Final Exam Review

1. For the final exam bring: pen, pencil, eraser, liquid eraser, ruler, scientific calculator, watch. You are NOT allowed to borrow any of these items from another student during the exam. NOT allowed at the final exam: graphics calculator, cellphones, dictionaries (book or electronic), any reference material (such as text book, formula sheet, solutions, etc.), paper other than the exam booklet. Any violation of these rules and any cheating or communicating with another student during the exam will result in a FAIL for the course for all students involved. 2. Review all quizzes and midterms for both sections (Math111B and Math111C) 3. Review the following items from quizzes and midterm: Using a graph to determine: function values, limits, vertical and horizontal asymptotes, points of discontinuity, types of discontinuity (hole, jump, infinite), existence/non-existence of derivatives, values of derivatives. 4. Limits a. lim fx is the height that fx reaches as x gets closer and closer to a (x never equals a). xa b. Limit laws limcfx c lim fx where c is a constant limfx gx lim fx lim gx limfxgx lim fx lim gx fx lim fx lim gx lim gx limfx n lim fx n lim n fx
n

provided lim gx 0

lim fx

lim a fx a lim fx lim log a fx log a lim fx c. Evaluating a Limit (does not apply to piecewise defined functions): To evaluate a limit, first try substitution, that is, check if lim fx fa xa i. Usually if fa is defined, then thats the limit. (This means that f is continuous at x a. Ex: lim x 2 3x 6 2 2 3 2 6 4
x2

ii. If fa 0 , then the limit may or may not exist. In this case do one of the following. 0 A. Simplify f(x) by factoring and cancelling, if possible. 2 0 Ex: lim 2x 4 x2 x x 6 0 x2 x 2x 2 lim lim x 2 4 x2 x 3x 2 x2 x 3 x2 5 B. Rationalize numerator/denominator when numerator/denominator contain a expressions. x 2 0 lim 2 x4 x 4x x4 0 x 2 x 2 x4 1 lim lim lim 1 x4 xx 4 x4 xx 4 x 2 x4 x x 2 x4 16 x 2 f x fx C. Apply LHospitals rule lim lim xa gx xa g x x2 Ex: lim e 2 1 0 x2 x 4 x2 0 d e x2 1 x2 dx lim lim e 1 x2 x2 2x x2 4 d x 2 4 dx 1

x2

non zero # iii. If fa , then the limit does not exist (DNE). In that case f has vertical asymtote 0 x a and xa fx or lim fx is or . lim
xa

To determine which is the case, take a number x very close to a. If fx is a large positive(negative) number then the limit is . Ex: lim 2 x 1 3 lim 2 x 1 DNE x2 x x 6 x2 0 x2 x x 6 has vertical asymptote x 2 fx 2 x 1 x x6 lim x 1 since for example for x 2. 001, x2 x 2 x 6 2. 001 1 x1 600 is large positive 2 x x6 2. 001 2 2. 001 6 since for x 1. 999, and lim 2 x 1 x2 x x 6 1. 999 1 x1 600 is large negative. 1. 999 2 1. 999 6 x2 x 6 d. Existence of a two-sided limit (this usually applies to piecewise defined functions) lim fx exists lim fx and xa fx both exist and are equal. lim xa
xa

e. Endbehaviour of Functions: Limits at Infinity - Horizontal asymptotes i. The function y fx has horizontal asymptote y L (where L is some number) lim fx L or lim fx L x
x

ii. To calculate lim fx and lim fx for a rational function fx , divide numerator and x
x

denominaator by the highest power of x in the denominator. Ex: fx 2x 5 x 3x 7 H. A : y 0

2

lim x

2/x 5/x 2 2x 5 lim 0 x 1 3/x 7/x 2 x 3x 7

2

lim fx 0

2 Ex: fx 2x2 5x 1 x 3x 7

2 2 5/x 1/x 2 lim 2x2 5x 1 lim 2 2 x x 3x 7 x 1 3/x 7/x 2 1 lim fx 2 H. A : y 2

Ex: Ex

3 2 2x 5/x 2 2x 3 5 lim 2x 5/x lim No HA x x 2 3x 7/x 2 x 1 3/x 7/x 2 x 2 3x 7 3 2x 3 5/x 2 2x 5/x 2 lim No HA lim 22x 5 lim 2 2 2 x x 3x 7 x x 3x 7/x x 1 3/x 7/x

lim x

iii. You can also apply LHospitals rule for limits of the form Ex: lim ln2x since ln x and x 2 as x x x d ln x 1/x lim dx lim lim 1 2 0 x x 2x x 2x d x2 LHospital dx The function fx ln2x has HA y 0 x 2

5. Continuity Definition of continuity/discontinuity The function f is continuous at x a if (1) fa is defined and (2) lim fx exists and (3) lim fx fa xa xa If any of these three conditions is not satisfieed, the f is discontinuous at x a. Types of discontinuity (hole, jump,infinite): The function f has a hole at x a if lim fx exists but either fa is undefined or lim fx fa xa xa The function f has a jump discontinuity at x a if lim fx and xa fx both exist but are not equal. lim
xa

The function f has an infinite discontinuity at x a if one or both of the limits

xa

lim fx and xa fx are or . lim

(See quizzes and homework) A Rational Function is discontinuous at every number where it is undefined and continuous on the domain. 2 xx 1 D f : x 1, 2 f1 0 f2 6 are undefined Ex. fx 2x x 0 0 x 1x 2 x x2 Hence f is discontinuous at x-1 and x2, and continuous on the domain.. lim fx 1 exists, but f1 0 is undefined, hence the graph of f has a hole at x-1 x1 3 0 lim fx lim fx , hence the graph of f has an infintie discontinuity at x2.
x2 x2

1. Rates of change b. Instantaneous) rate of change of y fx at x a:

a. Average rate of change of y fx from x a to x b a h:

fb fa fa h fa y x ba h fa h fa y f a lim lim x0 x h0 h

2. Finding the derivative of a function using the definition fx h fx fa h fa f x lim at x a: f a lim h0 h0 h h On an exam use this formulas only if it asks for it. Otherwise use derivative formulas. f x does not exist at any number x where f is discontinuous or the graph of f has a corner or a vertical tangent line. fa h fa The function f is differentiable at x a means that f a lim exists. h0 h To differentiate the function f means to find f 3. Interpretation of f a : a. Slope of tangentline to the graph of f at x a b. Rate of change of y fx with respect to x at x a. f a is the approximate change y in y, resulting from an increase of x by 1 unit. from x a to x a 1

4. Equation of the tangentline to a curve y fx at a given number x a. Slope: m f a Equation (using the point slope formula): y fa f ax a 5. Graphical differentiation: Use the graph of a function y fx a. To find f a at a given number a. (See quizzes and midterm) b. To sketch the graph of y f x. (See quizzes and midterm) 6. Demand equation, Cost, Revenue and Profit - Marginal Analysis Demand equation: p fx p price/unit when x units are demanded (sold) Revenue function: R Rx revenue from sale of x units (price/unit)(# of units sold) p x xfx Cost function: C Cx cost for x units C Cx mx b linear cost function m marginal costcost/unit Cx Average cost: C Cx x average cost of x units Profit function: P Px Rx Cx profit from sale of x units b fixed cost

Marginal cost function: C x rate of change of cost marginal cost approximate cost of an additional x1st unit. The actual cost of the x1st unit is C Cx 1 Cx

Marginal revenue function: R x rate of change of revenue marginal revenue approximate revenue from an additional x1st unit. Marginal profit function: P x R x C x rate of change of profit marginal profit approximate profit from an additional x1st unit. Marginal average cost function: C x rate of change of average cost marginal average cost 7. Differentiation Rules: a. Constant rule: d k 0 dx d x 1 b. Power rule: d x n nxx n1 dx dx c. Constant multiple rule: cu cu d. Sum and difference rule: u v u v e. Product rule: uv u v uv uvw u vw uv w uvw f. Quotient rule: u vu uv 2 v v g. Chain rule: d fgx f gxg x dx dy du dy . If y fu and u gx, then y fgx, and du dx dx

h. Power rule (special case of chain rule): d u n nu n1 u where u ux. dx i. Derivatives of Exponential Functions: d eu euu d a x ln aa x d a u ln aa u u d ex ex dx dx dx dx j. Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions: u d ln x 1 d ln u u d log x d log u 1 a a x u dx dx dx dx ln ax ln au d ln|x| 1 d ln|u| u d log |x| d log |u| u 1 a a u x dx dx dx dx ln au ln ax k. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions: d sin u cos uu d sin x cos x dx dx d cos x sin x d cos u sin uu dx dx d tan u sec 2 uu d tan x sec 2 x dx dx d cot x csc 2 x d cot u csc 2 uu dx dx d sec x sec x tan x d sec u sec u tan uu dx dx d csc u csc u cot uu d csc x csc x cot x dx dx 8. Analyzing functions and sketching graphs. Let y fx be a function. a. Domain Df i. Polynomial functions Domain ex: fx 2x 3 5x 2 3x 1 Df ii. Rational functions Domain: all numbers except the zeros of the denominator 2 2x 3 8x 2 2x x 4 ex: fx D f : x 2, 2 x 2x 2 x2 4 iii. Also note: something is defined only when something 0 log a something is defined only when something 0 Ex: Find domain of fx ln3 2x D f : 3 2x. 0 x 3 2 Ex: Find domain of fx 3 2x D f : 3 2x. 0 x 3 2 b. y-interccept: , f0 provided f0 is defined x-intercept: solutions of y fx 0 c. vertical asymptotes: non zero # , then x a is a vertical asymptotes in rational functions: if fa 0 2 3 2 2x x 4 ex: fx 2x2 8x f2 16 f2 48 VA: x 2, 0 0 x 2x 2 x 4 in functions containing logarithms, VA sometimes occur where the logarithm is undefined ex: fx ln x has VA x 0 and lim ln x lim 1 ln x x x x d. Endbehaviour - Horizontal asymptotes: What happens when x and when x . e. To find the intervals of increase/decrease of a function y fx: i. find all values x such that f x 0 or f x is undefined. ii. For any interval a, b determined in step (i): if f is positive on a, b, then f is increasing on a, b 5
x0 x0

x 2

See 4(e)

if f is negative on a, b, then f is decreasing on a, b f. To find the relative extrema (maxima,minima) i. find the critical numbers of f, that is, all values x in D f such that f x 0 or f x is undefined. ii. Use the FDT (first derivative test) or SDT (second derivative test) to test the critical numbers. A. FDT: Let c be a critical number of f.

B. SDT: Let c be a critical number of f such that f c 0 and f " is continuous at x c. If f " c 0, then fc is a relative minimum If f " c 0, then fc is a relative maximum

This test cant be applied when f c is undefined or f " c is zero or undefined. Use the FDT instead. 9. Differentials x dx change in x y fx dx fx change in y along the curve dy f xdx change in y along the tangent line dy f x slope of tangent dx Tangentline Approximations: For small x dx y dy f xdx fx x fx f xdx 10. Implicit differentiation: y yx d y n ny n1 y dx Ex Ex d ey eyy dx d ln y y y dx 11. Basic Integration Formulas: Ex d x 2 y 3 2xy 3 x 2 3y 2 y dx
uv uv uv

d x y 2 1 y 2 1 x 1 y 2 1 1/2 2yy 2 dx d e 2x 3 y 2 e 2x 3 y 2 d 2x 3 y 2 2e 2x 3 y 2 3x 2 y 2 2x 3 y dy dx dx dx

d Fx fx fxdx Fx C dx d kx k kdx kx C where k is a constant dx n1 d x n1 x n x n dx x C n 1 n1 dx n 1 d ln|x| 1 x 1 dx 1 dx ln|x| C x x dx d 1 e kx e kx e kx dx 1 e kx C k dx k kx d a kx a kx kx a dx a C k ln a dx k ln a d 1 sinkx coskx coskxdx 1 sinkx C dx k k d 1 coskx sinkx sinkxdx 1 coskx C dx k k d 1 tankx sec 2 kx sec 2 kxdx 1 tankx C dx k k d 1 cotkx csc 2 kx csc 2 kxdx 1 cotkx C dx k k d 1 seckx seckx tankx seckx tankxdx 1 seckx C dx k k d 1 csckx csckx cotkx csckx cotkxdx 1 csckx C k k dx General Integration Formulas:

cfxdx c fxdx fx gxdx fxdx gxdx

12. Elasticity of Demand q fp p dq E q dp E1 E1 E1 demand is inelastic demand is elastic E q demand pprice/unit

where c is a constant

% change in demand % change in price % change in demand % change in price % change in demand % change in price

demand has unit elasticity