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Abstract
The Central European Permo-Triassic basin was land-locked with occasional connections to the North Pangaea shelf and
Tethys. A thick sequence of siliciclastic fluvial and floodplain sediments separates the Late Permian marine carbonate–evaporite
cycles of the Zechstein Basin from marine Middle Triassic marls and carbonates of the Germanic Basin. Within this Latest
Permian–Middle Triassic siliciclastic interval, the location of the Permian–Triassic Boundary (PTB) is difficult to recognize. The
first limestones after the PTB are Induan mixed carbonate–siliciclastic oolites and microbialites of the Bernburg and Calvörde
Formations (Untere Buntsandstein Group). Consensus emerged after a long-lasting controversy that the carbonates of the so-called
Rogensteine are the relics of an alkaline playa lake. The idea of the marine genesis was finally rejected, because of the obvious lack
of calcified metazoans. The existing depositional playa lake-model will be tested using previously unconsidered data, such as
currently discussed Early Triassic recovery scenarios of marine benthic communities after the Permian–Triassic mass extinction,
global patterns of Early Triassic carbonate production, Permian–Triassic tectono-sedimentary evolution of northern Pangaea and
stable oxygen and carbon isotope data. The Rogenstein is interpreted as marine carbonate, showing the characteristic features of
marine carbonates of the Early Triassic recovery period:
– Calcified invertebrates are rare in many marine settings during the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. Thin shells
of the oolites resemble opportunistic bivalves flourishing in marine Early Triassic oceans.
– The oolites and microbialites are the product of abiotic and biotically-induced carbonate precipitation following the Permian–
Triassic mass extinction while biomineralisation is insignificant; Rogenstein microbialites look like marine Early Triassic
microbial reefs.
– The extraordinary size of the Rogenstein ooids resembles marine Neoproterozoic ooids. The term “anachronistic” has been used
in the literature to describe the similarities in the fabric and composition of Early Triassic and Early Palaeozoic/Neoproterozoic
marine carbonates.
– Stable carbon isotopes of least altered Rogenstein ooids and stromatolites exhibit trends similar to the composition of Triassic
seawater.
– The presence of flat pebble conglomerates and sediment structures similar to herring-bone cross stratification confirm the marine
genesis.
I propose that cool seawater transgressed during a global rise of Late Permian–Early Triassic base-level from the Barents shelf
southward along reactivated extensional graben structures and flooded the Central European Permo-Triassic basin. There, the
extremely hot and arid climate of the megacontinent Pangaea caused increased evaporation of seawater and subsequent
supersaturation with respect to calcium carbonate. Insignificant biomineralisation and high water energy in the shallow sea give rise
to largely abiotic and biotically-induced carbonate precipitation which resembles lake sediments at first sight. Benthic tropical
carbonate production started with the next transgression during the Röt Formation, leading to the sedimentation of marls and
limestones during the Spathian (late Olenekian).
© 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Fig. 1. Late Permian–Early Triassic paleogeography. (1) Map showing the location of Early Triassic marine microbialites. Rectangle shows position
of the Germanic basin (Central European Triassic basin). Dark gray = land masses, light gray = flooded shelves; data from Weidlich et al. (2003), Haas
et al. (2004) and Weidlich and Bernecker (2007). (2) Close-up view of the Germanic basin. Carbonates of the Altmark–Eichsfeld High have been
investigated for this paper. Other locations are discussed in the text and simplified logs are presented in Fig. 2. MNS-RF High = Mid North Sea-
Ringköbing-Fyn High.
Fig. 2. Chronostratigraphy and lithologic logs of a cross section from the southeastern Germanic basin (locations 1–4) to the northern Barents
gateway. Carbonate production is restricted to the Germanic basin; note the obvious change in the Triassic from biotically-induced to biotically-
controlled carbonate precipitation. The area of investigation is the Altmark–Eichsfeld High; su = Lower Buntsandstein Group, sm = Middle
Buntsandstein Group, so = Upper Buntsandstein Group; z = Zechstein; Vol.–Det. = Volpriehausen and Detfurth Formations; sea level curve from Jin
et al. (1994); the asterisk highlights the position of the study locality Harlyberg.
262 O. Weidlich / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 252 (2007) 259–269
occasionally flooded the land-locked continental depres- stromatolites occur frequently and ooids reach ex-
sion along reactivated rift structures from the north traordinary sizes with maximum diameters up to
(Barents gateway), the southwest (Hessian–Burgundian 20 mm. These carbonates have been called “Rogen-
gateway) and the southeast (East Carpathian and steine” (roestone) by Kalkowsky (1908) who pre-
Silesian–Moravian gateways). The exact position of the sented the first detailed description of oolites and
PTB is difficult to locate, because of poor outcrops. Early stromatolites.
Triassic clay-rich sandstone of the Calvörde Formation Two stratigraphically different carbonate units of
(Lower Buntsandstein Group) conformably overlies have been recognized in the Germanic basin on the basis
sandy silt- and claystone of the Late Permian Bröck- of lithostratigraphic correlations. The first unit of oolitic
elschiefer. The position of the PTB is based on limestone encompasses the Griesbachian Lower Bunt-
sporomorph and conchostracan associations (Kozur, sandstein Group (Fig. 2, su: Unterer Buntsandstein) and
1998; Bachmann and Kozur, 2004); distinct sedimento- the Bunter Shale Formation (Beutler and Schüler, 1987;
logical changes have not been reported (Menning, 1995). Röhling, 1991). It consists of basal thin carbonates of
During the Early Triassic, the Germanic basin was the Calvörde Formation and of the thicker succession of
almost completely land-locked, except for some short- the Rogenstein Member of the lower Bernburg Forma-
lived rift-induced phases with connections to the North tion. The second unit of oolites has been found in the
Pangea shelf and probably the Tethys (Fig. 1). Middle Buntsandstein Group (Fig. 2, sm: Mittlerer
Buntsandstein red beds exceeding 1200 m thickness Buntsandstein), notably the Volpriehausen, Detfurth,
were deposited under terrestrial, lacustrine and to some and Solling Formations. Investigations of this paper
extent shallow-marine conditions in the center of the focus on unit 1, notably the Rogenstein of the Bernburg
basin. Up to 450 m of siliciclastic sediment intercalated Formation at the Harlyberg locality.
with carbonate accumulated during the Lower Bunt- The genetic processes, which led to the deposition of
sandstein Group (Ziegler, 1990; Aigner and Bachmann, mixed carbonate–siliciclastic sediments of the Lower
1992). Carbonate siliciclastic intercalations have been Buntsandstein Group, have been discussed. Although
interpreted as fining-upward cycles (Szurlies et al., there has been the idea of a marine origin of the
1998), high-frequency cyclicity is probably related to carbonates (e.g., Usdowski, 1962; Langbein, 1985), the
base-level fluctuations and climate instability. Whether suggestion of a closed lacustrine depositional system
or not orbital forcing directly or indirectly controlled the has been widely accepted because of the lack of marine
cyclicity of the Lower Buntsandstein sediments is biota (e.g., Paul, 1982; Paul and Peryt, 2000; Hauschke
beyond the scope of this contribution. However, it has and Wilde, 2000; Becker, 2005; Knaust and Hauschke,
been reported that that short eccentricity cycles are 2005; Korte and Kozur, 2005). In addition, conchos-
important (Bachmann and Kozur, 2004). The ideal cycle tracans from fine-grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks
comprises the transition from sandstone to carbonate were used to confirm a non-marine genesis of the
and finally to siltstone with sandstones representing a Rogenstein.
fluvial environment (Paul and Peryt, 2000). It has been
argued that during wet periods, lake level transgressed 3. Local data favoring a re-interpretation
over fluvial deposits and, after a lag time, oolites with
varying siliciclastic input and stromatolites precipitated 3.1. Mode of carbonate production
from the probably alkaline lake. The carbonates in turn
are commonly overlain by reddish mudstones with The scarcity of bioclasts indicates that biomineralisa-
desiccation and/or syneresis cracks, which are attributed tion was minor despite the presence of carbonate-
to the shift from a permanent to an ephemeral lake secreting metazoans. From the quantitative point of
system and indicate falling lake level. view, calcified metazoans were insignificant for car-
Predominantly oolites and microbialites with vary- bonate production, while ooids and microbialites were
ing percentages of siliciclastic grains form an approx- dominant. Paul and Peryt (2000) who revisited Kalk-
imately 200 km wide belt extending from the southern owsky's “stromatolites” provided valuable data on their
North Sea to Lithuania. This unit reaches a maximum formation. The growth started on ripples of oolitic
thickness of 100 m in the southern North Sea (Rhys, grainstone, which had been already stabilized by
1975) and developed a thickness of 45 m near the cementation. Characteristic of the microbialites are
Altmark–Eichsfeld high (Fig. 2, AEH). The AEH is sponge-fenestrate and fan-like microfabrics, which
the key area of carbonate precipitation with carbonate may reflect different microbe populations (Paul and
beds reaching a maximum thickness of 3.5 m. Here, Peryt, 2000). Sediment texture of oolites ranges from
O. Weidlich / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 252 (2007) 259–269 263
packstone to float/rudstone, locally with strong bimod- microbial activity because of their asymmetric layers
ality in ooid size. Oolite groundmass contains varying (Figs. 3.3, 4.1–2). The cortex of ooids consists of
percentages of detrital quartz, micas and carbonate concentric and radial-fibrous microfabrics with changes
cement. Ooid types comprise normal ooids, regenerated within one individual ooid. The proposed textural and
ooid fragments, superficially incrusted ooid clasts and compositional heterogeneities within individual ooids as
cerebroid ooids. The latter probably resulted from well as within oolite beds suggest rapid changes of water
energy and chemistry over short periods of time.
The mode of carbonate production of the Rogen-
steine has to be re-evaluated in the light of the end-
Permian mass extinction and the Early Triassic recovery
period. Generally, marine carbonate precipitation repre-
sents a continuum of processes with (quasi-)abiotic
(spontaneous mineralization), (non-enzymatic) bioti-
cally-induced and (enzymatic) biotically-controlled
precipitation as end members (Webb, 2001; Schlager,
2003). Gradational boundaries exist especially between
biotically-induced and -controlled carbonate precipita-
tion exist. Environmental perturbations may cause a
change in carbonate production from biotically-con-
trolled to biotically-induced or even abiotic carbonate
production. This change is typical of the Early Triassic
recovery period following PT mass extinctions and
controls the deposition of so-called “anachronistic”
sediments (e.g., Lehrmann et al., 1998, 2001) which are
similar in appearance to Early Paleozoic or Neoproter-
ozoic sediments. Interestingly, “anachronistic” Early
Triassic carbonates from the Great Bank of Guizhou are
similar, because of the lack of bioturbation and the
presence of flat pebble conglomerates (Lehrmann et al.,
1998, 2001). Early Triassic microbialites known from a
variety of marine settings of the Tethys and Panthalassa
(Fig. 1) are a convincing testimony of changed
carbonate production during the aftermath of the PTB.
Oolites and microbialites of the Rogenstein Member
coincide with biotically-induced carbonate production.
The information presented here sheds new light on the
oolites and microbialites of the Lower Buntsandstein
Group and makes a marine genesis very likely.
Fig. 4. Photomicrographs and polished slab of oolites of the Rogenstein Member, Harlyberg, Lower Buntsandstein (The sample is from the upper part
of the Harly section, see Paul and Peryt, 2000, Fig. 14). See Fig. 1 for location and Fig. 2 for chronostratigraphy. 4.1 Polished slab with bimodal size
of ooids. The large ooids are cerebroid ooids (see text for details). Note the skeletal fragment (arrow). Scale bars in centimeter. 4.2 Close-up view of a
partly recrystallized cerebroid ooid. Scale = 1 cm. 4.3 Overview of a bimodal oolite containing bioclasts. The dark rectangles show the exact position
of Figs. 4.4–5. Scale bar = 2 cm. 4.4 Ooid with a bivalve fragment as nucleus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm; 4.5 Groundmass with ostracods. Scale
bar = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 5. Cross plot of δ18O and δ13C data of the Rogenstein Member (black dots) in comparison with a selection of published data (Baud et al., 1989;
Veizer et al., 1999; Payne et al., 2004; Corsetti et al., 2005; Korte et al., 2005). See text for interpretation. Least altered samples have been selected on
the basis of petrography.
and Kozur (2005) provided bulk rock data of the stratification were discovered. They were observed
Lower Buntsandstein carbonates and recognized within a thick, mixed carbonate–siliciclastic oolite at
trends similar to marine sections. Their values of Harlyberg (Fig. 6.1–2). The bimodal flow direction of
δ13 C vary between + 1 and − 2. However, they support tidal currents which is indicated by the different orien-
the playa like hypothesis. tation of the foreset laminae is favored as interpretation
The interpretation of δ18O data is ambiguous (Veizer despite the fact that trough cross bedding cannot be
et al., 1999) and not used to interpret primary signals. excluded.
Comparison with published data shows that the δ18O The ichnofauna of the Lower Buntsandstein Group
values of the Rogenstein samples plot within the field of consists of a variety of genera, including Planolites,
marine seawater of Veizer et al. (1999). Comparison Skolithos, Fuersichnus, Phycodes, Diplichnites, Ruso-
with recently published data (Korte et al., 2005), phycus, Cruziana, Diplopodichnus, Tambia and Gyro-
however, indicate that diagenetic overprint of ooids chorte. The interpretation of trace fossils is challenging,
and microbialites cannot be ruled out. because some sedimentary structures easily might be
misinterpreted as trace fossils (Knaust and Hauschke,
3.4. Sedimentary structures and trace fossils 2004). No trace fossils were discovered within the
oolites. Fine-grained siltstone yields trace fossils similar
A large number of sedimentary structures has been to the ichnogenus Planolites (alternatively Gyrochorte
described from the red beds of Lower Buntsandstein isp. has been suggested as ichnotaxon, A. Goetz, pers.
Group. Sedimentary structures of siliciclastic sediments communication). In cross section the epirelief is
comprise horizontal, cross, lenticular and wavy bedding cylindrical and has no walls. The diameter of the tubes
and ripples; mud cracks and syneresis cracks are typical is 0.8–1.1 cm. The trace fossil is parallel to bedding and
of clay- and siltstones. Sediment structures described consists of slightly bent tubes which are simple and lack
from the oolites comprise oscillation ripples, cross bifurcations or branches (Fig. 7.1). The tubes resemble
bedding and flat pebble conglomerates (Paul and Peryt, with respect to size and morphology Planolites from the
2000). Flat pebble conglomerates have been regarded as marine Myophoria beds of the Röt and Muschelkalk
typical sediments of the aftermath following the (Fig. 7.2; see Fig. 2 for Germanic Triassic stratigraphy).
Permian–Triassic mass extinction (Wignall and Twitch- It is crucial that morphologically similar trace fossils of
ett, 1999; Pruss et al., 2005) and they thought to form in the Lower Buntsandstein Group and the Röt siltstones
strom-dominated shelf environments in the western US have a similar size and did not undergo a dramatic
(S. Pruss, pers. communication). During field work, reduction of size (Lilliput effect), a phenomenon
sediment structures resembling herring-bone cross observed from Early Triassic trace fossils (Twitchett
266 O. Weidlich / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 252 (2007) 259–269
Considering (i) currently discussed Early Triassic Fig. 7. Photographs of trace fossils similar to Planolites isp., Lower
recovery scenarios of marine benthic communities, (ii) Buntsandstein (the sample is from the upper part of the Harly section,
global patterns of Early Triassic carbonate production, see Paul and Peryt, 2000, Fig. 14) and Röt Formation. See Fig. 1 for
(iii) Permian–Triassic tectono-sedimentary evolution of location and Fig. 2 for chronostratigraphy. 7.1 Bedding plane with
northern Pangaea, (iv) new outcrop and microfacies data trace fossil resembling Planolites, Harlyberg. Note that two genera-
tions of trace fossils (arrows) overlap despite their scarcity. Scale
and, finally, (v) stable oxygen and carbon isotope data, bar = 2 cm; 7.2 Bedding plane with Planolites isp. from the marine Röt
the existing depositional playa lake-model has been Formation. Note the increase in density and the variation in diameter.
tested. The current understanding of a lack of marine Scale bar in centimeters.
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