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Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

National Aerospace University Kharkov Aviation Institute
Named after N.E Zhukovsky KhAI

Chair No.101

Course Project:
Flight dynamics
Calculation of aerodynamic characteristics aircraft
AERI-0000-0000-FD

Student: Mittal Prakul

Group: 10E4-1
Checked by:Prof-Ovcharov

Kharkov 2010

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CONTENT
1. Introduction.

2. Technical data

3. Calculation of aircraft aerodynamic characteristics

4. DETERMINATION OF AVAILABLE THRUST

10

5. GRAPH OF Cy max AGAINST MACH NUMBER

11

6. Polar Graph

12

7. Graph of Thrust vs Mach Number

13

8. Maximum and Minimum Flight Speed with Altitude

15

9. Determination of service ceiling

16

10.Calculation of Power Altitude

19

11.Rate of Climb Of the Aircraft

20

12.Barograms of Climb

23

13.Take-Off Characteristics of the Airplane

25

14.Landing Characteristics of Airplane

27

15.Conclusion

28

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Introduction:
Flight dynamics is the science of the aircraft motion in airspace by the
action of external forces applied to it.
Flight dynamics is, on the whole, a combination of three classical
branches of science, such as solid mechanics, fluid and gas mechanics
and mathematics.
The earlier project was dedicated to the calculation of aerodynamic
characteristics of the designed aircraft and presentation of the general
view of the aircraft with all of its parameters.
This project will present the flight dynamics of the aircraft which is the
science of aircraft motion in airspace by the action of external forces
applied to it.
With these characteristics we can determine performance parameters of
the aircraft and loads acting on its structure during flight in turbulent
conditions or during manoeuvring.
Analyzing flight dynamics helps the designers to countercheck and
perfect all their preliminary design work proceeding flight tests. Some of
the calculated parameters include:
Thrust: Available and required
Static and ballistic ceiling, Rate of climb, Barogram of climb and
longitudinal moment of the whole aircraft.

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2 Technical data
1. Take off mass
2. Cruising speed
3. Gross Wing area
4. Wing span
5. Wing root chord
6. Wing tip chord
7. Mean Aerodynamic chord
8. Aspect ratio
9. Taper ratio
10. Fuselage length
11. Fuselage diameter

- S
-

- 17666.67 kg
- 850 km/hr
- 43.806
- L - 18.8 m
- 3.6 m
- 1.06 m
- 2.6 m
- 8
- - 3.42
- 19.06 m
- 2.3 m

Mass characteristics

Take off (preliminary) mass of aircraft m0 = 17666.67 kgs.

For flight dynamics calculations, we assume the decrement in the take off
mass as a result of fuel consumption during take off process, so mass of
aircraft considered for flight dynamics calculation is given as:
M= m0(o.9) =(17666.67)(0.9) =15900kgs.
Aerodynamic Parameters for Take- off and Landing mode:
M=0
1.2
0
Cya

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.3157

1.0
(Cya max)

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0.0214

0.10780
0.02354 0.02999 0.04102 0.05697 0.07848

Cxa
4
K

0.15084

8.5

13.337

14,627

14.042

For Double Slotted Flap in Wing,

We Take,

We have;
a = 0.52
constant
k = 0.35

12.742

11.13

8.725

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Take-off flap angle =

Landing flap angle =

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=
=

=
=

Calculation of aircraft aerodynamic characteristics

This includes determinetion of kinematics parameters of motion of mass center of an
aircraft depending on external forces acting on it.

Cya Calculation
Cxa = C xo + AC ya2
Cya =
g = 9.8 m/s2
qH =
v=(0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.8,1.2) 330 m/s
m = 0.9.m0

m0 = take-off mass

Lift to drag ratio,

K=
Required thrust of the airplane
Preq =

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Calculated data for

as follows.

Height

11

1.225

0.909

0.68

0.365

M
Cxo

Km

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.02144

0.02079

0.02036

0.02004

0.01978

0.01955

0.01934

M
A
Cya
max

according to International Standard Atmosphere is

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.05166

0.05161

0.05154

0.05144

0.05131

0.05124

0.05105

1.31557

1.28705

1.25365 1.21535
At H = 0

1.17217

1.12410

1.07114

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

1.25383

0.55726

0.31346

0.20061

0.13931

0.10235

0.07836

0.103

0.037

0.025

0.022

0.021

0.020

0.020

Cya
Cxa
K
12.2141072 15.13597799 12.3291633 9.073314884 6.7056049

5.095566 3.9873056

Preq
12757.38184 10294.67864 12638.3296 17173.44007 23237.282 30579.533 39079.029

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At H=3
M

0.2

Cya

1.81177724
2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.8052343

0.45294431
1

0.28988435
9

0.201308
6

0.147900
2

0.113236
1

0.19157585

0.05478404

0.03145387
2

0.02486265
5

0.022349
3

0.021150
8

0.020464
6

9.45723192
1

14.6983368

14.4002721
3

11.6594291
5

9.007359
3

6.992636
2

5.533270
4

16476.2829
9

10601.2014
5

10820.6308
8

13364.2931
7

17299.19
1

22283.44
6

28160.56
6

Cxa
K
Pre
q

At H=6
M

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Cya

2.68993746
6

1.19552776
3

0.67248436
7

0.43038999
5

0.298881
9

0.219586
7

0.168121
1

Cxa

0.39645954
6

0.09571548
3

0.04479820
3

0.03066851
7

0.025433
5

0.023070
7

0.021812
9

6.78489770
8

12.4904323
2

15.0114137
5

14.0336098

11.75148
6

9.517988
7

7.707411
3

22965.7153
4

12475.1510
2

10380.1035
7

11103.3463

13259.60
2

16371.10
9

20216.90
9

K
Pre
q

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At H=11
M

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Cya

5.59515097
3

2.48673376
6

1.39878774
3

0.89522415
6

0.621683
4

0.456747

0.349696
9

1.64135320
6

0.34245823
1

0.12364353
3

0.06364536
8

0.041940
8

0.032519
6

0.027822
8

3.40886468

7.26142209
2

11.3130684
2

14.0658178
2

14.82287
4

14.04529
3

12.56871
8

45710.2419
8

21458.6106
5

13773.4541
7

11077.9217
7

10512.13
4

11094.11

12397.44
8

Cxa
K
Pre
q

DETERMINATION OF AVAILABLE THRUST

Pav = Po
Po = Maximum thrust available=61000 N
= 0.75

= (H, M)
H=0

Pav

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.9

0.88

0.89

0.94

54900

53680

54290

57950

H=3
M

Pav

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.75

0.72

0.742

0.78

45750

43920

45262

47580

0.6

0.8

H=6
M

0.2

0.4

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Pav

0.58

0.56

0.572

0.6

35380

34160

34892

36600

H = 11
M

Pav

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.38

0.37

0.38

0.393

23180

22570

23180

23973

GRAPH OF Cy max AGAINST MACH NUMBER

6

Cya,Cyamax

4
Cya0
Cya3

Cya6
Cya11
Cymax

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
Mach

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

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Polar Graph

Polar Graph
1.4

1.2

0.8
Cya

H=0
H=3
H=6

0.6

H=11

0.4

0.2

0
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08
Cxa

0.1

0.12

0.14

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Graph of Thrust vs Mach Number

200000
180000
160000
Preq0

Thrust (N)

140000

Preq3

120000
100000

Preq6

80000

Preq1
1

60000

Pavb
0

40000

Pavb
3

20000

Pavb
6

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
Mach

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Maximum and Minimum Flight Speed with Altitude

H

M max

M min

V max (m/s)

V min (m/s)

0.819

0.191

278.706

64.997

0.82

0.2372

269.452

77.944

0.823

0.295

260.48

93.37

11

0.839

0.4304

247.673

127.05

Pavb
11 1

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2G

Vmin perm .

Vmin opt .

SC ya

2G
SC ya opt .

perm .

is the tangency point of vertical straight line and curve

,or

Preq ( V )

corresponds to theoretical value of

minimum speed of horizontal steady flight Vmin theor. .

Minimum speed Vmin perm. (point
Tangency point

A of a figure above)

B in figure shows optimal speed. i.e, Vmin opt

The tangency point

corresponds to the cruising speed of steady horizontal flight Vcruis .

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Therefore from the graph of thrust and mach no. We get the values below;

V perm (m/s)

V opti (m/s)

V cruising (m/s)

V contr (m/s)

72.586

95.012

145.2

40

87.112

110.081

165

54

104.45

129.765

181.5

61

142.05

171.63

224.4

74

11

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Speed of level flight with altitude

14

12

10
V cont
8

Vmin
Vmax

Vopt
Vmin.per

0
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Determination of service ceiling

pH = p11
qH =
Where pH
11km=22700Pa;
Pa11= available thrust ;

= pressure at static ceiling;

= active thrust;

p11=

Pressure at altitude

= passive thrust

We must note that the sum of active and passive thrusts give the required thrust,

At M=0.6,

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Xao 11 = Cxao. qh. s

= 0.02211 X
=

X 43.802
N

Xai 11 = Preq11 - Xao 11 = 10522.2828

= 4800.1223 N
Now PH = 22700
PH = 11635.98 Pa
The nearest altitude corresponding to this pressure is H= 15.3
H=11 Km At M=0.5
(

Xao 11 = Cxao. qh. s

= 0.02242 X

X 43.802

=
Xai 11 = Preq11 - Xao 11 = 11092.572 3902.36
= 7190.21244 N
Now PH = 22700
PH = 14137.39838 Pa
The nearest altitude corresponding to this pressure is H= 13.9 Km
At M=0.7
(

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Xao 11 = Cxao. qh. s

= 0.02183 X

X 43.802

= 3957.793 N
Xai 11 = Preq11 - Xao 11 = 11101.55 3957.793
= 7143.762 N
Now PH = 22700
PH = 13729.9 Pa
The nearest altitude corresponding to this pressure is H= 14.5 Km

At M=0.8
(

Xao 11 = Cxao. qh. s

= 0.02158 X

X 43.802

=
Xai 11 = Preq11 - Xao 11 = 12403.13
= 2787.39 N
Now PH = 22700
PH = 10002.05
The nearest altitude corresponding to this pressure is H= 15.5 Km
So my Static Celling is 15.3 Km

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Calculation of Power Altitude:

At H=11
V= 240
M= 0.705

At H=12.5
V= 215
M= 0.632
= 14.85 km

= 11 + 3.012
= 13.95 Km
At H=11.5
V= 235
M= 0.691

At H=13
V= 205
M= 0.602
= 15.14 km

= 14.31 km
At H=12
V= 225
M= 0.661

At H=13.5
V= 175
M= 0.602
= 15.06km

= 14.58 km

H
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
13.5

PH
13.95
14.31
14.58
14.85
15.14
15.06

So, we obtain power height =15.14 Km

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Determination of Power Altitude

15.2

15

PH

14.8

14.6

14.4

14.2

14

13.8
200

205

210

215

220

225

230

235

240

245

Rate of Climb Of the Aircraft

Pi Vi
Vyi
mg

Pi=(Pav-Preq)
Vyi- vertical flight speed
Vi- horizontal flight speed =M*330m/s
H=0
M
Po, N
VYI m/s

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

43986.17

41036.531

36137.44

31050.44

28.79

35.812

39.42

40.65

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H=3
M
Po, N
VYI m/s

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

34464.5

33091.942

29941.4252

27959.523

21.782

27.89

31.539

35.34

0.4

0.5

0.6

23768.868

22439.611

21627.52

19.307
H=11

22.77

26.331

0.5

0.6

11347.43

12657.72

8.5903

14.373

H=6
M

0.3

Po, N

22214.218

VYI m/s

13.523

0.3

0.4

Po, N

1375.56

8773.61

VYI m/s

0.521

4.9814

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Dependence of Vyi on Altitude

45

40

35

30

Vy

25

20

15
Vy0 at
H=0
Vy3 at
H=3

10

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
0.5
Mach Nos

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

The maximum rate of climb Vymax is found from the graph of Dependence of Vyi on
altitude H and their values are written in the table below:
H

11

15.3

Vymax

41

37

28.02

16.45

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Since it is imposible for the aircraft to operate at zero Rate, the practicle ceiling at zero
rate is taken to be Vy*=4 m/s . This corresponds to Altitude 14.21 km (from graph)
Rate of Climb with Altitude
18

16

14

Height

12

10

0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Vymax

Barograms of Climb
The minimum time of climb from altitude H1 up to altitude H2 shall be calculated

P a g e | 24

In order to realize this, we shall need to draw a graph of

against Mach number M,

and thereafter calculate the area under the graph for each rise of altitude. This area is
equal to the time.
H

t, sec

11

0.02439

0.027027

0.035689

0.0608

81.08

214.134

668.8

Altitude Vs 1/Vymax
18

16

14

12

10

0
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04
1/Vymax

0.05

0.06

0.07

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Altilude Vs Time
12

10

Barograms of Climb

0
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Take-Off Characteristics of the Airplane

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2.10 Take-off Characteristics of the airplane

Take-off distance shall be calculated as the sum of take-off run distance and climb
distance
Ldist = L t-off + Lclimb
= V2t-off
2J xaw

Vt-off = 1.1 x Vmin-theory

= 1.1 x 66.48
= 73.125 m/s

Horizontal Acceleration Jxaw = g *

)+

Where,
f= 0.03

Pav=Pt/o= 54900 N v2av=0.5X V2t/o

(

= 9.8*
=3.07 m/s2

L t-off = 871.44 m
Time taken for take off
T take-off = Vt-off
J xaw

=23.84 sec

)+

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For the climb distance

L climb =

Vclimb=1.3X Vt/o= 1.3X73.125=95.063 m/s

So ,

Lclimb =

= 622.32 m
L

dist =

871.44 + 622.32

=1493.76 m
2.11 Landing Characteristics of Airplane
Total Landing Distance shall be calculated as the sum of gliding, holding off and
landing run distance.
The summation of the gliding, flattening out and pan distance L*
)

L* = Kav(
(

L* = 13.672(

= 1499.202m
Calculation of time and length of landing run of the airplane
L l run =

Jav = 3.82 m
L l run =

=346.21 m

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t run =
=

CONCLUSION
We successfully completed the Flight Dynamics characteristics of our flight. The values
obtained from these calculations, when compared with those of the prototype
airplanes, are in good accord. A more precise value can only be obtained when a model
of
the airplane is subjected to wind tunnel tests. However, we can use these obtained
values
to continue preliminary design of the airplane units