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Device Setup................................................................................................................................ 2
Phase Shift................................................................................................................................... 3
Frequency Calibration.................................................................................................................. 4
Troubleshooting ............................................................................................................................... 7
Introduction
The Oscilloscope
The oscilloscope is one of the most common instruments found in a laboratory today. Its
prevalence is due to its ability to measure periodic waveforms of all kinds, giving it applications
in fields ranging from electronics to mechanics to acoustics.
1
Using X-Y Mode Device Setup
TIP: Make sure your signals are both properly connected to a common ground.
Voltage Gain
Vin Vout
Phase Shift
Voltage Gain
The voltage gain of a linear two-port network is the ratio of the output voltage vo to the input
voltage vi. This is easily measured in X-Y Mode. Since the x-axis represents the voltage of
the input signal, and the y-axis represents the voltage of the output signal, the voltage gain is
simply the ratio of the maximum points in each direction. This is pictured in Figure 2-1. In the
figure, vi,max is about 1.05 Volts and vo,max is about 0.7 Volts. Therefore the voltage gain for this
circuit is 0.7 / 1.05, or 0.667.
vo, max
Gain = 20 ⋅ log (Eq. 2-1)
vi, max
2
Using X-Y Mode
Phase Shift
The phase shift of a linear two-port network is defined as the phase difference between vi and
vo. The X-Y mode can be used to measure this shift. The input signal (vi) and output signal
(vo) of the circuit can be connected to the oscilloscope to precisely measure phase shift.
To measure phase shift, first configure the HP 54602B Oscilloscope as described in the
Device Setup section, using the connections listed for phase shift measurement. The display
on the oscilloscope will show a circle or oval pattern. Assume that v1(t) and v2(t) are the two
signals input into the oscilloscope. Then:
In Eq. 2, φ is the angular phase shift. This value can be measured using X-Y mode on the
oscilloscope. Given the circle or oval display, let A be the peak in the Y direction, and let B be
the point at which the plot intersects the Y-axis. Then:
3
Using X-Y Mode Frequency Calibration
In this plot, A is measured to be 750mV and B is measured to be 530mV. Using Eq. 3-4, φ is
then calculated as 45°. This indicates a 45° phase shift between v1(t) and v2(t).
If B intersects the Y-axis at the origin (in the case of an apparent line), then the phase shift is
either zero or 180°. A positively sloping line intersecting at the origin indicates a phase shift of
zero. A negatively sloping line intersecting at the origin indicates a phase shift of 180°, or an
inverted signal. Finally as the plot begins to look more like a circle, then B approaches A. In
this case the phase shift approaches 90° as sin-1(B/A) approaches sin-1(1). Examples of these
conditions are included in Appendix A.
Frequency Calibration
Suppose a signal is required that is exactly twice the frequency of another. While a pure
sinusoid signal near 60Hz may be easily accessible from a given source, what if a signal at
twice that frequency is required? A signal generator could be set to output a signal at 120Hz,
but this may not be precise enough if the source is actually 59.995Hz. How can a signal that
is an exact multiple of another be obtained?
The X-Y mode of an oscilloscope can calibrate a signal to an exact rational multiple of a
reference signal. First, configure the HP 54602B to the state described in the Device Setup
section, using the connections listed for frequency calibration.
4
Using X-Y Mode Frequency Calibration
Lissajous figures will be used to calibrate the frequency of a signal on channel two to a
multiple of the frequency of the signal on channel one. A Lissajous figure is a series of
connected horizontal and vertical loops. When these loops stabilize (stop rotating), the
frequency of the calibrated signal is an exact rational multiple of the frequency of the reference
signal.
For example, the Lissajous plot shown in Figure 4-1 shows the case in which the frequency of
the calibrated (fcal) signal exactly matches that of the reference signal (fref).
TIP: If the loops are rotating or moving, the signals are not stabilized and therefore
need a small adjustment to the frequency for precise calibration.
For more complex multiples, the number of loops can be counted. In the general case, the
ratio of fcal to fref can be calculated as the ratio between the number of horizontal loops to the
number of vertical loops. More specifically, suppose a box was drawn tangent to the loops of
the Lissajous plot. The number of vertical loops is the number of times the plot would touch
the top of the box. The number of horizontal loops is the number of times the plot would touch
the left side of the box. Figure 4-3 demonstrates this.
5
Using X-Y Mode Frequency Calibration
In Figure 4-3 above, the loops touch the top of the box three times and the side of the box
twice. Therefore, the ratio of fcal to fref is 3 to 2. In this example, if fref is 60Hz, then fcal is 90Hz.
For more examples, three additional Lissajous plots are included in Appendix B.
6
Using X-Y Mode Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting
X-Y Plot Is Not Stable
If the X-Y plot is moving during either voltage gain or phase shift measurements, then the
frequencies of vi and vo are not identical. First, make sure that both signals share a common
reference ground. Second, make sure that the frequency of either signal is not being altered
by some component in the circuit.
7
Using X-Y Mode Appendix A – Phase Shift Examples
A-1
Using X-Y Mode Appendix A – Phase Shift Examples
A-2
Using X-Y Mode Appendix B – Calibration Examples
B-1
Using X-Y Mode Appendix B – Calibration Examples
The CRO may be used to measure phase shift in an electronic circuit, as shown in Fig. 3. An
oscillator is connected to the input of the circuit under test. The output of the circuit is
connected to the CRO vertical input, whereas the oscillator signal is connected directly to the
horizontal input. The phase-shift angle ϕ may be determined from the relation,
where B and A are measured as shown in the figure. For zero phase shift the ellipse will
become a straight line with a slope of 45° to the right; for 90° phase shift it will become a
circle; and for the 180° phase shift it will become a straight line with a slope of 45° to the left.
B-2
Using X-Y Mode Appendix B – Calibration Examples
B-3
Using X-Y Mode Appendix B – Calibration Examples
B-4
Using X-Y Mode Appendix B – Calibration Examples
B-5
Using X-Y Mode Appendix B – Calibration Examples
B-6