Gravitation

Prof. Mukesh N. Tekwani Department of Physics Ismail Yusuf College, Mumbai

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Isaac Newton
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Newtons Law of Gravitation Every particle of matter attracts every

other particle with a force which is directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

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Newtons Law of GravitationMaster text styles Click to edit

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G is called the Universal Gravitational Constant G = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2/kg2 G is constant throughout the Universe and G does not depend on the medium Prof. Mukesh N Tekwani

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Difference between G and g G g

G is the Universal Gravitational Constant G = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2/kg2 g is acceleration due to gravity Approx value g = 9.8 m / s2. Value of g varies from one place to another on the Earth. Changes every place on a planet. E.g., on the Moon, the value of g is 1/6th of that on the Earths surface.
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Constant throughout the Universe

Relation between G and g

Let M = mass of the Earth m = mass of an object on the surface of the Earth g = acceleration due to gravity on the Earths surface R = radius of the Earth

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Relation between G and g

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Relation between G and g

m

Weight of the object is the gravitational force acting on it.

.(1)

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Relation between G and g

m
h

At height h from the surface of the Earths surface, acceleration due to gravity is gh At height h, Weight of object = gravitational M force

.(2)
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Relation between G and g

Dividing (2) by (1) we get,
m
h

Thus, g is independent of the mass of the object.

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Projection of a Satellite
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Projection of a Satellite
Why is it necessary to have at least a two stage rocket to launch a satellite? A rocket with at least two stages is required to launch a satellite because The first stage is used to carrythe satelliteup to the desired height.
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Critical Velocity of a Satellite The horizontal velocity

with which a satellite should be projected from a point above the earth's surface, so that it orbits in a circular path around the earth is called the orbital velocity or critical velocity (Vc) ofthe satellite.
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Keplers Laws of Motion

Click to edit Master text styles Born: Second level December 27, 1571 Third level Fourth level Died: Fifth level November 15, 1630 German Mathematician, Astronomer Astrologer.

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Keplers First Law Law of Orbitplanet revolves in an Every

elliptical orbit around the Sun, with the Sun situated at one focus of the ellipse.

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Keplers Second Law or Law of Equal Areas

The radius vector drawn from the Sun to any planet sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time. This law is called the law of areas. The areal velocity of the radius vector is constant.
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Keplers Law of Equal Areas

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Keplers Laws
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Keplers Third Law - Laws of Period

The square of period of revolution of the planet around the Sun is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of the elliptical orbit.

T2 r3
According to this law, when the planet is closest to the Sun, its Prof. Mukesh N Tekwani speed is maximum and when it

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Critical Velocity of a Satellite Let

vc h M = mass of the Earth R = radius of Earth m = mass of satellite h = height of the satellite above Earths r = R + h, where r is the distance of the satellite Prof. the N Tekwani fromMukeshcenter of 20 20

R M r

Critical Velocity of a Satellite force necessary for the The centripetal

circular motion of the satellite around the Earth is provided by the gravitational force of attraction between the Earth and the satellite. Centripetal force = gravitational force

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Critical Velocity of a Satellite

.(1)

Factors on which Critical Velocity of a satellite depends: 1. Mass of the planet 2. Radius of the planet 3. Height of the satellite Critical velocity is not dependent on the mass of the satellite as m does not appear in the above equation
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Critical Velocity of a Satellite But we know that

Substituting this value in eqn (1), we get,

.. Prof. Mukesh N Tekwani (2)

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Critical Velocity of a Satellite Assignment 1:

Modify eqn (2) to find the critical velocity of a satellite orbiting very close to the surface of the Earth (h << R)

Assignment 2: How does the critical velocity (or orbital velocity) of a satellite vary with an increase in the height of the satellite above the Earths surface?
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Time Period of a Satellite

The time taken by a satellite to complete one revolution around the earth is called its periodic time or time period.

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Time Period of a Satellite

vc h Let M = mass of the Earth R = radius of Earth m = mass of satellite h = height of the satellite above Earths r = R + h, where r is the distance of the satellite Prof. the N Tekwani fromMukeshcenter of 26 26

R M r

Time Period of a Satellite

Distance covered by the satellite in 1 revolution = Circumference of the circle Time taken to cover this distance is the time period Critical speed Vc = Vc = But
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Time Period of a Satellite

As constant, Squaring both sides, we get we get, so is a

T2 r3 Thus, the square of the period of revolution is directly proportional to the cubeProf. Mukesh radius of the N Tekwani of its orbit.

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Time Period of a Satellite

Factors on which Time Period of a satellite depends: 1. Mass of the planet 2. Radius of the planet, and 3. Height of the satellite from the planets surface Period of the satellite does not depend on the Assignment: mass of the satellite.
(1)

(2)

Obtain an expression for the time period of a satellite in terms of gh. For a satellite close to the earth, calculate the period of revolution in minutes.
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Binding Energy of a Satellite

Definition: The minimum amount of energy required to remove a satellite from the earths gravitational influence is called as binding energy of the satellite. A satellite revolving around the Earth has Kinetic energy, and
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What is kinetic energy?

The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called its kinetic energy. If m = mass of an object, and v = its velocity K.E = (1/2) mv2
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What is potential energy?

The energy possessed by a body due to its position is called its potential energy. If m = mass of an object, and h = its height above the surface P.E. = mgh
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Binding Energy of a Satellite Let

vc h M = mass of the Earth R = radius of Earth m = mass of satellite h = height of the satellite above Earths r = R + h, where r is the distance of the satellite Prof. the N Tekwani fromMukeshcenter of 33 33

R M r

The critical velocity is given by

... (1)

Binding Energy of a Satellite

Kinetic energy of motion KE = Substituting (1) in (2), we get, KE =

.....(2)

.... (3)

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The gravitational potential at a distance r from the centre of the Earth is given by: GP = Potential energy = gravitational potential x mass of the satellite Therefore, PE =
..... (4)

Binding Energy of a Satellite

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The total energy of the satellite is given by TE = KE + PE TE = TE = +

.....(5)

Binding Energy of a Satellite

The negative sign indicates that the satellite is bound to the Earth due to the gravitational force of the Earth.

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To free the satellite from the Earths gravitational influence, an amount of energy equal to its total energy must be supplied. This is called the binding energy of the satellite. Therefore, BE = Where r = R + h Assignment: Calculate the BE of a satellite at rest on the surface of the Prof. Mukesh N Tekwani Earth.

Binding Energy of a Satellite

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Weightlessness in a Satellite
1.

The weight of a body is the gravitational force exerted on it by the Earth. When a person stands on a floor, he exerts a force on the floor. The floor in turn exerts a force (normal reaction) on the person. This normal reaction is equal to the weight of the person. The person has a feeling of weight due
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1.

1.

1.

5.

Weightlessness in a Satellitean astronaut of mass m, in a Consider

satellite that is moving around the Earth in a circular orbit. There is a centripetal force on the satellite and the astronaut. Thus, both are attracted towards the Earth with the same acceleration, due to the Earths gravitational force. So the astronaut is not able to exert a force on the floor of the satellite & the Prof. Mukesh N Tekwani satellite in turn cannot exert normal

5.

5.

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8.

Weightlessness in a Satelliteremember that the mass of We must

the astronaut DOES NOT become zero. This condition of weightlessness is also known (incorrectly) as zero gravity condition. But, weightlessness does not mean the absence of gravity.

8.

8.

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Escape Velocity of a Satellite

The minimum velocity with which a body should be projected from the surface of the earth so that it escapes the gravitational field of the

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Escape Velocity of a Satellite

Consider a satellite of mass m, stationary on the surface of the Earth. The binding energy of the satellite, on the surface of the Earth, is given R by BE =
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Escape Velocity of a Satellite

KE =
R

Therefore, KE of satellite = BE

Therefore,

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Numerical Problems
Obtain an equation for the escape velocity of a body from the surface of a planet of radius R and mean density . What would be the duration of the year if the distance between the Earth and Sun gets doubled?
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Numerical Problems
Calculate the height of a communications satellite from the surface of the Earth. Values of G, M and R are as given in the text book. (These values will also be provided in the question paper) A body weighs 4.5 kgwt on the surface of Earth. How much will it weigh on the surface of a planet Prof. Mukesh N Tekwani whose mass is (1/9)th that of the

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Variation of g with Altitude

Let M = mass of the Earth m = mass of an object on the surface of the Earth g = acceleration due to gravity on the Earths surface R = radius of the Earth

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Variation of g with Altitude

m

Weight of the object is the gravitational force acting on it.

M

.(1)

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Variation of g with Altitude

m
h

At height h from the surface of the Earths surface, acceleration due to gravity is gh At height h, Weight of object = gravitational M force

.(2)
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Variation of g with Altitude

Dividing (2) by (1) we get,
m
h

Thus, g is independent of the mass of the object. From this eqn. it is clear that the acceleration due to gravity decreases as altitude of the body from the earths surface increases.
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Variation of g with Altitude

By Binomial expansion:

Since the higher powers of h/R are neglected.

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Variation of g due to depth Let

P

M = mass of the Earth R = radius of Earth g = acceleration due to of gravity on the surface earth = density of earth

Rd

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Variation of g due to depth

The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth is given by:

Consider the earth as a sphere of density

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Variation of g due to depth

Mass = Volume x Density Mass =

. (1) Prof. Mukesh N Tekwani 53 53

Variation of g due to depth

Consider a point P at the depth d below the surface of the earth. At this point, let the acceleration due to gravity be gd. Distance of point P from centre of Earth is (R d)

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Variation of g due to depth

The acceleration due to gravity at point P due to sphere of radius (R d) is

Here, M

is the mass of inner solid sphere of radius (R - d)

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Variation of g due to depth

Mass = volume x density

(2)

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Variation of g due to depth(2) by (1), we get, Dividing

This is the expression for the acceleration due to gravity at a depth d below the surface of the earth. Therefore, acceleration due to gravity decreases with depth. Prof. Mukesh N Tekwani

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Variation of g due to depth

gd = 0

At the centre of the earth, d = R, therefore

So if a body of mass m is taken to the centre of the earth, its weight will be equal to zero (since w= mg). But its mass will not become 0.

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Variation of g due to depth

Ou ea ts rth ide th e

In ea sid rt e t h h

dept h

altitud e
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What is latitude
The latitude of a location on the Earth is the angular distance of that location south or north of the Equator. Latitude of equator is 0o Latitude of North pole is : 90o north (+90o) Latitude of South pole is : 90o south (-90o)

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Variation of g due to latitude

through the poles.

The Earth is rotating from west to east and the axis of rotation passes

Let angular velocity of earth be . Every point on the surface of the earth is moving in a circle, i.e. every point is in an accelerated Tekwani Prof. Mukesh N
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Variation of g due to latitude NP-North

Pole SP-South Pole

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Variation of g due to latitude

Consider a body at point P on the surface of the earth. Let the latitude of point P be The body at point P moves in a circular path whose center is at Q and radius is PQ. PQ = r XOP =

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Variation of g due to latitude

Therefore, OPQ =

(alternate angles transversal cutting two parallel lines) Centripetal acceleration needed for a body at point P is

ar = r2

Consider OPQ cos =

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Variation of g due to latitude

cos =
cos =
a

r = R cos Therefore, ar = R cos x

ar = R 2 cos . (1)
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Variation of g due to latitude

a = ar cos
\

From OPQ, the radial component of centripetal acceleration is

a = R 2 cos cos

a = R 2 cos2 (2)
\

The effective acceleration g due to gravity at point P is directed towards the centre of Prof. Mukesh N Tekwani the earth and is given by:
\

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Variation of g due to latitude

\ \

g = g - R 2 cos2

As latitude increases, cos decreases, so g will increase. The value of g increases as we move from the equator to the pole due to rotation of the earth.
\

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Variation of g due to latitude

Assignment 1: Obtain an expression / value for the acceleration due to gravity at the equator. Assignment 2: Obtain an expression / value for the acceleration due to gravity at the poles.

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