Prof. T. L.

Frison

Cell Phones Off Please!! No food or drinks!

The Cellular Level of Organization

The Cellular Level of Organization

The cell is the structural and functional unit of an

organism, the smallest structure capable of performing all the functions necessary for life.

The Cellular Level of Organization

Prokaryotic cells lack membrane enclosed structures. Eukaryotic cells possess membrane enclosed

structures.

The Cell Theory

The Cell Theory

All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

The Cell Theory

All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Cells are the basic living unit of

structure and function in organisms.

The Cell Theory

All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are the basic living unit of structure and function

in organisms.

All cells come only from other cells.

Sizes of Living Things

Surface Area / Volume Ratio

Surface Area / Volume Ratio

The amount of surface area affects the ability to get

materials in and out of a cell.

Surface Area / Volume Ratio

The amount of surface area affects the ability to get

materials in and out of a cell.

As cells increase in volume, the proportionate amount

of surface area decreases.

Surface Area / Volume Ratio

Plasma Membrane and Cytoplasm

All cells are surrounded by

a plasma membrane.
The material inside of a

cell is the cytoplasm.

The plasma membrane

regulates what enters and exits a cell.

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cells
Cell Wall
Capsule Flagellum Nucleoid Ribosomes

Prokaryotic Cells
Cell Wall
Capsule Flagellum Nucleoid Ribosomes

Prokaryotic Cells
Cell Wall
Capsule Flagellum Nucleoid Ribosomes

Prokaryotic Cells
Cell Wall
Capsule Flagellum Nucleoid Ribosomes

Prokaryotic Cells
Cell Wall
Capsule Flagellum Nucleoid Ribosomes

Prokaryotes are:
Structurally simple
Metabolically diverse Adapted to most types of environments

Prokaryotes are:
Structurally simple
Metabolically diverse Adapted to most types of environments

Prokaryotes are:
Structurally simple
Metabolically diverse Adapted to most types of environments

Prokaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells:
Are structurally complex Have a nucleus Possess membrane-bound organelles May have a cell wall

Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells:
Are structurally complex Have a nucleus Possess membrane-bound organelles May have a cell wall

Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells:
Are structurally complex Have a nucleus Possess membrane-bound organelles May have a cell wall

Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells:
Are structurally complex Have a nucleus Possess membrane-bound organelles May have a cell wall

Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic Cells

The Nucleus
Stores DNA

The Nucleus
Stores DNA
Nucleolus - rRNA

The Nucleus
Stores DNA
Nucleolus - rRNA Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear pores

Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis

Two subunits (large and small)

Subunits consist of rRNA and protein molecules

Polyribosomes
Several ribosomes with a single mRNA molecule

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Consists of membranous channels and saccules

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER
Processing and

modification of proteins

Smooth ER
Synthesizes

phospholipids Various other functions

Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi apparatus collects, sorts, packages, and distributes materials such as proteins and lipids.

Lysosomes
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down unwanted, foreign substances or worn- out parts of cells

Vacuoles
Vacuoles are membranous sacs that store substances.
For example:

Water Pigments Toxins

Peroxisomes
Membrane bound vesicles containing enzymes.
The enzymes break down molecules and as a result

produce hydrogen peroxide.

Energy-Related Organelles
Chloroplasts

Mitochondria

Energy-Related Organelles

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

Chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis Structure:
Double-membrane Stroma

Grana

Thylakoids

Chloroplasts contain:
Their own DNA Ribosomes Enzymes

Mitochondria
Found in all eukaryotic

cells
Site or cellular respiration Structure:
Double-membrane Matrix

Crista

The Cytoskeleton
Maintains cell shape
Assists in movement of cell and organelles Assemble and disassemble as needed Three types of macromolecular fibers
Actin Filaments Intermediate Filaments Microtubules

Actin Filaments
Anchored to the plasma membrane

Allows intestinal microvilli to expand and contract

Found in pseudopods allowing amoeboid movement Play a role in animal cell division

Actin Filaments
Actin interacts with motor molecules such as myosin.

In the presence of ATP, myosin pulls actin along

Example: muscle cells

Intermediate Filaments
Intermediate in size between actin filaments and

microtubules
Functions:
Support nuclear envelope Cell-cell junctions, such as those holding skin cells tightly together

Microtubules
Hollow cylinders made of two globular proteins Assembly:

(MTOC) Most important MTOC is centrosome Interacts with specific proteins to cause movement of organelles

Under control of Microtubule Organizing Center

Microtubule Operation

Centrioles
Short cylinders with a 9 + 0 pattern of microtubule

triplets

Centrioles
Help organize microtubules during animal cell division May be involved with microtubule formation and in the

organization of cilia and flagella

Cilia and Flagella

Hairlike projections that aid in cell movement In eukaryotic cells, cilia are much shorter than flagella They are membrane-bound cylinders enclosing a matrix

area
The matrix consists of microtubules in a 9 + 2 pattern

Cilia and Flagella

Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell