y = f(x) is an _______________________
A curve is symmetrical about ____________________________ if a change in sign in x
brings
forth a change in sign in y, i.e. f(x) is _______________________ .
e. g. y = sin x
3.
Find the x-intercept(s) and y-intercept(s) of f(x) .
4.
Asymptote :
- a line touching the curve at infinity.
(the distance between the curve and the line tends to zero as the point moves to infinity along the
curve)
y
xy =1
y
horizontal
asymptote
x
oblique
asymptote
0
Vertical asymptote :
As x c+ (or x c-) , f(x)
g
(x
)
h
(x
)
Especially if f(x) =
e.
g.
y=
or - , then x = c is a vertical asymptote.
and h(c) = 0, then x = c is the vertical asymptote.
(x- 1) (x
(x- 3) (x
- 2)
- 4)
vertical asymptotes :
_________________________________
lim
Note :
f(x) m ay not equ al to
x c+
lim
x c
f(x)
Horizontal asymptote :
When x
lim
f(x) = a , when x -
lim
f(x) =b for some constants a and b.
Then the horizontal asymptotes are y = a and y = b.

e.
g.
y=
(x- 1) (x - 2)
(x- 3) (x - 4)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
e.
g.
y=
x+2
x2 +1
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Oblique asymptote :
If y = ax + b is an oblique asymptote to the curve y = f(x) and
d = perpendicular distance of any arbitrary point (u , v)

on the curve y = f(x) from the line y = ax + b
=
then
or
y=f(x)
au- v+ b
d =0 , i.e.
lim
d =0 , i.e.
lim [ f(u) - au - b ]
=0
lim [ f(u) - au - b ]
=0
y=ax+b
a2 +1
lim
(u,v)
Theorem :
lim [ f(u) - au - b ]
OR
lim [ f(u) - au - b ]
=0
iff a=
=0 iff
a=
f(u)
u u
and
b=
f(u)
u u
and
b=
lim
lim
lim
f(u) - au
lim
f(u) - au
u
u
Proof : if - assume ________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
only if - assume ___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
e.
g.
Let f(x) = x + tan-1x .
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Note :
For rational function f(x) =
P(x)
Q
(x)
where P(x) and Q(x) are two polynomials ,
(a) If Q(x) has a linear factor (x - a) , then x = a is a vertical asymptote of the curve y = f(x).
(b) If deg P(x) < deg Q(x) , then y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote of the curve.
(c) If deg P(x) = deg Q(x) and the quotient on dividing P(x) by Q(x) is c , then y = c is a horizontal
asymptote to the curve.
(d) If deg P(x) = deg Q(x) + 1 so that
P(x)
=ax+b
Q(x)
y = ax + b is an oblique asymptote to the curve .
e.
g. f(x) =
3x 3+2
x2 - 1
R(x)
where deg R(x) < deg Q(x) , then
Q(x)
R(x)
=0
x Q(x)
lim
= ______________________________________
_______________________________________________________
5.
Find f (x) and f (x) in order to locate the relative extreme point(s) and point(s) of inflexion.
Example
Sketch the graph of y =
(x- 1) (x - 2)
.
(x- 3) (x - 4)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
y
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
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Classwork
(x- 1) (x
(x- 2) (x
- 3)
- 4)
for x 2 or 4.
____________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________
y
Example
1.
If
f(x) =
x2 ( 6-x
)] 3 , sketch the curve y = f(x).
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_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
y
2.
-x
If f(x) = e
x
, sketch the graph of y = f(x).
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
y
3.
x3
x2 - 1
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
x
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
y
Note
W. 19
Q. 3, 10 , 12, 16
H.W. Q. 11 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 17 , 18 , 19
W. 20 Q.2 , 7 , 14 , 15 , 20 , 25 H.W. Q.4 , 5 , 9 , 12 , 13 , 16 , 17 , 21 , 24

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Pure Maths/ Differentiation / p.

When x x0 , the point P approaches the point Q.

In the limiting case when P coincides with Q, the chord

) exists and is finite, i.e. not equal to ,

right hand derivative :

left hand derivative :

Find the derivative of f(x) =

Find the derivative of f(x) = sin2x at x =

Pure Maths/ Differentiation / p.2

(a) Show that f(x) is differentiable at x = 0.

Pure Maths/ Differentiation / p.3

(a) Find f (x) for x > 0 and x < 0 respectively .

5.(2000) Let f (x) = sin x

(a) If f is continuous at x = 0, find c.

Pure Maths/ Differentiation / p.4

Let f(x) be a real-valued function such that

Show that f (x) = f(x) for all x R .

Case 2 : if r is not a positive integer,

For constant function, i.e. f(x) = c for all x R ,

f(x +h) - f(x)

Pure Maths/ Differentiation / p.5

for any constant c

Remark : c can also be a variable independent of x

sin (x +h) - sin x

u(x +h) v(x +h) ] -

u(x +h) - u(x)

u(x +h) - u(x)

Theorem (Product Rule)

u(x +h) v(x +h) ] h

Pure Maths/ Differentiation / p.6

If u(x), v(x) and w(x) are 3 differentiable functions of x, then

= u(x) v(x) w(x)

In fact, let u1(x) , u2(x) , , un(x) be n differentiable functions of x , then

Special Case : when u1(x) = u2(x) = = un(x) = u(x) ,

Pure Maths/ Differentiation / p.7

Differentiation of an inverse trigonometric functions

Pure Maths/ Differentiation / p.8

where cos x > 0 .

In order to satisfy the condition, the principle range is

] and cos x is differentiable and strictly decreasing

on ( 0, ) where sin x > 0 .

In order to satisfy the condition, the principle range is

Pure Maths/ Differentiation / p.9

____________ and tan x is differentiable and __________

____________ and cot x is differentiable and __________

In order to satisfy the condition, the principle range is

________________________ and sec x is differentiable and

Pure Maths/ Differentiation / p.10

W. 16 Ex.C : Q.1, 5(c), (d), 7

(A) Define ln x = loge x where x > 0 and e = lim 1 +

Pure Maths/ Differentiation / p.11

for x > 0 , a > 0 and a 1

for a > 0 and a 1

Pure Maths/ Differentiation / p.12

x2 + y2 + 2fx + 2gy + c = 0 and

Example Let F(x, y) :

Differentiate both side of the equation with respect to x regarding y as a function of x.

The equation obtained in step 1 is a linear equation in

Differentiate F(x, y) with respect to x while keeping y as a constant .

Differentiate F(x, y) with respect to y while keeping x as a constant .

Pure Maths/ Differentiation / p.13

Pure Maths/ Differentiation / p.14

W. 16 Ex.D : Q. 1(f) (j), 4(b)

__ and tan x is differentiable and

__ and cot x is differentiable and