Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Lab
By
Aditya
Ranganathan
Grade
11.2
Physics
HL
IBDP
http://www.juztimage.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Pendulum.png
Background information: The three laws for a Simple Gravity Pendulum A simple pendulum is an idealization of a real pendulum implementing the following assumptions: 1. The rod or cord on which the bob swings is massless, inextensible and always remains taut; 2. Motion occurs on one plane (the bob traces an arc, not an ellipse) 3. The motion does not lose energy to friction or air resistance Aim: To prove the theory that the equation T2 = 42l/g applies to the motion of a pendulum by conducting an experiment, recording data and plotting T2 vs. l which should result in a linear graph. Also, to find the acceleration due to gravity using data obtained from the experiment. Materials Required: 50 cm String x 1
Metal Bob of 2.21cm diamater x 1 Metre Rule x 1 Vernier Caliper x 1 Stopwatch x 1 (Least count 0.01s) Stand with clamp x 1 Data Collection Table 1.1 Length of String (cm)0.001cm 7.21 14.31 29.71 38.41 46.81 Note: the uncertainty of the Average is higher because when taking the sum of the 3 readings, the uncertainty is added up as well and when divided by 3, the uncertainty stays the same, so the uncertainty increases from 0.01s to 0.03s. First 3 reading times (s) for 20 oscillations 0.01s Average time (s) for 20 oscillations 0.03s Average time for 1 oscillation (s) 0.03s 10.63 14.03 21.30 24.55 27.24 1.36 1.23 1.07 0.70 0.53
10.66 10.63 10.60 14.15 13.87 14.09 21.31 21.31 21.28 24.62 24.50 24.53 27.31 27.16 27.25
The relationship suggested by the trendline does somewhat match the relationship shown by the data in Table 1.1, but does not from the range x=0.532 - 1.065 However, both relationships show that the slope is decreasing per unit length. This fact shows that the relationship is not linear, and also that the rate of increase of x is higher than that of y, causing the slope to become less steep. The rate of increase in length of string is higher than the rate of increase of the average time taken for 1 oscillation. The theory predicts that the period depends on the square root of the length, so from the equation: T=2(l/g)1/2 Which can also be expressed as: T2 = 42l/g To plot T2 vs. l;
Table 1.2 l 7.21 14.31 29.71 38.41 46.81 Figure 1.2 T2 vs. l T2 0.28 0.49 1.13 1.51 1.86
T2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
0.28
0.49
1.13
1.51
T2
Linear(T2)
1.86
Except for the range 0.28-0.49, there is a linear relationship between T2 and l. The gradient of the trendline is: or simply; (Y2-Y1)/(X2-X1) --->(1.86-0.28)/(46.81-7.21) =1.58/39.6
=0.039898989 T2 = 42l/g rearranging the equation, we can say that g=(42l)/T2 Now that we have found l/T2 (i.e. the gradient of figure 1.2), we can say that to calculate acceleration due to gravity; --->g=42/m, or (1/m)42 =(1/0.039898989)42 =989.4590964 cm/s2 =9.894590964 m/s2 The actual value of acceleration due to gravity is 9.80665 m/s2 So there is a 0.087940964 m/s2 difference in my calculated value The percentage error here is 0.896748267%, and the error analysis is provided in the evaluation.
Conclusion
From
this
experiment,
I
can
conclude
that
the
theory
that
the
equation
T=2(l/g)1/2
(or
simply
T2
=
42l/g)
is
valid,
and
also
helps
to
deduce
acceleration
due
to
gravity
through
finding
the
linear
relationship
between
T2
and
l.
Evaluation
Since
there
was
a
0.896748267%,
some
error
has
undoubtedly
been
introduced
into
the
experiment.
I
think
that
the
method
could
have
been
improved
with
the
use
of
sensors,
which
is
explained
below,
but
this
is
not
practical
for
classroom
use.
There
is
a
very
significant
amount
of
random
error
introduced
into
this
experiment.
To
measure
the
time
taken
for
20
oscillations,
I
used
a
stopwatch
and
manually
stopped
it
every
time
I
saw
the
bob
reach
the
initial
approximate
angle
from
which
it
was
dropped.
Error
here
comes
from
the
reaction
time
it
takes
for
me
to
press
the
stop
button
on
the
stopwatch
to
stop
the
time
and
take
the
reading,
and
from
my
approximation
of
when
to
stop
the
watch
itself.
My
approximation
is
not
perfect,
as
I
am
stopping
the
watch
when
I
feel
the
bob
is
turning
directions
at
the
end
of
one
side
of
its
trajectory.
I
am
also
assuming
that
the
motion
is
on
the
same
plane,
and
that
the
pendulum
is
not
moving
even
a
slight
ellipse,
which
the
naked
eye
cannot
discern
accurately.
Also,
I
have
used
a
digital
instrument
with
an
uncertainty
of
0.01s.
One
way
to
eliminate
these
errors
is
by
using
an
ultrasonic
sensor
to
detect
when
the
pendulum
reaches
its
maximum
height
on
the
side
from
which
it
was
dropped.
This
would
very
significantly
decrease
the
random
(human)
error
induced
into
the
experiment
through
taking
readings
manually.
This
sensor
would
automatically,
nearly
instantaneously;
take
the
reading
of
the
time
when
the
pendulum
reaches
the
exact
height
the
experimenter
wants
it
to.
Furthermore,
we
did
not
release
the
bob
from
the
exact
same
angle
every
time.
We
did
release
it
from
approximately
10
degrees,
but
it
was
not
in
the
absolute
same
position
every
time,
which
introduced
random
error
into
the
experiment.
This
could
have
been
improved
on
by
again
using
a
sensor
to
tell
the
experimenter
at
which
point
to
release
the
pendulum
from.
Also,
the
fans
were
when
we
were
conducting
the
experiment.
This
is
a
significant
source
of
error.
The
air
currents
the
fan
created
may
have
caused
variations
in
the
swings
of
the
pendulum,
and
this
may
have
lead
to
inaccuracy
in
the
results
recorded.
To
assure
that
this
source
of
error
is
avoided,
all
the
fans
should
be
turned
off
for
the
duration
of
the
experiment.
Bibliography:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum
Accessed
on
Sunday
September
25
at
10:52pm
http://www.myphysicslab.com/pendulum1.html
Accessed
on
Saturday
September
24
at
9:43am