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Importance of Science
Improve our standard of living. Improve quality of environment. Understand the world around us. Prevention and treatment of diseases. Increase food supply
Areas of science
Biology Study of living things. Physics Study of matter, energy, force and motion and the way they relate to each other. Chemistry Study of composition, properties, reactions and uses of substances. Geology Study of rocks and minerals. Astronomy Study of universe. Meteorology Study of weather.
Career in science
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1. What is science ? _____________________________________________________ 2. Name three natural phenomena that bring about bad effects to living things. (a) __________________________________________________ (b) __________________________________________________ (c) __________________________________________________ 3. List three benefits of science to our lives (a) __________________________________________________ (b) __________________________________________________ (c) __________________________________________________ 4. State three main branches of study in science. (a) __________________________________________________ (b) __________________________________________________ (c) __________________________________________________ 5. Give five examples of career that related to science. (a) __________________________________________________ (b) __________________________________________________ (c) __________________________________________________ (d) __________________________________________________ (e) __________________________________________________
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Do not enter the laboratory without teachers permission. Do not take anything out of the laboratory. Read all the instruction before start any work Read the label on a reagent bottle before using its content Do not taste or smell any chemical Do not eat or drink in the laboratory Do not run and play at the laboratory Do not throw solid waste into the sink. Do not pour any unused chemical into its bottle. Clean apparatus that you have used.
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Test tube
Beaker
Gas jar
To collect gas
Conical flask
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Apparatus
Use
Filter mixture of solids and liquids
Filter funnel
Measuring cylinder
Evaporating dish
Bunsen burner
To provide a flame
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Apparatus
Use
To measure small volume of liquid
Burette
Pipette
Round-bottomed flask
Flat-bottomed flask
Crucible
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1. What action that should take when chemical get into your eyes? ______________________________________________________________ 2. Name the following apparatus and state its function. Apparatus Name Use
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PREPARE REPORT
PLANNING THE EXPERIMENT MAKE CONCLUSION SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION CONTROLLING VARIABLES INTERPRET DATA ANALYSE DATA COLLECTING DATA
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Review 3 : Steps In Scientific Investigation 1. Complete the following steps in scientific investigation. Step 1:
Step 3:
Step 5:
Step 6:
Step 7:
2. In the pendulum experiment, state the (a) Manipulated variable : _________________________________________ (b) Responding variable : ________________________________________ (c) Constant variable : ________________________________________
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Physical Quantities Length Mass Time Temperature Electric current Prefixe Tera Giga Mega Kilo Hecto Deca Deci Centi Milli Micro Nano Pico Femto
Unit Symbols m kg s K A
Symbol T G M k h da d c m n p f
Value of the symbol X 1012 X 109 X 106 X 103 X 102 X 101 X 10-1 X 10-2 X 10-3 X 10-6 X 10-9 X 10-12 X 10-15
Multification Factor X 1 000 000 000 000 X 1 000 000 000 X 1 000 000 X 1 000 X 10 X 10 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000001 0.000 000 001 0.000 000 000 001 0.000 000 000 000 001
Value of physical quantity 2 000 000 000 A 8 000 000 m 5 000 g 0.02m 0.005m 0.000007s
Prefix form 2 GA 8 Mm 5 kg 2 cm 5 mm 7 s
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Review 4 : Physical Quantities and Their Units 1. State 5 physical quantities and their SI unit .
Physical quantity
S.I unit
Symbol
2. Change the value of the physical quantity given to the standard form and the prefix form. Value of physical quantity 1 000 m 0.03 m 5 000 000 m 0.000 008 m 0.006 m 3. Change the values of the physical quantities to the prefix forms. (a) 5 000 g = ___________ kg (b) 0.008 kg = ___________ g (c) 7 500 g = ___________ kg (d) 5 500 m = ___________ km (e) 200 m = ___________ km (f) 0.03 m = ____________ cm Standard form Prefix form
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The quantity of matter in an object. The mass of an object is constant and not affected by gravitational force. Types of tools for measuring mass : - Lever balance - Triple beam balance - Electronic balance The S.I unit : Kilogram (kg)
Electronic balance
Compression balance
Spring balance 14
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Review 5 : The Concept of Mass 1. State the definition of : (a) Mass : _____________________________________________________ (b) Weight : ____________________________________________________ 2. State the S.I unit for : (a) Mass : _____________________________________________________ (b) Weight : ____________________________________________________ 3. State two example of tools to measure : (a) Mass : _____________________________________________________ (b) Weight : ____________________________________________________ 4. Complete the following table. On Earth 78kg 780N On Moon In Outer Space
Mass Weight
5. Name the balances. State whether it is used to measure the mass or weight of an object.
____________________ ____________________
__________________ __________________
________________ ________________
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Length is the distance between two points. The SI unit is metre (m). Other units that can be used for length : o kilometer (km) o centimeter (cm) o millimeter (mm) The relationship between the units of length 1cm = 10mm 1m = 100 cm = 1 000 mm 1 km = 1 000 m = 100 000 cm Instruments for measuring length ; o Metre rule to measure short straight line. o Measuring tapes to measure distances of up to several hundred metres. o Internal calipers - to measure the internal diameter. o External calipers to measure the external diameter. o Vernier calipers to measure the internal diameter, external diameter and the depth of an object. o Micrometer screw gauge When taking a reading, the eye must be placed vertically above the mark of scale to avoid parallax error. Parallax error an error in measurement due to the eye not being correct position while taking a reading.
Vernier callipers
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Measuring Area
Area is measure of the amount of a surface. Its SI unit is square meters (m2). Other units that can be used for area Square kilometers (km2) Square centimeters (cm2) Square millimeters (mm2) The relationship between the units of area 1cm2 = 100mm2 1m2 = 10 000 cm2 1 km2 = 1 000 000m2 The areas of regular-shaped object can be calculated by using mathematical formulae. The areas of irregular- shaped object can be estimated by tracing the object on a graph paper and counting the number of completed, half- completed or more than halfcompleted squares.
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Measuring Volume
Volume is a measure of the space occupied by a substances. Its SI unit is cubic meters (m3). Other units that can be used for volume Cubic millimeters (mm3) cubic centimeters (cm3) Milliliters (ml). Liters (l). The relationship between the units of area 1ml = 1cm3 1l = 1 000 ml = 1 000cm3 1 m3 = 1 000 000ml = 1 000 000 cm3 Tools for measuring volume of liquid: Measuring cylinder Burette Pipette The volume of regular-shaped solid objects can be calculated by using formulae. The volume of irregular-shaped solid objects can be measured by using water displacement method.
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SI Unit
Tools/Method
b. Volume of liquids
e. curved line
2. State the function of : (a) Vernier caliper : ______________________________________________ (b) Opisometer : ______________________________________________ 3. What is the parallax error ? ______________________________________________________________ 4. Why do we need to take reading for 3 times ? ______________________________________________________________
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