Progress Report 3 Pak, saya ada beberapa yang saya belum paham 1. pas saya ngjalanin exportelectricfield.

m, dengan mengganti line script

E=postinterp(fem,'Ex_emes',xx,'ext',1);

menjadi
E=postinterp(fem,'Bx_emqav',xx,'ext',1);

di matlab ada pesan yang intinya 'imaginary part of magnetic flux cannot be saved', saya masih coba cari2, apa pengaruh dari komponen imaginary untuk imaging dari magnetic flux yang ada, soalnya yang saya tau, komponen imaginary dari magnetic flux dipengaruhi oleh component imaginary dari permeabilitas bahan itu sendiri => persamaan kalau nilai permeabilitas hanya terdiri dari nilai real Complex permeability A useful tool for dealing with high frequency magnetic effects is the complex permeability. While at low frequencies in a linear material the magnetic field and the auxiliary magnetic field are simply proportional to each other through some scalar permeability, at high frequencies these quantities will react to each other with some lag time.[13] These fields can be written as phasors, such that

where is the phase delay of B from H. Understanding permeability as the ratio of the magnetic field to the auxiliary magnetic field, the ratio of the phasors can be written and simplified as

, so that the permeability becomes a complex number. By Euler's formula, the complex permeability can be translated from polar to rectangular form,

. The ratio of the imaginary to the real part of the complex permeability is called the loss tangent,

, which provides a measure of how much power is lost in a material versus how much is stored.

Principle and mathematical derivation of mutual inductance Inductance, results from magnetic field forming around a current carrying conductor which tends to resist changes in the current. a change in this current creates a corresponding change in magnetic flux which, in turn, by Faraday's Law generates an EMF that opposes this change in current. inductance is a measure of the amount of EMF generated per unit change in current. the value of inductance is significantly affected by -> number of coil turns -> coil diameter -> coil length -> magnetic core mutual inductance, is when two coils are located near enough, so that the magnetic flux from one coil links(induced) another coil. the coils are referred as to as coupled. This phenomenon is now considered to be measured to do imaging/tomography from an object surrounded by several coils using an Magnetic Induction Tomography method. the value of mutual inductance are significantly affected by -> each coil self inductance -> permeability of material between the two coils Mathematical Derivation of Mutual inductance

where is the magnetic flux through the ith surface by the electrical circuit outlined by Cj Ci is the enclosing curve of Si. B is the magnetic field vector. A is the Magnetic Vector Potential by using Stokes Theorem, we can define the equation as follow

The mutual inductance also has the relationship:

where M21 is the mutual inductance, and the subscript specifies the relationship of the voltage induced in coil 2 due to the current in coil 1. N1 is the number of turns in coil 1, N2 is the number of turns in coil 2,

P21 is the permeance of the space occupied by the flux. The mutual inductance also has a relationship with the coupling coefficient. The coupling coefficient is always between 1 and 0, and is a convenient way to specify the relationship between a certain orientation of inductor with arbitrary inductance:

where k is the coupling coefficient and 0 k 1, L1 is the inductance of the first coil, and L2 is the inductance of the second coil. Due to, here in MIT we utilize air core coil, so here are typical characteristic of air core inductor: Air core inductor The term air core coil describes an inductor that does not use a magnetic core made of a ferromagnetic material. The term refers to coils wound on plastic, ceramic, or other nonmagnetic forms, as well as those that actually have air inside the windings. Air core coils have lower inductance than ferromagnetic core coils, but are often used at high frequencies because they are free from energy losses called core losses that occur in ferromagnetic cores, which increase with frequency. A side effect that can occur in air core coils in which the winding is not rigidly supported on a form is 'microphony': mechanical vibration of the windings can cause variations in the inductance. [edit]Radio frequency inductor At high frequencies, particularly radio frequencies (RF), inductors have higher resistance and other losses. In addition to causing power loss, in resonant circuits this can reduce the Q factor of the circuit, broadening the bandwidth. In RF inductors, which are mostly air core types, specialized construction techniques are used to minimize these losses. The losses are due to these effects:

Skin effect: The resistance of a wire to high frequency current is higher than its resistance to direct current because of skin effect. Radio frequency alternating current does not penetrate far into the body of a conductor but travels along its surface. Therefore, in a solid wire, most of the cross sectional area of the wire is not used to conduct the current, which is in a narrow annulus on the surface. This effect increases the resistance of the wire in the coil, which may already have a relatively high resistance due to its length and small diameter. Proximity effect: Another similar effect that also increases the resistance of the wire at high frequencies is proximity effect, which occurs in parallel wires that lie close to each other. The individual magnetic field of adjacent turns induces eddy currents in the wire of the coil, which causes the current in the conductor to be concentrated in a thin strip on the side near the

adjacent wire. Like skin effect, this reduces the effective cross-sectional area of the wire conducting current, increasing its resistance.

Parasitic capacitance: The capacitance between individual wire turns of the coil, called parasitic capacitance, does not cause energy losses but can change the behavior of the coil. Each turn of the coil is at a slightly different potential, so the electric field between neighboring turns stores charge on the wire. So the coil acts as if it has a capacitor in parallel with it. At a high enough frequency this capacitance can resonate with the inductance of the coil forming a tuned circuit, causing the coil to become self-resonant. Stray Inductance: All conductors in a circuit possess some inductance. At high frequencies stray inductance can become significant to reduce stray inductance lead lengths should be kept short. Carbon resistors are preferred over wire-wound resistors. However, some wire-wound resistors are made non-inductive by winding adjacent so that the magnetic fields cancel each other. To reduce parasitic capacitance and proximity effect, RF coils are constructed to avoid having many turns lying close together, parallel to one another. The windings of RF coils are often limited to a single layer, and the turns are spaced apart. To reduce resistance due to skin effect, in high-power inductors such as those used in transmitters the windings are sometimes made of a metal strip or tubing which has a larger surface area, and the surface is silver-plated.

Honeycomb coils: To reduce proximity effect and parasitic capacitance, multilayer RF coils are wound in patterns in which successive turns are not parallel but crisscrossed at an angle; these are often called honeycomb or basket-weave coils. Spiderweb coils: Another construction technique with similar advantages is flat spiral coils. These are often wound on a flat insulating support with radial spokes or slots, with the wire weaving in and out through the slots; these are called spiderweb coils. The form has an odd number of slots, so successive turns of the spiral lie on opposite sides of the form, increasing separation. Litz wire: To reduce skin effect losses, some coils are wound with a special type of radio frequency wire called litz wire. Instead of a single solid conductor, litz wire consists of several smaller wire strands that carry the current. Unlike ordinary stranded wire, the strands are insulated from each other, to prevent skin effect from forcing the current to the surface, and are braided together. The braid pattern ensures that each wire strand spends the same amount of its length on the outside of the braid, so skin effect distributes the current equally between the strands, resulting in a larger cross-sectional conduction area than an equivalent single wire.

Reference(sementara masih wikipedia semua dulu ya pak, nanti kalau udah beres semua, baru cari referensi yang lebih valid lagi): -> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor -> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductance#Calculation_techniques -> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductance/derivation_of_self_inductance

-> http://www.wilsonware.com/electronics/inductance.htm -> www.ece.pdx.edu/~prasads/Transformers.pdf -> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)