(0210572028, 10:18 Beyond Nonprofits: Re-conceptualzing the Third Sector | SpringerLink D Springer Link SearchQ Login Home > VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Volun... > Article Original Paper | Published: 08 June 2016 Beyond Nonprofits: Re- conceptualizing the Third Sector Lester M, Salamon © & S. Wojciech Sokolowski VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 27, 1515-1545 (2016) 8294 Accesses | 115 Citations | 10 Altmetric | Metrics Abstract The idea of a “third sector” beyond the arenas of the state and the market is probably one of the most perplexing concepts in modern political and social discourse, encompassing as it does a tremendous diversity of institutions and behaviors that only relatively recently have been perceived in public or scholarly discourse as a distinct sector, and even then with grave misgivings. Initial work on this concept focused on what is still widely regarded as its institutional core, the vast array of private, nonprofit institutions (NPIs), and the volunteer as well as paid workers they mobilize and engage. These institutions share a crucial characteristic that makes it feasible to differentiate from for-profit enterprises: the fact that they are prohibited from distributing any surplus they generate to their investors, directors, or stakeholders and therefore hitps:ilink springer comfarticle/10.10071811266-016-9726-2 11250210812029, 10:18 Beyond Nonprofi: Re-canceptvalizing the Third Sacor | Springerink presumptively serve some broader public interest. Many European scholars have considered this conceptualization too narrow; however, arguing that cooperatives, mutual societies, and, in recent years, “social enterprises” as well as social norms should also be included. However, this broader concept has remained under-conceptualized in reliable operational terms. This article corrects this short-coming and presents a consensus operational re-conceptualization of the third sector fashioned by a group of scholars working under the umbrella of the European Union’s Third Sector Impact Project. This re-conceptualization goes well beyond the widely recognized definition of NPIs included in the UN Handbook on Nonprofit Institutions in the ‘System of National Accounts by embracing as well some, but not all, of these additional institutions and forms of direct individual activity, and does so ina way that meets demanding criteria of comparability, operationalizability, and potential for integration into official statistical systems. Résumé Lidée qu’un « tiers secteur » puisse exister au-dela de I’Etat et du marché est possiblement un des concepts les plus déconcertants des discours politique et social modernes, englobant, comme il le fait, une incroyable diversité d’organismes et de comportements qui, jusqu’a tout réceemment, étaient percus, dans les discussions publiques et savantes, comme appartenant a un secteur indépendant, méme si sous réserve. L'examen de ce hitps:ilink springer comfarticle/10.10071811266-016-9726-2 2128210572020, 10:18 Beyond Nonprofit: Re conceptualizing tne Third Sector SpringerLink concept s’est initialement concentré sur ce qui est toujours largement percu comme son fondement institutionnel, soit une vaste gamme d’organismes privés et sans but lucratif et les bénévoles et travailleurs rémunérés qu’ils mobilisent et engagent. Ces organismes ont en commun une caractéristique essentielle permettant de les différencier des entreprises 4 but lucratif : Vinterdiction de répartir les surplus qu’ils générent A leurs investisseurs, directeurs ou intervenants, et ce, dans V’intérét présumé d’un plus vaste public. Plusieurs savants européens ont toutefois jugé que cette conceptualisation était trop étroite, affirmant que les coopératives, les mutuelles d’assurances et, plus récemment, les « entreprises sociales » devraient en faire partie, en plus de normes sociales données. Cet article présente une conceptualisation repensée du tiers secteur modelée par un groupe de savants ceuvrant dans le cadre du projet d’impact du Tiers secteur (Third Sector Impact) de Union européenne. Elle va bien au-dela de la définition largement reconnue des organismes sans but lucratif inclus dans le manuel des Nations Unies du systéme des comptes nationaux, en intégrant quelques-uns de ces organismes supplémentaires, pas tous, et des formes d’activités individuelles directes, et ce, de facon a satisfaire d’exigeants critéres de comparabilité et d’opérationnalité et a étre éventuellement intégrée aux systémes statistiques officiels. Zusammenfassung hitps:ilink springer comfarticle/10.10071811266-016-9726-2 3128(0210572028, 10:18 Beyond Nonprofits: Re-conceptualzing the Third Sector | SpringerLink Das Konzept eines ,,Dritten Sektors“ neben Staat und Mark ist wahrscheinlich eines der verbliiffendsten Konzepte in modernen politischen und sozialen Diskussionen. Es ist auBerst umfassend, da eine grofe Vielfalt von Institutionen und Verhaltensweisen inbegriffen sind, die erst seit relativ kurzer Zeit in 6ffentlichen oder wissenschaftlichen Diskussionen als ein eigener Sektor betrachtet werden, und das auch nur unter groBen Bedenken. Anfiingliche Arbeiten zu diesem Konzept konzentrierten sich darauf, was noch immer weitgehend als sein institutioneller Kern betrachtet wird, namlich die weite Reihe privater, gemeinniitziger Institutionen und die ehrenamtlichen und bezahlten Mitarbeiter, die sie mobilisieren und engagieren. Diese Institutionen teilen ein wichtiges Merkmal, aufgrund dessen eine Unterscheidung von gewinnorientierten Unternehmen praktikabel ist: die Tatsache, dass es ihnen nicht erlaubt ist, Gewinne an ihre Investoren, Direktoren oder Stakeholder auszuschiitten, wodurch sie vermeintlich einem breiteren ffentlichen Interesse dienen. Viele europaische Wissenschaftler betrachten diese Konzeptualisierung jedoch als zu beschrainkt und argumentieren, dass Genossenschaften, Gegenscitigkeitsgesellschaften und in den letzten Jahren ,Sozialunternehmen* sowie gesellschaftliche Normen ebenfalls eingeschlossen werden sollten. Dieser Beitrag prasentiert einen Konsens zur Rekonzeptualisierung des Dritten Sektors, die von einer Gruppe von Wissenschaftlern hitps:ilink springer comfarticte/10.10071s11266.016-9726-2 4128caso, 10-18 Beyond Nonrfts:Re-oncepualzing tne Third Secor | Sprngetink erstellt wurde, die im Rahmen des EU-Projekts zu den Auswirkungen des Dritten Sektors (Third Sector Impact Project) arbeiten. Diese Konzeptualisierung reicht weit tiber die weitgehend anerkannte Definition gemeinniitziger Institutionen laut dem UN Handbook on Nonprofit Instituions in the System of National Accounts hinaus, indem sie zudem einige, jedoch nicht alle, dieser zusiitzlichen Institutionen und Formen direkter individueller Aktivitit auf eine Weise umfasst, die die anspruchsvollen Kriterien der Vergleichbarkeit, der Operationalisierbarkeit und des Potenzials zur Integration in offiziellen statistischen Systemen erfiillt. Resumen La idea de un “sector terciario” mas alld de los Ambitos del estado y del mercado es probablemente uno de los conceptos mas desconcertantes en el discurso politico y social moderno, englobando, como hace, una tremenda diversidad de instituciones y comportamientos que sdlo relativamente hace poco han sido percibidos en el discurso ptiblico y erudito como un sector diferenciado, e incluso entonces con graves recelos. Los trabajos iniciales sobre este concepto se centraron en lo que se sigue considerando ampliamente como su nticleo institucional, la vasta variedad de instituciones privadas, sin 4nimo de lucro y los voluntarios, asi como también los trabajadores pagados que movilizan y contratan. Estas instituciones comparten una caracteristica hitps:ilink springer comfarticle/10.10071811266-016-9726-2 5125caso, 10-18 Beyond Nonrfts:Re-oncepualzing tne Third Secor | Sprngetink crucial que hace factible diferenciarlas de las empresas con 4nimo de lucro: el hecho de que se les prohibe distribuir cualquier excedente que generen a sus inversores, administradores 0 partes interesadas y por consiguiente sirven presuntamente a algun interés publico mas general. Sin embargo, muchos eruditos europeos han considerado esta conceptualizacién demasiado limitada, argumentando que las cooperativas, las sociedades mutuas y, en afios recientes, las “empresas sociales”, asi como también las normas sociales también deben ser incluidas. El] presente documento presenta un consenso, una reconceptualizacién del Sector Terciario fabricada por un grupo de eruditos que trabajan bajo los auspicios del Proyecto sobre el Impacto del Sector Terciario de la Union Europea que va mucho mas alla de la definicién ampliamente reconocida de las instituciones sin animo de lucro incluidas en el Manual de las NU sobre las Instituciones Sin Animo de Lucro en el Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales abarcando también algunas, pero no todas, de estas instituciones y formas adicionales de actividad individual directa, y lo hace de una forma que satisface los exigentes criterios de comparabilidad, operacionalizabilidad y potencial de integracién en los sistemas estadisticos oficiales. 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Goa Kye ll Lua Ua baa) all aaagall goal bus MSI y 28a Y) Sl pall ode ¢ JS Gall OS yas 9S Mei) AG Jal AUS sales pl iy gles alld ais 5 ¢ tle Saas! pall oé cles gle & ll «pela powe) This is a preview of subscription content, access via Access options Buy article PDF USD 39.95 Price includes VAT (Brazil) Instant access to the full article PDF. Rent this article via DeepDyve, Notes hitps:ilink springer comfarticle/10.10071s11266-016-9726-2 212s(0210572028, 10:18 Beyond Nonprofits: Re-conceptualzing the Third Sector | SpringerLink 1. We acknowledge that any one of the many terms being used to refer to this social space carries with it potential connotations in the minds of readers that may be completely unintended on the part of the writers. Readers are therefore invited to replace this term mentally with any of the other ones with which they are more comfortable to avoid being diverted by unintended connotations. Later in this article we suggest a rebranding that combines elements of the “third sector” with key elements of what has been termed “social economy,” which we refer to as the “third sector/social economy” and abbreviate as the “TSE sector.” 2, The 11 research institutions involved in the project are Vienna University of Economics and Business, Institute for Social Policy of the University of Zagreb, The Institute of Social Policy (IPS) of Warsaw University, The School of Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research of the University of Kent, The Third Sector Research Centre of the University of Birmingham, Johns Hopkins University SAIS Bologna Centre, The Department of Political Science and Public Administration at Radboud University Nijmegen in the Netherlands, The Department of Political Science of the Westfilische Wilhelms-Universitit Miinster in Germany, The Institute for Social Research in Norway, IUDESCOOP of the University of hitps:ilink springer comfarticte/10.10071511266-016-9726-2 9125(0210572028, 10:18 Beyond Nonprofits: Re-conceptualzing the Third Sector | SpringerLink Valencia, Spain, and The Institute of Labour Economics and Industrial Sociology, Aix- Marseille University (AMU) in France. For more information on institutional sectoring, see 2008 SNA Chapter 4. Although a 2008 revision of the System of National Accounts provided an explicit recommendation that statistical agencies separately identify at least the nonprofit components of the various institutional sectors into which NPIs are allocated and to report on them separately from other units (SNA 2008, para. 4. , this recommendation has not been adopted by Eurostat in the European System of Accounts, which governs the assembly of economic statistics in Europe. Financed by the European Commission, this project sought to gauge the impact of the third sector, primarily in Europe, but within a framework able to permit comparisons among different European regions and between Europe and other regions. For the purpose of this project, detailed literature review and consultation were undertaken separately in five regions of Europe: the Nordic region, embracing Norway, Denmark, and Sweden; Northern Europe, embracing the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Austria; Anglo-Saxon UK and Ireland; Southern Europe, embracing France, Spain, Italy, and Portugal; and Central hitps:ilink springer comfarticte/10.10071511266-016-9726-2 10128(0210572028, 10:18 Beyond Nonprofits: Re-conceptualzing the Third Sector | SpringerLink and Eastern Europe, including Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Slovenia, Romania, Bulgaria, and the Czech Republic. Simultaneously, similar inquiries were launched into the relevant characteristics of several possible institutional and individual manifestations of the third sector. For more information on the Third Sector Impact Project (TSD, see the project website at: thirdsectorimpact.eu. In its Latin American manifestations, the term “social and solidarity economy” is used more widely. See, for example: Mogrovejo et al. (2012). The Social Economy concept has also been recognized in political and legal circles, both national and European. Thus, for example, the European Economic and Social Committee issued an Opinion on 1 October 2009 on “Diverse Forms of Enterprise,” and the European Parliament issued a Report of 26 January 2009 on Social Economy. In a December 2015, the Council of the European Union issued a “Conclusion” identifying the social economy as “a key driver of social and economic development in Europe” and encouraging “Eurostat and national statistical authorities” to “consider developing and implementing satellite accounts in their respective statistics aimed at establishing the hitps:ilink springer comfarticte/10.10071511266-016-9726-2 115(02/05/2028, 10:18 Beyond Nonprofits: Re-conceptualzing the Third Sector | SpringerLink effective contribution of the social economy to economic growth and social cohesion....” (General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union 2015). 7. The language used in the SNA includes entities that may be institutionally separate from government but are “controlled by government,” where “controlled by” is defined as more than receipt of government funding. References Alcock, P., & Kendall, J. (2011). 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Wiesbaden: VS Verlag fiir Sozialwissenschaften. hitps:ilink springer comfarticte/10.10071s11266-016-9726-2 22152023, 1018 Sayed Nonprats: Reconceptntig Ie Third Secor |Sprrgernk Funding This article was prepared as part of the Third Sector Impact Project (TSI). This Project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) for research, technological development, and demonstration under Grant Agreement No. 613034. Author information Authors and Affiliations Center for Civil Society Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA Lester M. Salamon & S. Wojciech Sokolowski Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies Bologna Center, Bologna, Italy Lester M. Salamon International Laboratory for Nonprofit Sector Research, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia Lester M. Salamon Corresponding author Correspondence to Lester M. Salamon. Ethics declarations Conflict of Interest hitps:ilink springer comfarticte/10.10071s11266-016-9726-2 23125(0210572028, 10:18 Beyond Nonprofits: Re-conceptualzing the Third Sector | SpringerLink The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. Appendix See Table 1. Table 1 Potential in-scope and out-of- scope third sector institutional units Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions About this article Cite this article Salamon, LM., Sokolowski, S:.W. Beyond Nonprofits: Re- conceptualizing the Third Sector. Voluntas 27, 1515-1545 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9726-z Published Issue Date 08 June 2016 August 2016 Dol https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9726-z Keywords Nonprofit organizations Social economy Civil society Volunteer work National accounts Conceptualization Definition hitps:ilink springer comfarticle/10.10071s11266-016-9726-2 20725(0210572028, 10:18 Beyond Nonprofits: Re-conceptualzing the Third Sector | SpringerLink Not logged in - 177.56.178.121 Not affiliated ‘SPRINGER NATURE © 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Par Springer Nature, hitps:ilink springer comfarticle/10.10071511256-016-9726-2 25125