Organizational Behavior OrganizationWhen two or more individual are interacting with each other within a deliberately structured set

up and working in an independent way to achive goals and objective. OR Organization is an institution. BehaviorBehavior is a way how people react to certain situation. Organization Behavior Roman J. Alday has defined O.B as a branch of the social science that seeks to build theories that can be applied to predicting understanding and controlling behavior in workorganizations. Organization Behavior is the study of application of knowledge abouthow people act within organizations. It is a human tool for human benefit. It appliesbroadly to the behavior of people in all types of organizations, such as business,government, school and service organizations. Nature and Features of Organizational Behavior 1.It has assumed the status of a distinct field of study. It is a part of general management. It represents behavioral approach to management. 2.It contains a body of theory, research, application associated when a growing concern for in work place. Its study helps in understanding human behavior. 3.The study of theories and research experiences of organization facilitates manager for creative thinking to solve human problems in organizations. 4.This discipline is heavily influenced by several other behavioral sciences and social sciences like psychology, Sociology and anthropology. 5.It provides rational thinking about people. It concentrates on three level of behavior. They are individual behavior, group behavior and organizational behavior. 6.O.B. has psychological foundations. The concept like learning, perception, attitude, motivation etc is borrowed from psychology, sociology and anthropology. 7.Organization behavior is both art and science. It is considered as art because it contains knowledge about behavior of individuals. It is considered as science because it involves application of science. 8.Organization behavior is dynamic rather than static. It essence is reflected in change in behavior of individuals in organization. 9.It attempts to reduce the wasteful activities through economic and psychological means and thus increasing the effectiveness of the people and the organization. The Different Fields from which Organization Behavior takes its matter include:Psychology: Psychology is defined as the study of human behavior which tries to identify the characteristics of individuals and provides an understanding why anindividual behaves in a particular way. Thus psychology provides us with useful insightinto areas such as human motivation, perceptual processes or personality characteristics.

Sociology: Sociology is the study of social behavior, relationships among social groups and societies, and the maintenance of social order. The main focus of attention is on thesocial system. This helps us to appreciate the functioning of individuals within theorganization which is essentially a socio-technical entity. Social Psychology: Social psychology is the study of human behavior in the context of social situations. This essentially addresses the problem of understanding the typical behavioral patterns to be expected from an individual when he takes part in a group. Anthropology: Anthropology is the science of mankind and the study of human behavior as a whole. The main focus of attention is on the cultural system, beliefs, customs, ideasand values within a group or society and the comparison of behavior amongst differentcultures in the context of todays organizational scenario. It is very important toappreciate the differences that exist among people coming from different culturalbackgrounds as people are often found to work with others from the other side of the globe. Economics: Any organization to survive and sustain must be aware of the economic viability of their effort. This applies even to the non-profit and voluntary organizations as well. Political Science:Although frequently overlooked, the contributions of political scientists are significant to understand arrangement in organizations. It studies individuals and groups within specific conditions concerning the power dynamics.

Important topics under here include structuring of Conflict, allocation of power and how people manipulate power for individual self-interest etc. Learning Learning in all is adaptive change behavior that results from past experience. Learning isacquiring new knowledge behaviors, skills, values, preferences or understanding and mayinvolve synthesizing different styles of information. It is relatively permanent change inbehavior that occurs as a result of experience. Definition of Learning: According to Stephen Robbins, learning may be defined as any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. The present definition of learning has several components that deserve clarification. 1. Learning Involves Change: Change may be good or bad from an organizational point of view. People can learnunfavorable behaviors to hold prejudices or to restrict their output, for example-as well asfavorable behaviors. 2. The Change must be Relatively Permanent: Temporary changes may be only reflexive and fail to represent any learning. So, the requirement of learning is that it mustbe relatively permanent change out of behavioral changes caused by temporary adaptations.

3. Learning Involves Change in Behavior: Learning takes place when there is a change in actions. We must depend on observation to see how much learning has occurred Inother words, we can say that changes in behavior indicate that learning has taken place.Similarly, no change in behavior indicates no learning has taken place. It must howeverbe remembered that in certain types of learning, there are some periods of time thatfollow the learning during which there is no indication of apparent changes. This does notnecessarily mean that no learning has taken place. These periods of no apparent change inbehavior is called the incubation period, where the assimilation and internalization oflearning takes place. Types of Learning:1.Habituation: Learning which takes place due to continuous enforcement. 2.Sensitization: Here a person learns from the responses. 3.Associative Learning: it is through association with a separate procuring element. 4.Enculturation: A person learns the requirement of culture by which he or she is surrounded. 5.Play: It has no particular end in itself but improves performance. 6.Informal learning: It occurs in day today situation 7.Formal Learning: It occurs in teacher student type of relation. Some of the most important theories of learning are: 1. Classical Conditioning 2. Operant Conditioning 3. Social Learning