diagramming

Oxford dic/onary

D E F I N I T I O N OVERLAPS IN MEANING

La5n diagramma, from Greek dia-, -gram DIA- across, out or between two -GRAMMA gure, mark or line that is made

1. Drawing showing the general scheme or outline of an object and its parts 2. A graphic representa5on of the course or results of an ac5on or process 3. A gure made of lines used in proving a theorem
In general Chart, symbol, icon, table, cartoon, silhoue3e, template, outline, nota5on, format, logo, emblem, mo5f, index, allegory, pictogram, graph In various spa/al disciplines

Drawing, sketch, illustra5on, gure, visualiza5on, model, map, process, metaphor, form, schema, space, analogy, inuence, simula5on, pa3ern, structure, par5, typology/type, archetype

 Reduc/ve + Rela/onal

abstract machine a map of rela3ons between forces another world.

Gilles Deleuze

+ Transforma/ve [Diagrams allows for] the emergence of

Diagram of town near Konya, Turkey c. 6200BC

cau. vIJ

DIRECTIONS

OF TIIP STREETS

trio. The rest of the circumlerenceis to be divided equ three parts on the right and tbree on the left, thoseto the the points L and M, those to the west at the poiots N

signedto show the precisequarters from which the the other,howby turning the directions the rowsol l of the streetsawayfrom their full force,we mayavoic r.,;,ii.,:r':,,...,,;. blasts. Let A be the centreof a plane surface,and B the pornt to
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which the shadowof tbe gnomonreaches the morning. Takin ing A as the centre, open the compasses the point B, which to marks the shadow,and describe cirele. Put the gnomonback a whereit was before and wait for the shadowto lessen and grow again until in the afternoon it is equal to its length in the morning, touehing the circumference the point C. Then from the at

Wind direc5on and orienta5on of streets

Fra Giocondos diagrams, 1511, from Vitruvius De Architectura libri decem

Else,{lllhere

Mapping Gazetteer G

Mapping erritories T

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Cesare Cesariano, from Vitruvius, 1521: City oriented with winds

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the thiclness rd then gradu-

8. I have now shownhow buildings canbe constructed without defects,and the way to take precautionsagainst the occurrence

Fra Giocondos diagrams, 1511, from Vitruvius De Architectura libri decem

primordiale de la g6om6trie et I'utiliser dans des projets th6oriques, p crder une nouvelle architecture m6taphorique. En attendant, la g6om6 dominante de nos cit6s impersonnelles reste pourtant celle que Dur introduisit lui-m6me, dans I'art de bAtir.

L'architecture de la R6volution Industrielle dut d Durand la premidre culation coh6rente de ses intentions et de ses principes fondamentaux. L fluence de sa th6orie sur I'architecture europdenne du xrx" sidcle, et indi tement sur tous les architectes qui accepteront les objectifs utopiques d technologie, fut particulidrement consid6rable. Ses ouvrages ont 6t6 trad en de nombreuses langues, et les 6tudiants de l'Ecole Polytechnique fu prompts d r6pandre les nouvelles id6es, qui semblaient en effet inconte bles. L.A. Dubut, par exemple, ancien 6ldve de Ledoux, adopta les princ de Durand dans son Architecture Civile (1803). Le livre 6tait avant tout catalogue de maisons et selon Dubut chacune d'elles pouvait 6tre constr sans aucune connaissance de I'architecture. Il 6tait possible d'adopter 312

Leon Badsta Alber5, c.1452 Leonardo Da Vinci, c.1487

Cesare Cesariano,1521

Vitruvius, De Architectura libri decem, Book III, chap 1: On Symmetry: in temples and in the human body

LIDER

PRIMVS

qolc,Trjc1E PosiNr svM?TA,\l.rp*l:t"tvssrNEr's .i.RcHtTEgToNIctg .lB tcttNocRApHrA IoeA PIRDVCERE OMNE-S CTASCATNq EIJTqASTNOI!. TC.{ENOqRAPHTAM PER oRTHoGRAPHLAMAC AYT ATIO_COJC NSMOP() FT q/AD!!ATO sO!VM ^.D CIRCINI CENTN^'I;.iD Q\AE ^TNJGONO pER\rENrVr{T PROPOA./ e TVrvl PER E\rRYI-HMIAM HASEI(E RESPONS\rtvt POSSINT svvM oRDINARIAI.{. Ac PEnSY|ITIEfRIAE TTON.ATAM O\ZAN-rVM ETIAM* QVAI{'TITATEIrT oSTSNDERE.VTT ETTAM l{EC QVAE A cER MANICO M9REPER\tp openrS..OUCofitrroNfm SAcRA- CJ\THEDRIITS AIDES MEPIoLAIII PENE QV.E'MAD].{ODVM ffi-N-i O-rSitS\rEI.fTVn rA^!rVl.PrMrCre QI.C< AC AF.D r P A T E T I E T !a e

Cesare Cesariano, Milan Cathedral, from Vitruvius, 1521

10 o The Diagrams f Architecture

Cesare Cesariano, edition olVitruwus, 1521. Illustration of orihographia using example of Milan Cathedral,

Dia I I Introduction:

Leonardo Bufalini, map of Rome, 1551

Albrecht Durer, perspec5ve device, from Unterweysung der Messung, 1525

Jean Dubreuil, from La Perspec/ve pra/que, 1642-49

depth, wh a glow an< is," which and the nr Bacon, is tion of mr experlenc frescoestl an lnternl objectific, and r\,venl of Verme show boxes in the seventeenth century perfected the art ofthe trompe I'oeil. Samuel van Hoogstraten, the great master of the peep-show box genre, stated explicitly that although the art of "artifice" rather than an "essential distorted projection was an mirart" (particularly when it utilized reflecting globes, angied "a painter must rors, cylinders, and other anamorphic tricks), to paint an oblique-angled know about them if he wishes "one can almost paint the corners and round." Moreover, sion theo tific obst spectator, of humar related tc alluded t lions em,

Jean-Franois Nicron, from La Perspec/ve curieuse, 1663

Grgoire Huret, anamorphosis from Op/que de portraiture et peinture, 1672

Father Emmanuel Maignan, anamorphosis, Monastery Trinita dei Mon5, Rome, 1642

cally by all who stood at the predetermined

b e p l a c e di n a s p e c i f i cp o s i t i o ni n space: "This figure ought to be p l a c e d s m u c ha b o v e h e e y ea s t h e a t h e i g h tD O . "

frescoes were not merely a culmination of previous

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sionism"; their geometric and cosmological implications were dictated by his religious belief3. The Jesuit Pozzo never ac-

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Andrea Pozzo: Grande en toile la couoole de trompe-l'oeil, exemple de de classique I'habilit6 l'illusionisme du XVll"' sidcle.

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Andrea Pozzo: Grande en toile la couoole de trompe-l'oeil, exemple de de classique I'habilit6 l'illusionisme du XVll"' sidcle.
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ind!pendante, prouvent la peine qu'il Aujourd'hui, nous pouvons enfin se donnait pour que les raccourcis nous f!liciter vraiment de la faillite des soient exacts et pour que toutes les projets du P. Grassi: l'effeI d'optique, parties s'!quilibrent. ind!pendante, prouvent la peine qu'il pour qui suit la ligne m6diane de la nef nous pouvons enfin Aujourd'hui, coupole peinte centrale, est v6ritablement surprenant, de la faillite des vraimentLe succEs de cetle se donnait pour que les raccourcis nous f!liciter fut imm6diat: le siOclede Marino et du pour que toutes les consomm6e Grassi: l'effeI d'optique, fruit d'une technique projets du P. et soient exacts et u merveilleux > nef de la rigoureusesuit la ligne m6diane de la en podsie ne s'!quilibrent. parties pouvait d'une connaissance pour qui pas ne surprenant, perspective. Il faut parcourir les est v6ritablement pas se complaire dans ce nou- cetle coupole peinte Le succEs de centrale, pages vel hommage offert ses idoles. Evide son " Traitr5 de la Perspective " fruit d'une technique consomm6e et d fut imm6diat: le siOclede Marino et du demment, ce critdre u d'apprticiation en podsie ne pouvait pour comprendre, non seulement la merveilleux > la d'une connaissance rigoureuse de parait aujourd'hui passion que le F. Pozzo mettait dans pas ne erron!. perspective. Il faut parcourir les pages totalement pas se complaire dans ce nouCe que nous sommes portds d admirer ses compositions d!coratives, Traitr5 de la Perspective " vel hommage offert d ses idoles. Evide son " mais la science ce elles se rev!encore la valeur dont pour comprendre, dans cette oeuvre, c'estdemment, et la critdre d'apprticiation non seulement la plus aujourd'hui totalement erron!. rigueur technique, taient ir ses yeux. D'innombrables des- F. Pozzo mettait dansbienparait que I'illupassion que le et l'!merveillement que sion d'optique mais oir chaque 6l6.ment r!vdle son Ce que nous sommes portds d admirer sins, ses compositions d!coratives, individualit! propre et sa structure dont elles se provoquer. Cecette nous dans qui oeuvre, c'est la science et la encore la valeur celle-ci peut rev!rigueur technique, bien plus que I'illutaient ir ses yeux. D'innombrables dession d'optique et l'!merveillement que sins, oir chaque 6l6.ment r!vdle son celle-ci peut provoquer. Ce qui nous individualit! propre et sa structure

Andrea Pozzo, drawing from Rules and Examples of Perspec/ve, 1700

Andrea Pozzo, SantIgnazio In Loyola, Roma, 1685

5enne-Louis Boulle, Cnotaphe Newton, 1784

trie descriptive devient bien un moyen d'aboutir d la v6rit6, offrant des <exemples perp6tuels> du passagedu connu vers l'inconnu. Monge pr6tendait que sa discipline m6ritait d'6tre int6gr6e dans un plan d'6ducation nationale dans la mesure oi I'introduction de la g6om6trie descriptive ne pouvait qu'acc6l6rer le progrds de I'industrie25. L'invention de la g6om6trie descriptive a 616, une 6tape cruciale dans I'achdvement d'une math6matisation syst6matique de la praxis; elle a assujetti les arts et m6tiers aux buts de la technologie et a eu un rdle instrumental dans la gendseet le d6veloppement de la construction rationnelle et industrialis6e, pendant le xx. sidcle. Il est n6cessaired'insister sur le fait que la g6om6trie des architecteset des ing6nieurs, nouvellement dipl6m6s del'Ecole Polytech284

gran elle lytiq Con un m obje perm tes n elletrad princ

Diagram of descrip5ve geometry by R.G. Robertson c.1947

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Chris5an Rieger, comparison between axonometric and perspec5ve, from Universae Architecturae Civilis Elementa, 1756

Giambadsta Nolli, La Nuova Topograa di Roma, 1748

Maps of Roma by Bufalini (1551) and Nolli (1748)

Map of Roma by Nolli (1748) and contemporary tourist map

Map of Roma by Nolli (1748) and contemporary map of streets

Rodolfo Lanciani, Forma Urbis Romae (1893-1901)

TOWNSHIP PLAN, 1798 Land allotments for colonists in Savannah, Georgia

KARLESRUHE, GERMANY, 1709

PARIS

PALMA NOVA, ITALY, 16TH C.

J. Corner, TOWNSHIP PLAT OF THIRTY-SIX SECTIONS

A. MacLean, THE SURVEY LANDSCAPE FROM THE AIR. Castleton, North Dakota

J. Corner, GRID CORRECTION LINES

A. MacLean, ROAD GRID CORRECTION JOG. Castleton, North Dakota

J. Corner, LONG-LOTS ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER

A. MacLean, MISSISSIPPI LONG-LOTS. Hermitage, Louisiana

urch at Seventhand nd St. Andrew's Eighth near Spruce

,e'sGreek Orthodox

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P l a n o rt h e f p r o p o s eL o n d o n d
CRUcTBLE oF Gooo INTENTToNs

Lunatic Asylum,

by James Bevans,

urch at Seventh Penitentiarywas and nd St. Andrew's wiland rapidly Eighth near Spruce Lland international ,e'sGreek Orthodox for ;commissions In Philadelphia he Penitentiarywas Institute (now wiland rapidly seum);the PhiladelLland international rsylvania Institution for ;commissions rb (now the UniverIn on Chestnut lingsPhiladelphia he Institute (now to the'Walnut seum);the Philadeltlorfolk he built the rsylvania Institution sylum. During this rb (now the Univer,edthe second lings on Chestnut replacingStrickto the'Walnut cU the Rhode Island tlorfolk Missouri he built the Penitenysylum. During this courthouseand ,edthe second d the famous Halls replacingStrick{ew York City, cU the Rhode Island For most of these Missouri Penitenwas alsothe y courthouseand mmon at the time d the famous Halls his involvement {ew York City, ;s over relatively For most of these this activity he still was alsothe d the American mmon at the time :ts,to bring out Nvo his involvement Buildtr's '4ssistant, ;s over relatively ddle's Young this activity he still d the American Jly designedwelve :ts,to bring out Nvo ;.e He alsosubmitBuildtr's '4ssistant, tiary in Quebec ddle's Young iritish, French, and

18 1 4 .E n g r a v i n g .
Plan o f collection. Private r t h e p r o p o s eL o n d o n d Lunatic Asylum, by James Bevans, 18 1 4 .E n g r a v i n g . Private collection.

Planof the C o r n w aIl u n a t i c l Asylum, odmin, B E n g l a n d ,y J o h n b Foulston, erected in Planof the 1 8 1 8 .E n g r a v i n g . C o r n w aIl u n a t i c l From ohn oulston, J F Asylum, odmin, B ThePublic E n g l a n d ,y J o h n b Ruildings Erccted Foulston, erected in in the Westof 1 8 1 8 .E n g r a v i n g . (London: England J. From ohn oulston, J F W i l l i a m s1 8 3 8 ) . , ThePublic
Ruildings Erccted in the Westof (London: England J. W i l l i a m s1 8 3 8 ) . ,

Jeremy Bentham, Panop5con, 1785

: hope of receiving Jly designedwelve sulted from these ;.e He alsosubmit: that by the end tiary in Quebec had acquired a iritish, French, and I's foremostprison : hope of receiving prison at Lansulted from these ompletedin rStr : that by the end 6os,was his last had acquired a I on March 28, I's foremostprison r the crypt of St. prison at Lanompletedin rStr 6os,was his last I on March 28, r the crypt of St.

34

34

Diagram as type

Prison Bordeaux, Montral, 1908-12

tiellement le produit indiff6renci6d'une vision technologiquedu monde. En tant que partie d'une th6orie qui se libdre de la sp6culation m6taphysique, la g6om6trie simple et anonyme d'une grande partie de l'architecture contemporaine ne s'adressefinalement qu'd un processustechnologique et non au monde de I'homme. Une compr6hensionde la crise de la scienceeuropdennecontient certainement en germe I'occasion de la d6passer. Maintenant que le cercle de la philosophie occidentale semble s'6tre referm6, et dans la mesure oi I'homme est le t6moin de l'6clipse de la raison, il peut retrouver la signification 310

Jacques-Nicolas-Louis Durand, diagram for the layout of plans, step by step, for any project, from Prcis des leons darchitecture, 1819

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dragr-mmanc TtrmpldTes. from Jean Nicolas Lorus D:ra,rd. Precrs des leEonsd'drchilecture. vo-ur're II lBl9.

Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand, typologies Prcis des leons darchitecture, 1819

Le Corbusier a the Modulor sy model of a bui

67. (A) Oscillations canter, of the leg in the 1885. College de France. (B) Drawing made from a chronophotograph front of the oscillations of the F, leg in the trot, 1885. Album Nationale.

5enne-Jules Marey, Movement of a Horse, 1886

plate 71. BibliothCque

Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase No.2, 1912

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Jusqu'au b6ton armd et au fer, pour hAtir une maison de pierre, on crcurait de lergee rigoleo daug la terre et I'on allait chercher le bon eol pour 6iablir la fondation. On constituait ainsi les caveq locaux m6diocres, humides g6n6ralement.

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Avec le bdton arm6 on eupprime entiirenent les murs. On porte lc planchere aur de ninceE poteaux dispoo6s ir de grandee dietances les uns des autrea. Le sol est libre sous la maieon, le toit eat reconquia, la fagade eet el' tiirement libre. On n'eet plus paralys6.

Lo tabelle dit ceci: i surface de verre 68ale, une piicn 6clairee par une fen6tre en longueur qui touche aux deux mura contigus conporte deux zonea d'dclairement: une zone, tria &lair!e; une zone 2, bien 6clair!e. D'autre part, une piGce 6clairde par deux fen6ttee verticaleo d6terminant deg trumeaux, comporte quatre zonea d'eclairement: la zone l, tris By 1928-29, 6clair6e, la zone 2, bien 6clairee, la zone J, mal 6clairce, la zone l, obscure.

1910-1929) 1926.(FromOeuvrecompldte, aNewArchitecture." Bl0 LeCorbusier."FiuePointsof

Le Corbusier, Five Points of a New Architecture, 1926

Le Citrohan House had evolved, "Parthenon" of through year-by-year model changes,into the y f his High Modernist period:othe Villa Savoyeat Poissy outside (colorplate 68; Villa Savoye, 1929-31 site is now figs. 842-45). Although its Paris

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nature and infused with light and air from all around. Among the earliest projects to conform to this new architectural order was Le Corbusier's t920-22 Citrohan House (fig. The name was an intentional pun on Citro!n, the French 841). car manufacturer, with the idea that the house was to be a "machine for living" to alleviate the severe massproducible postwar housing shortage. It was functionally impeccable:

841 Le Corbusier. Citrohan House. 1920-22. (From Oeuvre compldte,1910-1929)

had been investigatingand to opt instead for concrete.The first apadment studies published in the Oeuvre Compldfe4sevoke the possibilityof a free-planarrangement and structuralframe similarto that of the lmmeuble Clart6.The contrary concept of a modular,lattice-likestructure,capable of being infilledwith a range of prefabricated cells,was introducedat this point by Jean pursued by Prouv6and enthusiastically Le Corbusierand Bodiansky.lt was Prouv6, also, who first proposed that the individual cells should be factory produced.a6 of Le Corbusier'sown characterization this principlerests most memorablyon an oblettype metaphor borrowed from his Purist vocabulary:the bottle and the wine bin, 31. Here he portraysit as a wine bottle which may be taken as a containerin the way that 'A the dwelling unit is a container: bottle may contain champagne, beaune or just vin ordinaire,but the one we are talking about invariablycontains a family ... lt must be designed with the same rigorousobservance of order as if it were a machine,an aeroplane, a motor car, or any other product of modern And having made our bottle,the civilization... dwelling,we can plump it down under an

Le Corbusier, rela5onship of bo3le to case

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Le Corbusier, Villa Stein, Garches, 1927

Andrea Palladio, Villa Foscari (Malcontenta), c. 1550-60

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Rudolf Wi3kower, Diagrams of eleven Palladian Villas, 1949

include the Neuwil block (75) by the Metron units here do not interlock) and the Angerer similar type with entrance off the corridor to Double-loaded split-Ieael sgstem; corridor ett and below. Each apartment here, like the Me slab at Haifa by Mansfeld and Calderon (77) Sert follows this pattern in Peabody Tetrace, ar:rangement, with the corridor always occurr Harvard (43), one of the few alternate-Ievel c tion. United States until very recently. Double-Ioaded system; corridor euery floor. Double-loaded slabs with a corri74 apartments, Haifa. Mansfeld and Calderdor every floor are especially sophisticated, popular, and practical in the Double-Loaded Split-Level Systems Unit6 d'Habitation, Marseilles. Le Corbusier, 1952. united States, where fire codes until recently rendered skip-stop systems virt3 A final variation of the double-loaded corridor tually impossible. Apartment block, Neuwil-Wohlen, Switzerland. Metron, b, Caracas. Carlos Villaneuva, This type of building is Mies van der Rohe,s stock-in-trade. 1956. comes with corridors every second and third His Lake shore apartments in chicago of 1g4g (7) Corridor buildings come in two basic t1pes, single-loaded and double-loaded,and the apartments in Barti1962. sometimes there are maisonettes at the corridor level with a smaller apart-positions in the slab. The idea of the s nating rdam. Michiel Brinkman, 1919. more each. Andr6 and set 76 ausset-les-Pins,France. typical Bruybre,the every for much that was to follow-not only Carlos Villaneuva, variations of (6) are Some have corridorspattern floor, others , Canacas.and there are many1g56. ment below, sometimes there Single-Ioaded every second, eaery floor. Examples of are larger units below. This is strictly to low-in-stairs up or down only one-half level a climb Apartment block, Munich. Fred Angerer, 1960. sgstem; corridorthe organization butfloor. inthis tlpe include the inthird, or even fourth also Some have corridors have corridors the image of the expensive, glass-walled resi,, Moscow. Moses Ginzburg and I. come housing type except of van the maisonette is used, and it is typical single- and double-orientation units are both of where Tijen, Maaskant, Bergpolder different positions of skyscraper. ts, Malm6, Sweden. Jaenecke and Sam- dential the section at team occurring atslab in Rotterdam in 1933 by theAlthough not as popular in Europe, similar tlpes such as different levels. high-density, Iow-income public housing such as small J. A. Brinkman, and van der Vlugt (69), a very early experiment in high-rise park (73) (2). stabs with apartments. The smaller units are usua the Nytorp slab in Malmd by Jaenecke and samuelson Hill do on occasion a apsingle-loaded corridor only every fourth floor are quite unusual because few of the corridor while the larger are split-level, housing; the Billardon slab pea.r. Dijon by Alvar Aalto's s, Rotterdam. Van Tijen, Maaskant, Single-Loaded CorridoratSystemsBeck of 1954 (56); andDouble-loaded Le Corbusier's se< corridor etterg third floor. Single-Ioaded systent; col't'iclor e'oertl thirdfloor. The more eaerg third floor. split-Ieael sgstem;Double-loaded split-Ieael on The other for a ea Double-Ioaded sgstem;such a comidor unusual tlpes of building the Ramat Hadar one side and living a.rea systern; corridor do considerable apartments at Bremen of 1958 (10). codes allow an der Vlugt, 1933. Buildings of this type generally corridors every third floor, a.lso uses ainconvenience. However, this kind type became well-known from the corridor buildings away corridorsystem Mansfeld and Calderon (77) and single-loaded, alternate-levelbuilding to the sideposition a cor-ridorevery thirdbyof interlocking ur tion. Thisof is the example of this split-level with open is sometimes builtfrom theslab at Haifa in south America; the villaneuva slab hence are commonly downwhere units that are prefened view or level. a two-story volume an in caracas. at the Hansa project in Berlin in 1956 secto the Estate, however, the living ar:rangement, with the corridor always occurring in the same position in(50). V floor with stairs up or used Lincoln there may be anot at the coridor orientation has the December Apartments (72), is roomexample. one or some undesirable site condition that the unit can. the effect. tion.Entrance to. one unit is at thr ing the same system at about the same time f turn its back to rooms above run through in building. A corridor-every-floor system usually results in a other at the balcony level, with the double-orir The split-level tlpes not only produce very co room level and in the building made up of singleDouble-Loaded orientation units; an alternating ofcorridor systemCorridor Systems in part the apartment often results is atwo-level or below. Double-loaded corridor slabs This more much-copied scheme; other l dors and minimum walk up or down to each a are numerous maisonette unit types, withincludesingleNeuwil blockorientation. Where the cli-than 1962 single-loaded t1pe, both the and double (75) by the Metron group of the (althoue spatial expansion within the unit because one and a greater variety of types are possible. Able to accommodate either singlemate permits, the corridor unitsremaindo not interlock)access) and becomes a at Munich of 196Cinto opposite halves of the apartment, giving can here open (gallery and orientation units (corridor every the Angerer slab floor) units kind of street in the air, a concept type within entrance Brinkman in or double-orientationstairs to (skip-stop), alternating-position coryidor schem 1919 by off the corridor toSpanthe t space. The and similar evolved this building tlpe has much greater flexibilityone unitsingle-loaded buildings. Le than gen Quarter in Rotterdam (67) below. Each apartment here, like housing such and and employed in postwar English the Metron slab, is only one fl side at each level, thereby accommodating th corbusier's unit6 d'Habitation at Marseilles popularized the douas Park Hill (2). The Narkomfin follows thishousing project in Moscow by of 1952 (46) students' l spaces as well as a rnix of unit sizes. GinzSert collective pattern in Peabody Tetrace, the married ble-loaded, skip-stop section, and it appears frequently thereafter in manv Double-Ioaded an a-lternate-level gallery-access burg of 1928 (68) is an corridor eoerA second floor. corridor eueratlpe was fre- By far the built 1common are countless variations of each typic Single-loaded system; enclosed version ofsgstem; This alternate-Ievel corridor buildings more There Harvard (43), one of the few popular second floor. Double-loaded split-Ieael system; corridor ee countries. double-loaded types follow the Marseilles off an acsystem. used in postwar, low-rise housing. It consists of maisonettes Unit6 example, with corridors everyescape classification at all, such as th quently seem toAn example of this tytrle is the apartme United States until very recently. sition. cess gallery with bedrooms second or third floor. The Lincoln Estate slab by Martin of 1g60 in London (5) eaery thirdfloor, (79) or Habitat by Double-loaded split-Ieael systern;in Sausset-les-Pins of 1964 alternating posicorridor above, often over the corridor. Stirling and del of 1960 (49), where the corridor is always uses a system ofcorridors every other floor tlpe: interlocking system from Gowan's Preston housing at Lancashire of 1961 (11) demonstrates the and an became well-known oftwo-the van den Broek and Bakema tower tion. This type Double-Loaded Split-Level Systems cally positioned in section in alternating fash level entrance three-story buildings with privateunits with livinglower level and an level and project the Berlin in 1956 (50). Villaneuva, however, was proposat access salsplit-levr A final variation to a room at corridorthe Hansa interna-linstairs to bedrooms of the double-loaded corridor system is above on the opposite side ing third comes with corridors every of the buildins. same system at about the same time for a slab project in Caracas (78). second and the floor or with the corrid< The the split-level scheme is produce very compact buildings with few corrinating positions in the slab. The idea of split-level tlpes not only tha dors levelminimum corridor. or down to each apartment but also create some to climb stairs up or down only one-half and from the walk up Gen spatial expansion within the lar both single- and double-orientation units are used to get a mix ofunit because one can see up or down the stairs Single-Ioaded sgstem; corridor eaery floor. system; smaller units areopposite halves of the apartment, giving the impression of one large into usually single-Ioaded alongalterna5ng posi5on tlpe floor. Double-loaded slabs with a corriDouble-Ioaded Examples of thiseuery include the small apartments. The corridor Bergpolder slab in Rotterdam ofcorridorby are especially sophisticated, popular, withpractical coryidor scheme also gives larger spaces on one space. The alternating-position dor every floor the the larger are split-level, usually of the 1933 while team of van Tijen, Maaskant, and sleepingin the side high-rise a very early experiment in a each level, thereby accommodating J. A. Brinkman, and van der Vlugt States, where fire codes until for at double-orientation, dumbl united (69),living a.rea on the other recently rendered skip-stop systems vir- the need to have larger living one side and Split-Level housing; the Billardon slab at Dijon by Beck of 1954 (56); building is Aalto's as a rnix of unit sizes. Alvar as well tually impossible. This type of and spaces Mies van der Rohe,s stock-in-trade. 2His Lake I apartments at Bremen of 1958 (10). shore apartments in chicago of 1g4g countless variations of each typical section. Some buildings would There are (7) and the apartments in Bartiseem to escape classification at all, more (6) are typical and set the pattern for much that was to follow-not such as the amorphous group by Bruybre only in Sausset-les-Pins of 1964 (79) or Habitat in the organization but also in the image of the expensive, glass-walled resi- by Moshe Safdie in Montreal of dential skyscraper. Although not as popular in Europe, similar tlpes 22 such as 71, the Nytorp slab in Malmd by Jaenecke and samuelson (73) do on occasion ap19 pea.r.

service and one public, give accessevolved in two-storyBrinkman in doublekind of street in the air, a concept to a huge 1919 by unit with a the Spangen Quarter room and large tenace. The same postwar English housing such height living in Rotterdam (67) and employed inidea is also used in much taller buildings. For instance, the L'Aero Habitat housing Bourlier in Moscow by Ginzas Park Hill (2). The Narkomfin collective slab of project and Ferrier in Algiers of 1950 (51)-a enclosed version of an a-lternate-level gallery-access burg of 1928 (68) is an thirteen-story building and a series of slabs, one placed perpendicular to a steep slope-and Villaneuva's El Paraiso slabs in Caracas system. of 1956(71).

every oor

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Single Loaded

Double Loaded

Housing building by type: units distribu5on and circula5on

20

Double-loaded split-Ieael system; corridor eeerA second floor, alterr, sition. An example of This popular apartment house in Germany I Single-loaded system; corridor eoerA second floor.this tytrle is the tlpe was fredel of housing. It consists corridor is always double-loaded but asy 23 quently used in postwar, low-rise 1960 (49), where theof maisonettes off an ac-

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Bernard Tschumi, La Ville3e, 1983-1998

The 26 fo[ies that punctuate park won the the 135-acre Far competition for Tschumi. more than isolatedsculptural objects,the follesappearedat , o n c e p u n c t u a t i o na n i m a t i o n , and action.The simplicityof their assembLy systembeliedthe sophistication their potential of configurations.

La Ville3e: superposi5on of autonomous but interac5ng forms: points, lines, planes

Parc de La Ville3e, Paris

Rebstockpark, Germany

o f tu

Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase No.2, 1912

180

6 ] 1

Peter Eisenman, Rebstockpark, 1990-94

Opera5on: fold

irere involvecl the superposition of maps of ditTerentscalesin order to find a common

and C.lark and theVirginia Land Cornpany surveyed from the south to the north while

the lord: ttrrn ninety dcr. direction for some distar

Peter Eisenman, Rebstockpark, 1990-94

UNStudio

UNStudio, Mbius House, 1998

UNStudio, Mbius House, 1998

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234 TheDiagrams ofArchitecture

ofArchitecture 235 234 TheDiagrams Diagrammi

OMA (Oce of Metropolitan Architecture), Sea3le Public Library, 2004

MVRDV (Maas, van Rijs, de Vries), Metacity/Datatown, 1999

MVRDV (Maas, van Rijs, de Vries), Metacity/Datatown, 1999

MVRDV (Maas, van Rijs, de Vries), Metacity/Datatown, 1999

MVRDV (Maas, van Rijs, de Vries), Metacity/Datatown, 1999

MVRDV (Maas, van Rijs, de Vries), Metacity/Datatown, 1999

MVRDV (Maas, van Rijs, de Vries), Metacity/Datatown, 1999

MVRDV (Maas, van Rijs, de Vries), Metacity/Datatown, 1999

MVRDV (Maas, van Rijs, de Vries), Metacity/Datatown, 1999

MVRDV (Maas, van Rijs, de Vries), Metacity/Datatown, 1999

or only asgood aswhat goesinto them. An ill-specified preposby terousmodel or a puny data setcannotbe rescued a graphic (or by calculation),no matter how clever or fancy. A silly theory meansa silly graphic:

York, 1947), p. t44.

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Sor-en R.eorarroN AND Srocx PRrcEs A. New York stock prices (Barron's average). B. Solar Radiation, inverted, and C. London stock prices, all by months, rgeg (after Garcia-Mata and Shaftner).

Edward E. Tuve, The Visual Display of Quan/ta/ve Informa/on, 1992

designis to simplify what is in reality a richer, more heterogeneous, complexity.A true multiplicity requires that many different models be coordinated. A single model relentlesslydeployedat all scales emerges merely formal. as In conventional practice, for example, the overall spatial diagram doesnt dictate the layout ofthe toilets. The application ofless conventional models doubly requires that the appropriatelimits of functionality be observed.It is in the interest ofneither the overall diagram nor the organization of specific functions that a single model would be adequate both. The use of severalmodels within a single project is to a more nuanced and productive mode of operation, fosters necessitating and incorporating transitions and the novelty that they promote.

L \_./-\ \_/ t---.--.--'.-.----.--.--.----.--'--_

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The Abuse of the Diagram: Exhaus5on

The Abuse of Data

Reiser + Umemoto, Atlas of Novel Tectonics, 2006

diagram vs graph

A diagram is usually specic to a space; it may be a specic loca5on, a scale, a temporal frame, but it always has a
abstract space.

spa5al correla5on, as opposed to a graph which exists in an

Alejandro Zaera-Polo, FOA

diagram vs representa5on

Diagrams, as opposed to signs, symbols, indexes or icons, do not play a representa5onal role for their dynamic object, and mediate
between physical constructs and concepts or precepts on an

organiza5onal level.

Alejandro Zaera-Polo, FOA

diagram vs nal form

We use the diagram very literally as an instrument to determine and

explore architectural

performance. It does not contain the nal formal determina5ons of the project: there need
to be several forms of media5on between the form of the

diagram and the nal form of the building.

Farshid Moussavi, FOA

FOA (Foreign Oce Architects), Yokohama Interna5onal Ferry Port Terminal, 1995-2002

FOA (Foreign Oce Architects), Yokohama Interna5onal Ferry Port Terminal, 1995-2002

FOA (Foreign Oce Architects), Yokohama Interna5onal Ferry Port Terminal, 1995-2002

FOA (Foreign Oce Architects), Yokohama Interna5onal Ferry Port Terminal, 1995-2002

FOA (Foreign Oce Architects), Yokohama Interna5onal Ferry Port Terminal, 1995-2002

Reduc5ve + Rela5onal + Transforma5ve abstract machine a map of rela3ons between forces [Diagrams allows for] the emergence of another world.

Gilles Deleuze

rela5onships and prescribes performances in space.

diagram as a tool that describes

Alejandro Zaera-Polo, FOA

A diagram describes a

parameters, but it is not metric. You can add other parameters to it You revisit it constantly and analyze it. You make decisions constantly while allowing for re-evalua5on and evolu5on.

rela5onship across a number of

Farshid Moussavi, FOA