Beruflich Dokumente
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14 Electric Circuits
6 By Q = It,
Q = 20 × 10−3 × 0.1 = 2 × 10−3 C
2 × 10−3 C of charge passes through a cow.
Since the size of the charge of an electron is 1.6 × 10−19 C,
Ch14/P.2
2 × 10 −3
number of electrons passing through the cow = = 1.25 × 1016
1.6 × 10 −19
There are 1.25 × 1016 electrons passing through the cow.
Ch14/P.3
Check-point 2 (p .35)
E 12
1 B By Q = ⇒ Q= =4C
V 3
2 9J By E = QV = 1 × 9 = 9 J
3 1, volts
4 Volts
4 (a) Flow of energy (heat) occurs when there is a temperature difference between objects in contact.
Flow of charges occurs when the voltage across two points in a circuit is not zero.
(b) A pump is necessary to keep water flowing in pipes.
A battery is necessary to keep charges flowing in a circuit.
5 False
By E = QV, if the voltage of a cell is 2 V, 2 J of energy will be given to 1 C of charge.
14.3 Resistance
V 220
6 (a) By R = = = 20 Ω
I 11
The resistance of the heating element is 20 Ω.
V 110
(b) By I = = = 5.5 A
R 20
The current flowing through the heating element is 5.5 A.
l
7 For a metal wire, its resistance R ∝ , where l is its length and A is its cross-sectional area.
A
(a) The resistance is doubled.
(b) The resistance becomes one-forth of the original value.
(c) The resistance increases.
Ch14/P.5
RH−1 = 2RK−1
RK = 2RH = 2 × 4 = 8 Ω = RL
4 All circuits in question 3 have the same equivalent resistance.
Ch14/P.8
Ibulb Vbulb
original 0.111 A 0.667 V
R=6Ω 66.7 mA 0.4 V
R = 6 kΩ 0.166 mA 0.999 mV
R = 6 MΩ 0.167 µA 1.00 µV
V 1
Current passing the bulb Ibulb = =
R 3 + 6 + Rammeter
6
Voltage across the bulb Vbulb = IbulbR =
3 + 6 + Rammeter
(b) Low
2 (a)
Ibulb Vbulb
original 0.111 A 0.667 V
R=6Ω 83.3 mA 0.5 V
R = 6 kΩ 0.111 A 0.666 V
R = 6 MΩ 0.111 A 0.667 V
(
The equivalent resistance of the bulb and voltmeter Req = R voltmeter −1 + 6 −1 ) −1
V 1
Total current in the circuit Itotal = =
R 3 + Req
Req
Voltage across the bulb Vbulb = ItotalReq =
3 + Req
Vbulb Req 1
×
Current passing the bulb Ibulb = =
Rbulb 3 + Req 6
(b) High
3 (a)
Ibulb Vbulb
original 0.111 A 0.667 V
R=6Ω 66.7 mA 0.4 V
R = 6 kΩ 0.166 mA 0.999 mV
R = 6 MΩ 0.167 µA 1.00 µV
(b) Low
Ch14/P.10
3 B
Current flowing through 5-Ω resistor I A1 = 0.6 A
By V= IR,
the voltage across PQ = I A1 R5- Ω = 0.6 × 5 = 3 V
VPQ 3
Current flowing through 10-Ω resistor = = = 0.3 A
R10-Ω 10
⇒ Current flowing through 2-Ω resistor = 0.9 A
⇒ Voltage across 2-Ω resistor = IR = 0.9 × 2 = 1.8 V
Voltage of the battery = VPQ + V2-Ω = 3 + 1.8 = 4.8 V
1 1 1
4 (a) 0.5 Ω = +
R 1 1
1 1 1 1
(b) 0.333 Ω = + +
R 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
(c) 0.25 Ω = + + +
R 1 1 1 1
5 A
Let the resistance of each resistor be 1 Ω.
−1
1 1 1
For (1): The equivalent resistance R = + + + 1 = 1.33 Ω
1 1 1
−1
1 1
For (2): The equivalent resistance R = + + 1 = 1.67 Ω
1 2
−1
1 1
For (3): The equivalent resistance R = 1 + + + 1 = 2.5 Ω
1 1
Ch14/P.11
6 Since the bulbs are connected in series, current passing them is the same. And, by
V = IR, their voltage ratio is RX : RY : RZ.
(a) (i) Current ratio = 1 : 1 : 1
(ii) Voltage ratio = 1 : 2 : 3
(b) (i) Current ratio = 1 : 1 : 1
(ii) Voltage ratio = 3 : 4 : 12
(c) (i) Current ratio = 1 : 1 : 1
(ii) Voltage ratio = RX : RY: RZ
7 Since the bulbs are connected in parallel, voltage across them is the same. And,
V
by I = , the ratio of the current passing them is RX−1: RY−1: RZ−1.
R
(a) (i) Current ratio = 6 : 3 : 2
(ii) Voltage ratio = 1 : 1 : 1
(b) (i) Current ratio = 4 : 3 : 1
(ii) Voltage ratio = 1 : 1 : 1
(c) (i) Current ratio = RX−1: RY−1: RZ−1
(ii) Voltage ratio = 1 : 1 : 1
−1
1 1
8 (a) R = + = 1.5 Ω
6 2
−1
1 1
(b) R = + = 1.33 Ω
4 2
−1
1 1
(c) R=3+ + +3=9Ω
6 2+2+2
−1
1 1
9 (a) Equivalent resistance of the circuit R = 3 + + = 6 Ω
4 12
V
By I = ,
R
6
current drawn from the battery =
6
=1A
= current passing 3-Ω resistor
⇒ Voltage across 3-Ω resistor = 3 V
⇒ Voltage across 4-Ω / 12-Ω resistor = 6 − 3 = 3 V
Similarly,
V 3
current flowing through 4-Ω resistor = = = 0.75 A,
R 4
V 3
current flowing through 12-Ω resistor = = = 0.25 A
R 12
Current passing 3-Ω, 4-Ω and 12-Ω resistors is 1 A, 0.75 A and 0.25 A respectively.
(b) As shown in the calculation in (a), the voltage across each resistor is 3 V.
Ch14/P.12
11 False
12 True
13 False
14 False
15 True
16 False
Ch14/P.13
Revision exercise 14
Section A
1 A
2 B
3 C
−1
1 1
4 C The equivalent resistance between A and B = + =4Ω
8 3 + 4 + 1
4
The voltage across AB = × 12.5 = 2 V
5 + 4 + 16
5 B (HKCEE 2002 Paper II Q33)
Section B
6 B
7 B
8 B (HKCEE 1998 Paper II Q33)
Section A
1 (a) More charge passes the wire each second. (1A)
By V = IR, when the voltage increases, the current I flowing through the wire, i.e. the amount of
charge passing the wire per unit time, increases. (1A)
(b) Less charge passes the wire each second. (1A)
Since the resistance of the wire increases with its length, (1A)
if the length of the wire increases, the current I flowing through the wire, i.e. the amount of
charge passing through the wire per unit time, decreases (V = IR).
(c) Less charge passes the wire each second. (1A)
Since the resistance of the wire increases with decreasing diameter, (1A)
if the diameter of the wire decreases, the current I flowing through the wire, i.e. the amount of
charge passing through the wire per unit time, decreases (V = IR).
2 When S is open, current of 1 A passes 4-Ω resistor and R2. The voltage across R2 is 8 V.
V
By R = , (1M)
I
8
R2 = =8Ω (1A)
1
When S is closed, total current drawn from the battery is 1.5 A. The voltage across R2 is 6 V.
V
By R = ,
I
6
equivalent resistance of R1 and R2 = =4Ω (1A)
1.5
Ch14/P.14
−1 −1
1 1 1 1
And, the equivalent resistance = + = + (= 4 Ω)
R1 R2 R1 8
⇒ R1 = 8 Ω (1A)
The resistance of R1 and R2 is 8 Ω.
Ch14/P.15
4 (a) A bird standing on a power transmission cable will not get an electric shock. (1A)
It is because the voltage across the points where the bird stands is small. (1A)
By V = IR, the current passing the body of the bird is very small and the bird will not get an
electric shock. (1A)
(b) When a kite is entangled with a high-voltage power transmission cable, the voltage between the
cable and the Earth, where the person stands, is huge. (1A)
By V = IR, the current passing the body of the person is very large and may kill that person. (1A)
5 (a)
Section B
V
6 (a) By R = , (1M)
I
12
in Figure d, R = = 500 Ω (1A)
24 × 10 −3
12
in Figure e, R = = 1000 Ω (1A)
12 × 10 −3
(b) It is because the ammeter in Figure d gives the sum of the current passing the unknown resistor
and the voltmeter, (1A)
while the ammeter in Figure e measures the current passing the unknown resistor only. (1A)
The circuit in Figure e gives a more accurate result. (1A)
The reasons are as follows:
Since the voltmeter readings in Figures d and e are equal to the voltage across the battery, R is
much larger than 1 Ω (the resistance of the ammeter). (1A)
Hence, the voltage measured in Figure e is roughly equal to that across the unknown resistor. (1A)
Also, in Figure d, the ammeter reading is larger than the actual current passing through the
unknown resistor. (1A)
Hence, Figure e gives a more accurate result.
(c) Circuit in Figure d should be used. (1A)
It is because the resistance of the unknown resistor is much smaller than that of the voltmeter and
only negligible amount of current would pass the voltmeter. (1A)
Then the readings of the ammeter and the voltmeter in Figure d would be close to the actual
current passing and the actual voltage across the unknown resistor. (1A)
If the circuit in Figure e is used instead, since the resistance of the unknown resistor is
comparable to that of the ammeter, the voltage measured would be much larger than the actual
voltage across the unknown resistor. (1A)
8 (a)
10 (a) (i) Since the lamps are connected in series, the circuit will be broken if one of the lamps breaks.
(1A)
(ii) The lamps become dimmer. (1A)
(iii) When more lamps are connected, the total resistance of the circuit increases and the voltage
across each lamp decreases. (1A)
This makes the lamps dimmer.
(b) (i) If a filament breaks, the current can pass through the resistor connected in parallel to the
filament and the circuit is still complete. (1A)
(ii) The other lamps will be much dimmer. (1A)
Since the lamps are connected in series and the resistance of R is much larger than that of a
filament, the voltage across each filament is much smaller than that across the resistor of the
broken lamp. Hence, the lamps will be very dim. (1A)