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ELEMENTARY BOTANY
UY
K.
g.

RANGACHARI,

M.A., L,T.

1st Asst. Teacher's

Collc<je t Saidapct.

TRANSLATED INTO
BY
S.

TfiL

VENKATASUBBAKAMA
P.

SASTRI,
t

gu Pundit, S*

0,

IHrtli

School

WITH

281

ILLUSTRATIONS.

AN TEKUMAl.l
FLAT- buh-'r-U-A'SANTM TOWLRCV
.....

HYDF'R

MUS!-I!;;ABAD MAIN ROAD, \5Ai,)- :^004a. (A.P,)

!

XYAR &
1
1)

Co*,

BOOKSELLERS, PUBLISHERS & STATIONERS.

9
.

[Price, Rs. 1-8*0.

COPYRIGHT
BY
E.

RAHGACHAEI,

MADRAS

PBIN TED AT THE EMPRESS OF INDIA. PRESS?

1909

oo

1909.

PREFACE.
All

over the world

a great

deal
it

of importance is

attached to

nature study.

But

has yet to be intro-

duced

into schools in

our country,

Nature study is most valuable regarded from the educational point of view, as it inculcates habits of exact observation and stimulates the reasoning powersr
It will

prove a useful corrective to the gradual decay of

that

the power of independent assimilation and the initiative^ So this subject has set in amidst the students.
in the

ought to occupy a high place

subjects.
In

rank of educational

teaching this subject

it

should ev4t"be"borne in

mind that the main purpose of nature study is not the acquisition of mere facts about Nature, but it is, and ought to be "a training in the methods of open-eyed,
close,

and accurate observation especially of familiar

animals and plants, which shall teach the student tosee what he looks at and to think about what he sees."

The teacher should not attempt to teach. The objects themselves should be the teachers, and the work of the school master lies in explaining and guiding the
students.

Botany is, perhaps, best suited for the purpose, plants are easy to get and pleasant to handle. To interest children in their work, the teacher himself must have a
clear

idea of at least

the

main

facts

of the subject,

Vlll

English Text-Books Though there are many elementary known to on Botany, they deal with plants not generally
therefore, ventured I have, the people of this country. teachers in to write this book in the belief that

tary

Schools

will

find

their

Elemcn-^ work easier and more

in their

>

interesting

when they have a book

own verna-

cular dealing with plants well-known to them.

As a close examination

of familiar plants

is

about the

best beginning for the study of Botany, only the most common plants are dealt with in this book. Practical

work is, of course, indispensable and book (except for internal structure)

for the use of this

a few

mountod

needles, a lens of a low magnifying power and a knife As the study of internal structure is will be enough.
fascinating zpd as it is very necessary to clearly under* & A* stand the pnysiology of the plant, the teacher would do *well to use a microscope for purposes of demonstration.
V

microscope magnifying up to 400 diameters may be got from Messrs. R. J. Beck, or E, Leitz, London for

A good

about Rs. 80.

This
is a close translation of the second edition of Tamil book and the work of translation has been

my

carried out admirably by M.R.Ry. S, Venkatasubbarama Sastri, Telugu Pandit, S. P, G- High School, Madras*

MADRAS,
1st

?
J

September 1909.

K.

RANGACHARL

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placenta* ioi)

(Ovary)
*

83*

(Opposite)
03,

(Spikolet)
.

273,

194*,
15 1

193-

(Annual vessel)
295.

206,*

8:t

(Aerial roots)-"- IT* o&t-*v4tvf%

30, 31,

%*&**<**<;

tf"'

13*,

(Annual

148,

110*.

(Spike)

.*

(Berry)

t^r^JD
lit*

.-Avv-*

v^>,>

.-

864

(Guard

colln)
v^

**$
<*M*4

K?*i&0f>s>

Slly 217^,

uw

(Vascular "bundles)
230,

200.*

(Style)
.

83.

(Stigma)
(Order). 207

(Staminal
83.

59*-

90.

sjDtf&oex) (Stamens)
58o

$-*$ ^wg-^

tfoifcg)

^cfidfioi&o!) (Dentate)

74*

52*

3.

Go

(Tuber)

18*

64. 40

41*,

365

(Internode)

(Axil)
13.

(Septicidal dehiecehce)
tfefi^afoocfcc
.

Kew?<)

^^o^>.
OO

149

168.*

^^
(Locullcidal dehiscence)
ro*3pcrt'x576

SD^^^
149.

53K:)^>.

(Umbel)-

^)^joe>3

^xo^^ej^c
r

8.

94

(Raceme)

93.

00

(Sieve tubes)
B.

206.*
*

(Gonus)

207.

(Protoplasm)
.

7-

1#

366

(Taproot!

-SM^' ,^c

t^

3;$tfl
2

^cw.

Ii,">.

7,*

(Palmate)

'"drv.r*^

;v^;*'$,

$8cJ&DO&>S#, 71* 50**

(Twiners)

(Glume)
I*.

(Species)

207.

(Epidermis)
oo

^b^wSir- ^.

sr'Ksfcu

-87.

20"*.

(Corolla)

(Petals) 82.

63* CO.*
^otoey^fiO
tf*jj

(Pith or Medulla)
,

$&>&

280. 2

(Medullary ray)
.

287, 205.*

tr>8o3g)

(Xylera or wood)
fcj.

289.

205* 206.*
(Photosynthesis)

(Linear) ?)a^cr-^Kty
3

B5r^;&>^
'*

c^r*S6yd
92-

72*

'B

^oefo

^tf^w,

369

^tf PS"

"&

(Parasitic root)

ss,

32. 33.

16.*

(Lanceolate)
72,

5L*
(Decompound
.

leaf)
70.

(Capsule)

>^r^e)K

3*j&7r*c
CO

aj^je^o

-^co,

149

111* 112.*
ScnsS&xD (Sagittate)
.

72.

51 #

(Pericarp)
.

139.

10L*

(Seed coats)
138-

(A.ril ;

Caruncle or Strcphiole)
,

122, 123*

138.

f\nf\ O/O

(Compound
66. 70.

Icuf

M*

43.

(Anther)

(Coutvipctttl)
,

F^
--

98,
>5a>

(Spiral VUHHO!)

a
rib

295, 200.*

5io (Bisoxtiul plant,)

^^'Sorfo
120.

^S Trp

(Spurious frui

(Root cap)
21* 4**

(Compound

371

(Rhizbme)fo.

40, 41.

19* 20,*

(Root climbers)
.

51.

(Compound

spike)

102.
102.

(Compound umbel)
(Compound raceme
Vm"

or panicle)
74.

101.

52*

2,

(Bulb) /
v

eo

ao

46.

26*

(Tendril climbers)
&c?Cex>

49.

(Drupe)
,

145. 107*. 108.*

(Cambium)
o

^Q&

t5ea^)io

oocn

289.

205-*

(Orenate)

74. 5.

(Cortex)

^AaeS^^S

s<e>ctfS;fc>.

287, 205^?

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(Eeticulat-w vefi
.

295. 206*.

CO

ovar

(Rcticulnfcocl v

(Peduncle)

$$v

&*&&*

8'1

(Peclundo tmjmfo?tm<<l

it,

false

(Boot

lutirwl
.

22, 23,

fi

e^-iS\5Sf (Hrucfc)

ovary)
jftfctfb
4*3

,.*wtdi6a&. 115.

(Elliptic)-^. 61.*
(Entire nmrgin)~flo&tf
^
*i
,

c*fco$)*x

Ko&,

73*

52.*

373
-=s

(Parallel veined leaf)

^4^
56.

-=^
65.

43 *

(Fig or Synconium)
a
.

156. 116

(Simple cyme)

s&oaQ

99.

75,*

(Normal bud)-Xoo^)
g.
...

tfv^ooec
~

e
eo

-a

55.
p
-

(Normal root)
(Simple
.

SO-Sos a&oS

^tx^^,

26.

leaf:)
#.

66. 47,

(Simple ovary)
*.

^rxa s&^;&>

KOJ\,

(Chlorophyll grains)
.

285.
72.

(Cordate)

51.*

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'*>'

wo.

(Amli'ogi'ophiH)

"
I

ft!

fl

fyc

f, ) TS>

\j

OPINIONS.
41

This

is

an

eminently
M. A,,
L, T.,

useful

manual

by

Rangachari, Assistant, Madras Government Museunij and sometime lecturer in Botany in the Presidency College* The book is intended to
serve the

Mr-

K.

Elementary schools.
it

purposes of a text book in this subject in A special merit of the^book is chat

is not a translation of English text books on Botany having no bearing on Indian conditions, but is entirely original, written by one who is an expert in the higher branches of Botany and has himself carried on original All the illustrations are drawn researches in this line. from the orders of plants met with everywhere in India ; and this has enabled the author to realise his nt|in aim in writing the book viz., to present to the Tamil,j speaking people in their every day language an account of the main features of plant life. The method adopted by Mr. Rangachari in the treatment of the subject is calculated to achieve the object he has set before himself. This book anticipates the need which is sure to arise in connection with the new system of rural schools in the Presidency inaugurated by the Hon'ble Dr. Bourne, where children of the agricultural classes are intended to bo trained in nature-study by observation of plant life in school gardens, which arc to be a special feature and one cannot conceive a more fascinatof the schools ing subject of study for an Indian child, under proper direction and guidance, than elementary botany/
;
j 1

May,

'

"The author
such as
shall aid

of

this

hook has aimed to produce

text book for the use of teachers in

Kiementary

Schools

them

in the

introduction of
nature-study

to their pupils- He has aimed to KIVC ;ut account of the 'main features of plant life as seen flowering pkmts>in the every-day language of Tamil speaking people* His

have been drawn only front the commonest the reach of all* The descrij* plants such as are within
illustrations

tions of the parts and functions of plums are in simple language, well expressed in idiomatic Tamil, If a

book on Botany
this

worth doing at an cxanipte of one that is well done, The topics selected for irtudy are within the reach of all: the language is simple: the illustrations are original) and
in

the vernacular is

book

is

fresh

afifa

effective for their

purpose

and the

letter press

and the general get up of the hook, admirable- Chapter 12 and 13, imply the usenif the wieroseojus which few teache-rtfin elementary schools, would ln< UUcly to possess,
or be able
to afford/
1