REPRODUCTION

Name of Candidate: .. Subject: Biology Date: _____________________

Biology Concepts
Class / Section: X M . Notes

Sexual Reproduction
Definition: It is the process in which two haploid (n) cells (gametes) fuse to form a diploid (2n) zygote. Basis of Sexual Reproduction: Sexual reproduction is based on meiosis. As a result of meiosis gametes are formed. The male gamete is called sperm, and female gamete is called egg. Two gametes fuse to form zygote, which is the first diploid (2n) cell of new generation. Male Gametes: Sperm (male gametes) are formed inside the body of male individual within a specialized organ called testes (singular: testis). Spermatogenesis: The production of the sperm is called spermatogenesis. The process of spermatogenesis starts from a specialized cell called spermatogonium by the process of meiosis. It divides to form primary spermatocyte which divides to form spermatids which further divides to form sperms. Structure of Sperm: It consists of two parts a head and tail. Head contains nucleus and cytoplasm while tail help in swimming. Female Gametes: Eggs are the female gametes formed inside the body of female within special organs called ovaries. Oogenesis: The formation of ova or egg is called oogenesis. Formation of the ova takes place in following steps forms secondary oocyte. Secondary oocyte forms two cells. One of the tow is larger in size and is called egg. The other cell is called polar body. At the end of oogensis, one egg cell and the polar bodies are formed. Which damages, only the egg cell left. This formation of egg is the result of meiosis. Structure of Egg: It is the rounded cell with central nucleus and cytoplasm. Role of Meiosis in Sexual Reproduction: The meiosis plays the fundamental role in sexual reproduction, it provides the mechanism for reducing the number of chromosomes to one half in gametes. It is also responsible for the exchange of genetic material in chromosomes by the phenomenon of crossing over. The diploid number of chromosomes in the zygote provides the genetic make up for the new individual . the zygote by simple mitosis change into embryo and the embryo develops into a new individual by cell division differentiation and growth.
Prepared by: Ahmed Kaleem Khan Niazi
Email kalim_niazi@aol.com

W 02 Ecology

REPRODUCTION

Biology Concepts

Difference between Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction
1. Number of Parents: Only one parent is involved in asexual reproduction 2. Meiosis No meiosis takes place. 3. Gametes: No gamete formation is involved. 4. Fertilization: No fertilization takes place in this reproduction. 5. Variations: No variations, offspring are identical to the parents in asexual reproduction. 6. No. of Offspring: Rapid production of large number of offspring in asexual reproduction.

Sexual Reproduction
1. Number of Parents: Two parent takes part in asexual reproduction 2. Meiosis: Meiosis takes place in this reproduction. 3. Gametes: Gametes are formed in it. 4. Fertilization: Fertilization takes place in this reproduction. 5. Variations: Genetic recombination occurs leading to variation among new individuals in sexual reproduction. 6. No. of Offspring: Less rapid increase in number in sexual reproduction.

Prepared by: Ahmed Kaleem Khan Niazi

Email kalim_niazi@aol.com

W 02 Ecology