Name : Ayu Febriani Amaliaputri Class: IV C NIM : 2223090323

Generative Transform Grammar

S NP + VP
Transitive = Need object Intransitive = No need object Example : The boy is happy.
S S = NP + VP NP = D + N VP B e VP = Be + Adj N = Boy D N Adj Be = is D = the The boy is happy Adj = happy

NP

Adverb Phrase

A phrase formed by one or more than one constituent. There are four adverb phrase circumstances; there are place, time, manner, etc. Example : Ken snores loudly.
S N P

Ken snores very loudly.

S

NP

VP Adv. P Adv Adverb Phrase = Degree (optional) + Adverb

VP V DE G Adv. P Ad v

Functional

Adverb

Degree : so, quite, too, rather, more, less, very. Adverb sentence can move. For example:

Unfortunately the cat killed the mouse. becomes

The cat killed the mouse unfortunately.

Prepositional Phrase Sally looked up

S

Sally looked up the chimney

S

NP

VP

NP

VP

PP

PP

NP

D Prepositional Phrase = P + (NP) F A

Adjective Phrase The [disgustingly fat] dog chased the [amazingly thin] girl. Quite disgustingly fat
AP Adv. P Adv

Amazingly thin
A P

Adv.P

Adj

Adj

DEG

Adv

Adverb Phrase = (Adverb Phrase) + Adjective

Verb Phrase There are 6 clauses of verb: Transitive

NP N

S VP PDNP N V P

Ditransitive Intensive Complex transitive Prepositional

1. Transitive Transitive has to have a direct object. Example :

a. The dog found a bone. b. Alan played the piano. Rule: VP =Transitive + Direct Object DO = VP

The words a bone and the piano are the direct object (Do) 2. Intransitive Intransitive has no object. Example :
a. Ken snores very loudly. b. The baby slept soundly.

The words snores and slept are intransitive verb (V.intrans) 3. Ditransitive Ditransitive needs two objects. Example :
a. Ray told the children a story. b. Ray told a story to the children.
V = ditransitive + iO (indirect object) + dO (direct object) iO = NP dO = VP or VP = ditransitive + dO + iO dO = NP iO = PP

4. Intensive Intensive refers to linking, copula, be, become, appear, seem. Example : She seems unhappy
S NP N V V P AP Adj Rule : VP = Intensive + sC (Subject Compliment) SC = AP, NP, PP

5. Complex transitive Complex transitive works with complements. Example :

a. The voters vote SBY President. Rule : T + dO + Oc dO = NP oC = NP. AP,

S S P

P dO

dO Oc

Oc

b. Kate made John happy.

6. Prepositional Deal with glance at, lean on, refer to, etc. Example : I glanced at the picture. S P Po Verb Group [Vgp]
1. Kate hugged the baby (1 element)

PP = P (+ NP) F A, iO, sC, oC, PO

Vgp Vgp

VP

2. Kate was hugging the baby (2 elements)

3. Kate has been hugging the baby (3 elements)

Vgp Auxiliary : MODALITY, ASPECT VOICE, TENSE.

VP = Vgp + dO Vgp = Aux + V dO = NP VP = Vgp (intransitive) Vgp = aux + V

Tense : Present + Past

Example :
a. Kate hugs the baby. (Present) b. The baby cried loudly. (Past)

Primary Auxiliary

Deal with do, have, be. Aspect : Perfect, progressive. Example : a. Kate has given a bone to the dog. (perfect) b. Kate was giving a bone to the dog. (progressive) c. Kate may have been giving a dog a bone. (be) Voice Deals with passive. Example : I was chased by a dog. Do (Primary Auxiliary) Example : I like bananas. She does like bananas. ~THETA ROLES~ Agent : the participant who deliberately initiates the action denotes by the verb. Theme : the participant moved by the action. Patient : an affected participant undergoing by the action. Experiencer : the participant that experiences some (psychological, emotional) state. Beneficiary : the participant that gains by the action denoted by the verb. Goal : the participant toward which the activity is directed. Source : the place from which something is moved as a result of an action. Location : the place in which the action or state denoted by the verb is situated. Propositional : clausal arguments have the propositional theta roles.