Final Examination in Modern Trends in Nursing Submitted by: Sandra Compay

1. Agencies involved in responding to disaster situation(Japan-based) a. JICA's Disaster Relief Program dispatches Japan Disaster Relief (JDR) teams and provides emergency relief supplies when major disasters occur, mainly in developing areas, in response to requests received from the governments of affected countries or international agencies. As personnel assistance, JICA's Disaster Relief Program dispatches rescue teams, medical teams, and expert teams and provides emergency supplies as material assistance.

The main tasks of the Rescue Team are to search for missing people, rescue victims, provide first aid, and move victims to safety. The tasks of the Medical Team are to diagnose or to assist in the diagnosis of victims, and when necessary they work to prevent infection and the spread of diseases. The Expert Team, meanwhile, takes stopgap measures in the wake of disasters and provides guidance and advice on how best to achieve recovery. In the wake of a large-scale disaster, the Self-Defense Forces can be dispatched when such a dispatch is deemed necessary. SDF personnel carry out emergency relief activities (rescue activities, medical activities, stopgap measures, reconstruction), transport activities using ships, aircraft, and helicopters, medical and disease prevention activities, and water supply activities using water purifiers.The provision of materials includes emergency relief supplies, such as blankets, tents, water purifiers, generators, and pharmaceutical products to assist in the recovery process.

b. Fire and Disaster Management Agency is endeavoring to improve Japan's international emergency relief operation to develop a more efficient system in the future, using feedback from the experience gained from these activities. International Rescue Team Japanese Fire-Service shouldering part of Japan's international emergency relief operations are Special Forces formed under an independent system separate from the one applying to emergency fire fighting team. Although they are similar to each other in nature -- namely they are both formed

beyond prefectural organizations and they are engaged in similar activities - they are different fundamentally in that International Rescue Team Japanese Fire-Service operates overseas.

c. Enhanced Alliance

Usually, major countries' aid agencies and international organizations provide relief support at the site of a large-scale disaster. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) takes the initiative to build systems for coordinating these disaster relief activities. JICA actively develops alliances with related organizations in order to contribute to the swift implementation of relief services at the disaster site. JICA also cooperates with Japanese NGOs operating in affected areas in order to implement more effective operations.

d. Other agencies The Incident and Emergency Centre (IEC) is the global focal point for international preparedness and response to nuclear and radiological safety or security related incidents, emergencies, threats or events of media interest. ISSC is to assist IAEA Member States in external hazard assessment, and in aspects of site selection and site evaluation. With the support and participation of Member States, and with scientific guidance provided by a newly-established Scientific Committee, the ISSC serves as a global focal point for safety against external hazards for nuclear installations world-wide. Adventist Devolopment and Relief Agency (ADRA) has committed an initial response of $30,000 and has sent an assessment team toward the affected area to evaluate and prepare a broader response. ADRA Japan is providing food and shelter for train passengers that are stranded in Tokyo. ADRA is currently assessing the situation and planning a broader response. Updates will be released as response efforts expand. The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) is collecting funds for relief efforts and has reached out to the Japanese

Government to offer its expertise in earthquake and tsunamirelated response. JDC is now conducting an up-to-the-minute assessment of the situation in Japan and the Pacific Rim and has activated its network of partners to determine critical, immediate needs of the hardest-hit areas. The American Red Cross is supporting the Japanese Red Cross in their response to the impact of the earthquake and tsunami disaster. The American Red Cross has provided an advisor to a high-level global Red Cross and Red Crescent support and liaison team to the Japanese Red Cross and is in communication with them about their needs. The Salvation Army in Japan has three emergency service relief teams working in areas affected by the earthquake and tsunami. One of the teams is assisting people who have been evacuated from areas threatened by the damage of nuclear power plants. Emergency service personnel from The Salvation Army International Headquarters (IHQ) in London will also soon head over to Japan to join in the relief effort. The disaster has affected a 2,000 kilometer north-south stretch of Japan. Official reports now state that more than 10,000 people are dead or missing

2. 3 days supplies of items at home The time to prepare a disaster supplies kit is now. During an emergency, supplies are in high demand and stores run out of inventory quickly. Once disaster hits, there isn't time to search for supplies. The American Red Cross recommends six basics to stock at home: water, food, first-aid supplies, clothing, bedding, tools and emergency supplies, and special items. A good rule of thumb is to have enough supplies to cover your household for at least three days. Keep items you would most likely need during an evacuation in an easy-to-carry container. Below are guidelines to consider for basic disaster supplies. WATER Store 1 gallon of water per person per day (2 quarts for drinking, 2 quarts for food preparation and sanitation). Keep at least a 3-day supply of water for each person in your household.

To purify water for safe drinking supply: * Boil vigorously 1 3 minutes; or * Use purification tablets available at most drug stores. Follow package directions; or * Use household bleach (must contain 5.24% hypochlorite.) For one gallon of water, add 8 drops if water is clear; if water is cloudy, add 16 drops (1/4 teaspoon). For five gallons of water, if water is clear, add teaspoon; if cloudy, 1 teaspoon. Let water stand at least 30 minutes before drinking. FOOD Store at least a 3-day supply of nonperishable food. Select items that don't require refrigeration, preparation, or cooking, or require little or no water. * Include selections from the food list below in your Disaster Supply Kit. Ready -to -eat canned meats, fruits and vegetables. Canned juices, milk, soup. If powdered, store extra water. Staples sugar, salt, pepper, etc. High energy foods peanut butter, jelly, crackers, granola bars, trail mix. Vitamins Foods for infants, elderly or persons on special diets. Do not use left-over baby food if not refrigerated. Comfort foods -cookies, hard candy, sweetened cereals, instant coffee, tea, etc. Extra pet food WHEN THE POWER GOES OUT Without electricity, food in refrigerators and freezers will spoil. If you know in advance that power will be shut off: Use perishable foods in refrigerator and freezer first. Make extra ice. Freeze extra freeze-pack inserts and keep them frozen for emergencies. Buy a cooler. Freeze water in plastic containers, do not fill to top before freezing allow for expansion. Know where to buy dry ice. 25 lbs. of dry ice should hold a 10cubic-foot freezer cold for 3-4 days. Note: dry ice may be limited on some islands. FIRST AID KIT Assemble a First Aid Kit for your home and one for each car. Each kit* should include: Sterile adhesive bandages in assorted sizes 4 to 6 two-inch sterile gauze pads 4 to 6 four-inch sterile gauze pads Hypoallergenic adhesive tape Triangular bandages (3) 2-inch sterile roller bandages, 3 rolls 3-inch sterile roller bandages, 3 rolls Scissors Tweezers Needle Moistened towelettes Antiseptic Thermometer Tongue blades (2) Tube of petroleum jelly or other lubricant Assorted sizes of safety pins Cleansing agent/soap Latex gloves, 2 pairs Sunscreen

Non -prescription drugs Aspirin or non-aspirin pain reliever Anti-diarrhea medication Antacid for stomach upset. Syrup of Ipecac used to induce vomiting if advised by the Poison Control Center. Laxative Activated Charcoal, use if advised by the Poison Control Center. TOOLS AND SUPPLIES Mess kits, or paper cups, plates & plastic utensils Emergency preparedness manual Battery operated radio and extra batteries Flashlight and extra batteries Cash or traveler's checks, change Non-electric can opener; utility knife Fire extinguisher, small canister, ABC type Tube tent Pliers Tape Compass Matches in waterproof container Aluminum foil Plastic storage containers Signal flare Paper, pencil Needles, thread Medicine dropper Shut-off wrench to turn off household gas and water Whistle Plastic sheeting Area map, if needed for locating shelters. SANITATION Toilet paper, towels Soap, liquid detergent Feminine supplies Personal hygiene supplies Plastic garbage bags, ties for personal sanitation uses Plastic bucket with tight lid Disinfectant Household chlorine bleach CLOTHING AND BEDDING Include at least one complete change of clothing and footwear per person. Sturdy shoes or work boots. Not slippers. Rain gear Blankets or sleeping bags Sunglasses SPECIAL ITEMS Remember family members with special needs, such as infants, elderly, or disabled persons. For Baby-Formula Diapers Bottles Powdered milk Medications For Adults- Heart and high blood pressure medication Insulin Prescription drugs Denture needs Contact lenses and supplies Extra eye glasses Entertainment games and books Important Family Documents- Keep these records in a waterproof, portable container. (Important documents and valuables are best kept in a bank safety deposit box.) Will, insurance policies, contracts, deeds, stocks and bonds Passports, social security cards, immunization records Bank account and credit card numbers, companies Inventory of valuable household goods, important telephone numbers Family records birth, marriage, death certificates SUGGESTIONS AND REMINDERS

Store your kit in a convenient place known to all family members. Keep a smaller version of the Disaster Supply Kit in the trunk of your car. Keep items in air-tight plastic bags. Change stored water supply every six months so it stays fresh. Rotate stored food every six months. Re-think supply kit and family needs at least once a year. Replace batteries, update clothing, etc. Ask your physician or pharmacist about storing prescription medications. 3. Immediate action if a disastrous situation were to occur in your workplace

If a disastrous situation were to occur, stay calm and do the proper procedure to evacuate and or to seek help and be safe. Of course, you should think of all the things you need to do under the Workplace Disaster Plan.

Here are some reminders, for you to keep in mind:

Keep your car keys with you at all times If you are out in a meeting or elsewhere in the workplace when a disaster strikes they will do you no good when they are on your desk or in your locker when you may not be able to get back in the building for various reasons, without your keys you cannot easily leave the area if needed with your vehicle.

Keep a kit at the workplace and in your car There is only so much that you can pack into your desk drawers or locker, but you can make the best of it. One of the important things to remember is that even though your building may have survived, your car may not have. When taking time to prepare, make sure that you take into account that your vehicle may not be accessible in the event of a disaster, a well stocked GHB (get home bag) or BOB (bug out bag) does you no good if you cant get to it.

Be Familiar with the Evacuation Plan for your Workplace

If you cant get out in a time of disaster when called upon, um, well. Not much more to say, you very well may perish. Make sure that you know the drill! Evacuation drills may be boring, but if you dont pay attention and remember, it very well may cost you your life if it really happens.

Food and Water No matter how cramped the personal space that you are alloted in the workplace, there is always room for some basic items that may well save you or a coworkers life.There are small kits that can be had from the Red Cross or other vendors that will fit in any locker or your desk drawer, if you dont have one, get one! These kits contain the very basics that you may need to survive a disaster during the short term, and they literally can mean the difference between life and death.

Mentality The most important thing that you can do is to keep your cool. Panic in a disaster situation leads to nothing more than a really bad string of decisions or worse. If a disaster strikes the most important thing that you can possess is you calm. If you are prepared in one or more ways, this is going to come more easily than if you were to be caught totally off guard without being prepared.

Knowledge If you have the opportunity in your workplace take part in first responder classes, first aid, CPR or any other emergency related classes. If you have the time, get active in your community by taking CERT (Community Emergency Response Team) classes and/or join the local CERT group for your area.

Having the knowledge and practicing it are two different things, PRACTICE!

Something Like This Would Never Happen to Me

Yeah, right! There are millions around the globe that have said this, and guess what? IT HAPPENED!

When it comes right down to it, when disaster strikes YOU are the only one that can do something until professional help arrives (if they arrive)