Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Prevalence? Up to 50% of rice soils are Zndeficient (White and Zasoski, 1999)
2 Human nutrition
Zn deficiency: children Impairs cognitive development Causes growth stunting Impairs immune system function Greater susceptibility to respiratory infections, diarrhea
all ages
Prevalence?
Burden of Disease: Least Developed Sub-region
Risk factors Underweight Zinc deficiency Iron deficiency Vitamin A deficiency Unsafe sex Sanitation Cooking stove pollution Blood pressure Cholesterol Tobacco 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Malnutrition
% Attributable DALYs
Starting in the late 1990s: biofortification=enriching food with human nutrients during plant growth
(in contrast to fortification=adding nutrients during food processing)
New goal: breeding plants to improve human nutrition Zn, Fe, vitamin A CGIAR Micronutrients Project multiple crops HarvestPlus Challenge Program
Fortification
Supplementation
30 ppm
from 20 most of Zn is retained (unlike Fe)
24 ppm
from 16
Approach:
Test Zn deficiency management recommendations on grain Zn
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -5 15 35
Days
55
75
95
Design and management: Jack Jacob, Efren Laureles, Oliver Castillo Implementation and data collection: Jerone Onoya, Max Alumaga, Angel Bautista, Briccio Salisi
Results: Soil
Available soil Zn (mg/kg)
40 30 20 10 0 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
120
Zn fertilization
Soil Zn is highest during drainage periods, regardless of when applied (as expected based on Zn-def research)
40
brown rice
35
30
25 Z0 ZB ZM ZL
IR69428-6-1-1-3-3 (biofortified) was above target Zn level under all conditions of this experiment Zn was increased from 31 to 37 ppm by adding Zn during a late season drainage period
Results: Soil
Redox potential
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 Alternate Wetting and Drying Continuous Flooding
Eh (mV)
AWD vs. CF: higher redox (i.e. more oxidized) higher Zn availability
Soil Zn availability
5
soil Zn (mg/kg)
4 3 2 1 0
25
bc c ab a
20
20
15 AWD CF
15 Z0 Z1 Z2 Z3
water management effect : AWD>CF by 2 ppm small Zn fertilizer effect (<1 ppm), only at highest Zn application rate
Aha! moments
water management (only as dry as safe AWD) affected grain Zn of a non-biofortified variety investigate AWD further even with optimized management, NSIC 158 only had 23 ppm Zn, compared with 37 for IR69428 management cant replace breeding
Approach:
Test Zn management strategies on multiple genotypes to determine basic physiological Zn uptake characteristics
Results: Grain Zn
40 IR69428 IR68144
a b c cd
35
c d
30
no effect of 1-week mid-season drainage on grain Zn this time IR69428 responded to late-season Zn application IR68144 responded to vegetative stage Zn application Implication: IR69428 continues taking up Zn during grain-filling IR68144 does not
Zn
Zn Get lots of Zn into plant early Ensure sufficient Zn supply during grain-filling
Results preview
Early season Zn efficiency (%) 88 49 58 100 98 93 75 90 Grain Zn attributable to different uptake mechanisms (%) Remobilization 11 32 100 100 100 0 0 31 Direct Uptake 89 68 0 0 0 100 100 69
Category Zn-deficiency tolerant Zn-deficiency susceptible Zn-biofortified: remobilization Zn-biofortified: direct uptake Popular check
Design and management: Ranee Mabesa Implementation and data collection: Jerone Onoya, Rowell Mayores, Nards Baclao
Results: Grain Zn
Zn-sufficient site Genotype NSIC222 IR64 IR68144 IR83668 IR85800 IR91152AC-79 IR83317AC-124 IR91143AC-4 IR83317AC-25 IR64196 IR75862 Zn-deficiency tolerant Biofortification: unknown Popular check Biofortification: remobilization Category >30 ppm Zn? No Almost (+spray) Yes (+spray) Yes No Yes Yes (+spray) Yes (+spray) No No (not planted) Responsive to foliar Zn? No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No No Zn-deficient site >30 ppm Zn? No No Almost (+spray) No No Responsive to foliar Zn? No Yes Yes No No
(not planted) No No
Results: Grain Zn
Zn-sufficient site Genotype NSIC222 IR64 IR68144 IR83668 IR85800 IR91152AC-79 IR83317AC-124 IR91143AC-4 IR83317AC-25 IR64196 IR75862 Zn-deficiency tolerant Biofortification: unknown Popular check Biofortification: remobilization Category >30 ppm Zn? No Almost (+spray) Yes (+spray) Yes No Yes Yes (+spray) Yes (+spray) No No (not planted) Responsive to foliar Zn? No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No No Zn-deficient site >30 ppm Zn? No No Almost (+spray) No No Responsive to foliar Zn? No Yes Yes No No
(not planted) No No
(Brooks, 2010)
Aha! moments
routine soil lab testing is not helpful because it doesnt measure redox-relevant parameters there must be a better way to assess E
New approach
Design GxE trials collaboratively, with locations chosen for Zn characteristics
Experiment design: Deepinder Grewal, Glenn Gregorio, Sarah Beebout Experiment management: Eric Clutario, Andy Sajise, Francis Rubianes
At each site:
Two sets of plant breeding trials:
Zn biofortification advanced lines, with and without Zn fertilizer (from Deepinder) Zn-deficiency tolerant advanced lines (from Glenn)
3. Joint experiments:
soil scientists influence design of breeding trials (location, + Zn fertilizer, data collection) breeders choose genotypes by standard breeding protocols (compromising on the number) division of labor for implementation
Challenges of stage 3
time: coordinating three research groups money: sorting out budgets fairly respect: sufficient mutual understanding of the other disciplines to listen to design ideas
2. Screen popular (old) varieties at same sites to rank Zn-deficiency tolerance 3. Biofortification: select for both remobilization and direct uptake
improve GxE performance make management more flexible
Acknowledgements
Funding: HarvestPlus; Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), through their Research Fellow Partnership Program (Impas post-doctoral fellowship) Interactive discussions about Zn research: Gerard Barry, Achim Dobermann, Matthias Wissuwa, Ismail Cakmak, Wolf Pfeiffer, Untung Susanto, Andrew Green Jason and Miriam Soils Group