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Ch15/P.

15 Electricity in the Home

15.1 Electrical Power and Energy

Warm-up 15.1 (p. 68)


The larger the value of x, the more the energy is consumed by the bulb each second.
The larger the value of y, the more the energy is consumed by the bulb for each coulomb of charge passing through.

Check-point 1 (p. 73)


1 B
2 C By E = Pt,
energy consumed = 60 × 2 × 60 × 60 = 432 000 J = 432 kJ
3 0.15, 2, 0.3
0.3, 0.27

Practice 15.1 (p. 73)


1 C
V2 220 2
2 D By P = = = 100 W
R 484
3 B Energy consumed = 2 × 0.1 × 3.5 = 0.7 kW h
Cost = 0.7 × 0.9 = $0.63
V2 V2 220 2
4 By P = , R= = = 24.2 Ω
R P 2000
P 2000
By P = IV, I= = = 9.09 A
V 220
V 220
(Or By I = = = 9.09 A)
R 24.2
The resistance of the heating element is 24.2 Ω and the current passing the heating element is 9.09 A.

E 500
5 (a) By P = = = 500 W
t 1
The power of the heater is 500 W.
P 500
(b) By I = = = 2.08 A
V 240
The current through the heater is 2.08 A.
V2 240 2
(c) By R = , R= = 115.2 Ω
P 500
The resistance of the heater is 115.2 Ω.

6 A
Ch15/P.2

V2
7 In the equation P = , V is the voltage across the resistance wire and R is the resistance of the wire.
R
The voltage across the wire increases with the resistance of the wire. Hence, if a wire of high resistance
is used, the power loss will be large.
Ch15/P.3

15.2 Mains Electricity

Warm-up 15.2 (p. 74)


The forth statement.

Check-point 2 (p. 78)


1 C
2 B
3 P, 100, 220, 0.455 A
0.455, 2.28 A
3A

Practice 15.2 (p .78)


1 B
2 B
3 B
4 B
If the 10-A fuse can properly protect a rice cooker, the current passing the rice cooker should be
slightly smaller than 10 A.
P P
By I = = < 10 ⇒ P < 2200 W
V 220
The power of the rice cooker is slightly less than 2200 W and the closest value is 2000 W.

5 The socket is still 'live' when the bulb is taken away. One will get an electric shock if he/she touches
the metal part of the socket.
Correct wiring:

P
6 By I = ,
V
500
current passing the cooker = = 2.27 A
220
Since the current limit of the fuse for the cooker should be slightly higher than the current flowing in
the cooker, a 3-A fuse should be used.

7 (a)
Ch15/P.4

(b) The hair-dryer has an insulating plastic case. Even if a fault develops, the case is safe to touch
since a current will not flow in it.
Ch15/P.5

15.3 Household Wiring

Warm-up 15.3 (p. 82)


The first four statements.

Check-point 3 (p. 85)


1 B
2

3 Decreases, larger
4 C

Practice 15.3 (p .88)


1 C
P 1200
2 B By I = = = 5.45 A
V 220
Current passing the iron (I1) is 5.45 A.
Since I2 is half of I1, I2 is 2.73 A.
3 D
4 A
5 (a)

(b) In a ring main circuit, the current in a cable is half of the total current of the circuit. Hence,
thinner and cheaper cables can be used. Also, all sockets in the circuit are connected in parallel,
so that appliances connected to the socket can operate at 220 V and work independently.

6 It is because water vapour in the bathroom may short-circuit the mains socket and people will get an
electric shock when they touch the socket.

V 220
7 (a) By I = = = 0.11 A
R 2 × 10 3
A current of 0.11 A passes the body when the skin is dry.
V 220
(b) By I = = = 0.22 A
R 1 × 10 3
A current of 0.22 A passes the body when the skin is wet.
Ch15/P.6

In case of getting an electric shock, a larger current will flow through the body when the hands are wet.
The larger the current, the more serious the damage is caused to the body. If the current is larger than
0.2 A, the person may die.
Ch15/P.7

Revision exercise 15

Multiple-choice (p. 91)

Section A
1 A
V2
By P = , when the voltage changes from 220 V to 110 V, the power of the shaver should drop to a
R
quarter of its original power, i.e. drop to 250 W.
(Or
V 2 220 2
The resistance of the shaver R = = = 48.4 Ω
P 1000
V 2 110 2
Actual power of the shaver P = = = 250 W)
R 48.4

2 A
V2
By R = ,
P
62
the resistance of each bulb = =3Ω
12
= resistance of the resistor R
[
The combined resistance of the circuit = (3 + 3) −1 + (3 + 3) −1 ] −1
=3Ω
V2
By P = ,
R
62
the power of the circuit = = 12 W
3

3 A

4 D
P
The current passing an appliance can be found by I = .
V
P 980
Microwave oven: I = = = 4.45 A
V 220
P 1600
Washer-dryer: I = = = 7.27 A
V 220
P 4 × 100
Lamp: I = = = 1.82 A
V 220

5 D (HKCEE 2000 Paper II Q34)

6 A (HKCEE 2001 Paper II Q32)


Ch15/P.8

Section B
7 C
Energy required to boil 0.5-kg water at 20 °C
= mc∆T + ml
= 0.5 × [4200 × (100 − 20) + 2.26 × 106] = 1.298 × 106 J
E
By t = ,
P
1.298 × 10 6
t= = 649 s (= 10.8 min)
2000
649
Cost = 0.9 × 2 × = $0.325
3600

8 C

9 A
Connection in A:
(
Equivalent resistance = 100 −1 + 100 −1 + 100 −1 ) −1

= 33.3 Ω
Connection in B:
(
Equivalent resistance = 100 + 100 −1 + 100 −1 ) −1

= 150 Ω
Connection in C:
Equivalent resistance = 100 + 100 + 100
= 300 Ω
(
Connection in D: Equivalent resistance = 50 + 100 −1 + 100 −1 ) −1

= 100 Ω
V2
By P = , the connection in A should give the largest power and boil water fastest.
R

10 D

11 A (HKCEE 2000 Paper II Q35)

12 D (HKCEE 2002 Paper II Q36)


Ch15/P.9

Conventional (p. 93)

Section A
1 (a)

Complete circuit (1A)


Correct connection of the two-way switch (1A)
Correct labels (1A)
(b) For the bulb rated at '240 V, 500 W':
V2
By R = , (1M)
P
240 2
R= = 115.2 Ω (1A)
500
For the bulb rated at '120 V, 75 W':
V2
By R = ,
P
120 2
R= = 192 Ω (1A)
75
The filament in the bulb rated at '240 V, 500 W' has a lower resistance than that in the bulb rated
at '120 V, 75 W'. (1A)

P
2 (a) By I = , (1M)
V
2000
current through the kettle I1 = = 9.09 A,
220
1000
current through the iron I2 = = 4.55 A,
220
150
current through the TV set I3 = = 0.682 A (1A)
220
Total current = I1 + I2 + I3 = 14.3 A < 15 A (1A)
Hence, it is safe to operate these appliances at the socket. (1A)
(b) The circuit breaker breaks the circuit when the current flowing in the circuit is too large. (1A)
This prevents the circuit from overheating, which may result in a fire. (1A)

3 (a)
Colour of insulation Name of wire
yellow and green earth
blue neutral (1A)
brown live (1A)
Ch15/P.10

(b) (i)

Correct complete circuit (1A)


(ii) If the buzzer sounds, the fuse is not broken. (1A)
(c) (i) Since the lamps are connected in series, the circuit is broken if one lamp is broken. (1A)
(ii) 40 (1A)
The bulbs are connected in series and 240/6 = 40 (1A)
(d) More than (1A)
The same as (1A)
More than (1A)

Section B
4 (a) (i) The circuit is called ring main. (1A)
This circuit is called as such because, in this circuit, each of the live, the neutral and the
earth wires (1A)
branches into two paths and forms a large 'ring' which loops around the room. (1A)
(ii) Live: brown (1A)
Neutral: blue (1A)
Earth: yellow/green (1A)
(iii) The circuit breaker should be connected to the live wire. (1A)
This is because it ensures that no part of the hair-dryer and cable is 'live' when the circuit
breaker breaks the circuit. (1A)
(b) The earth pin is longer than other pins. (1A)
It is designed to open 'shutters' on the live and the neutral holes on the socket. (1A)
(c) Method 1:
Change the metal case to plastic case. (1A)
Since plastic is an insulator, even if the live wire contacts the case and the cable has no earth wire,
users will not get an electric shock. (1A)
Method 2:
Change the two-pin plug to three-pin plug and, in the cable of the hair-dryer, add an earth wire,
which connects the case of the hair-dryer to the Earth. (1A)
When the earth wire is used, even if the live wire contacts the case, current will flow to the Earth
through the earth wire. This prevents users from getting electric shocks. (1A)
(d) Total energy consumed by the hair-dryer
= Pt (1M)
= 1 × 0.25 × 30 = 7.5 kW h (1A)
Cost = 7.5 × 0.9 = $6.75 (1A)
Ch15/P.11

5 (a) (i) Negative charge (1A)


(ii) Objects of unlike charges attract and toner particles (negatively charged) are attracted to the
drum (positively charged). (1A)
In order to pull toner particles onto paper from the drum, the paper has to be more positively
charged than the drum, so that the attractive force on toner particles towards the paper is
greater than that towards the drum. (1A)
Q
(b) (i) By I = , (1M)
t
0.15
I= = 0.06 A (1A)
2.5
The current in the wire is 0.06 A.
(ii) By E = QV, (1M)
energy = 0.15 × 200 = 30 unit joule (J) (1A + 1A)
(c) (i)

Correct connection (2A)


P
(ii) By I = , (1M)
V
500
I= = 2.17 A (1A)
230
A fuse of 3 A should be used. (1A)
Ch15/P.12

6 (HKCEE 1998 Paper I Q4)

Physics in articles (p. 95)


(a) The resistance R of the cable is inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area A (1A)
l
and directly proportional to its length l, i.e. R ∝ . (1A)
A
(b) Copper cables are used because the resistance of copper is very small (1A)
Ch15/P.13

and copper cables are cheap. (1A)


(c) It is because gold is not easily oxidized and oxidized wire has a poor contact with other metal parts.
(1A)

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