An approach to model Distributed Energy Resources Abstract

The consumption of Electrical Energy is increasing day by day. The existing energy suppliers will not be able to fulfill the consumption in next 10 years due to the limited stock of current resources. Moreover the existing fossil fuels sources of energy are also contributing 90% of total environmental pollution in form of CO2 emission. In these circumstances the renewable energy system can reduce the CO2 emission to the atmosphere. The domination of fossil fuels in current energy suppliers will not change unless renewable energy becomes more cost competitive. Nowadays small scale power generating technologies such as solar, wind, biomass, geothermal are generally replacing conventional technologies in various applications. These are termed as Distributed Generators (DG). DG are combined with Distributed storages and this combination is known as Distributed Energy Resources. DER is a small generating unit at load end and kept isolated from the main generating unit. This DER can partially fulfill the need of Load. In the old approach of Electrical system there was only one generating unit followed by transmission and distribution, was connected to the load. But in existing approach the load can be supplied by the various parallel DER. Basically the use of DER is providing the multidirectional energy flow of supply to the load. The efficiency of DER can be increased by increasing the number of DG at load site.

The use of DG provides following advantages to the system: High Efficiency Low emission of CO2 Power Back up Reduced distribution cost Consumer and environment friendly Optimum utilization of waste Indirect increase in traditional source capacity The DG work independently and no centralized control can be provided. The regulation of these DG can be done with the help of Information Technology. With the use of DER the centralization of power no longer sustain with SCADA. The application of DER with main generator is giving lead to new approach such as Microgrids and Virtual Power Plant. The DG is not self sufficient, it requires supporting components to work with it like: Generation Technology- Solar, wind, geothermal, Biomass, Microgas turbine, fuel cell unit for house power supply, large fuel cell. Energy Storage Technology- Compressed air, flow batteries, metal air battery, NaS battery, lead acid battery, super capacitor. Information Technology- Telephony, Facsimile, electronic mail, tele protection, real time operational data communication, Power system control, real time operational voice communication, event and disturbance recording, asset management, handling of settlement information, substation camera operational. The DER can be seen as VPP of single DG to understand the concept of

working. Main models of VPP system for simulation are: 1. Main grid model- consists of Ac source, medium transmission and distribution line, step down transformer and fix resistive loads. 2. Distributed generation model- consists of synchronous machine, hydraulic turbine generator and excitation model. 3. Dynamic load model- implements a dynamic load with active power and reactive power controlled from an external input. 4. Electrical and mechanical Measurement unit- the electrical parameters such as voltage current, frequency, active and reactive power in instantaneous and rms value of DG unit, load and line can be measured. The Main aim of this Project is to provide the concept and control of DER with a single Distributed Generator. Although Multi generator system can be used but that will be beyond the time limitation of this project. The objective of this project is also to achieve optimum efficiency of DER. To achieve the objectives the Matlab Simulink environment will be used. The Matlab Library can facilitate the models of AC sources, transformer, resistive loads, synchronous machine, hydraulic turbine generators, etc.

(Shailly Sharma) M.Tech. (Power System) Enrolment No.: 08EUCPS709 University College of Engineering, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota .

Counter Signed by Supervisor (Dr. Dinesh Birla) Associate Professor Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University College of Engineering Rajasthan Technical University, Kota