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The Nervous System

blood cells in marrow. They are living cells and protein fibers surrounded by calcium carbonate, and contain blood vessels. Cartilage: connective tissue without blood vessels (cells rely on diffusion). Dense and fibrous, extremely flexible and strong. Ligaments: connective tissue that holds bones together in a joint.

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Muscular System
Main Parts: Central Nervous System: Brainrelays messages, processes and analyzes information, spinal cord-passes brains messages to the rest of the cells throughout the body. Peripheral Nervous System: peripheral cells-sensory-transmit impulses from sense organs to central nervous system. Motor-transmit impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. Functional Units: Neurons. Carry the messages of the nervous system through electric impulses. Consist of cell body with outward spreading dendrites carrying impulses to the cell and the fiber called the axon carrying impulses away. The axon is surrounded and insulated by a myelin sheath. Main Parts: skeletal muscle-they are usually attached to bones, appear striated with alternating bands of thin and thick allowing contraction, and is consciously controlled by the central nervous system. Smooth muscle-they is not usually under voluntary control, with spindle shaped cells, are found on walls of hollow structures and can function without nervous stimulation. Cardiac muscle-exists only in the heart and is striated but is not under direct control of central
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Skeletal System

nervous system.

Main Parts: Bones-protect delicate internal organs, paired with muscles allow movement, produce

Circulatory System

hemoglobin and dont have nuclei at a mature stage.

Integumentary system

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Main Parts: Skin protects inside from infection or injury, regulate body temperature, get rid of wastes, and protects from harmful sunrays. Made of epidermis and dermis. Epidermis is the outer layer of the skin with dead cells on the exterior and constantly dividing live Main Parts: Heart-pumps oxygenated blood to body for cellular respiration and oxygen poor blood to lungs to be re-oxygenized. Oxygen poor blood from the body enters the heart through the Vena Cava, the enters the right atrium, passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle and is then pumped through pulmonary arteries to the lungs. The pulmonary veins bring the now oxygen rich blood back to the heart to the left atrium to the left ventricle and to the aorta, then to the body. Blood vessels consist of arteries, which carry blood from the heart to the tissues and have thick walls to withstand pressure as well as smooth muscle and connective tissue; capillaries whose walls is one cell thick and the oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with the tissues for CO2 and wastes; and veins, which bring oxygen poor blood to the heart. Their walls have smooth muscle and connective tissue as well as oneway valves. Red blood cells carry oxygen through cells on the inside. The Dermis is the inner layer of the skin and contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerve endings, glands, sensory receptors, smooth muscles, and hair follicles. Hair-covers body and protects it from UV rays and insulates from the cold, as well as in some cases preventing dirt and particles from entering the body. Held by tube like hair follicles, made or keratin. Nails-From rapidly dividing nail root, cells fill with keratin to produce the plate-like nail. Sweat glandsfound in epidermis, transpire to cool body temperature and secrete wastes. Oil glands- produce the oily sebum to keep skin flexible and waterproof.

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