Dr Kim S.

Elliott
University of Nottingham

Workshop on the Design of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete to EC2

Kuala Lumpur : 26 27 March 2009

Johor Bharu : 30 31 March 2009

Workshop on EC2
Program Day 1 9.15 9.35 Lecture 1. Introduction to Eurocodes Lecture 2. Loads, Actions and Combinations

10.30 Break 11.00 Lecture 3. Materials, Durability & Fire

11.30 Lecture 4. Reinforced Concrete: flexure, shear, deflection

12.45 Lunch

14.00 Lecture 5. Reinforced Concrete: compression, columns & walls

15.00 Break and set up classroom

15.15 4 storey RC frame exercise

4 storey RC frame braced and unbraced exercise

Workshop on EC2
Program Day 2 8.45 9.15 Lecture 6. Introduction to prestressed concrete & European product standards Lecture 7. Material, creep & losses, durability & fire

10.00 Break 10.30 Lecture 8. Prestressed flexure: service & ultimate 11.45 Lecture 9. Prestressed ultimate shear 12.30 Lunch 14.30 Lecture 10. Prestressed interface shear & deflection

15.00 Break and set up classroom

15.15 Composite prestressed beam exercise

Composite prestressed inverted tee beam exercise

The Eurocode Family

(57 all together)

BS EN 1990: Basis of design BS EN 1991: Actions

BS EN 1992: Concrete
BS EN 1993: Structural steelwork BS EN 1994: Composite steel and concrete

BS EN 1995: Timber
BS EN 1996: Masonry BS EN 1997: Foundations

BS EN 1998: Seismic
BS EN 1999: Aluminium

Format of the Eurocodes

Each Eurocode contains: National Foreword Main text and Annexes (Normative and/or Informative) National Annex (NA) provides : - values of Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs) boxed values - the decision where the Main text allows alternative methods. - the choice of Class where alternatives are given (e.g. to allow for different environmental conditions) - the choice of adopting Informative Annexes Non-contradictory complementary information

NDPs have been allowed for reasons of safety, economy and durability.

Nationally Determined Parameters

Mainly use the recommended value but - acc = 1.0 >> = 0.85 (used in fcd = acc fck/gm) - flarge = 32 >> = 40 mm - k1 to k6 changed moment redistribution limits - gP,fav = 1.0 >> = 0.9 (g for prestress) - additional requirements on span/depth l/d and crack wmax Simplified load combinations

Use of BS 8500-1 (Concrete) for recommended concrete grade, minimum cover, water/cement, cement content, types of cement
PD 6687 background to NA, e.g. on maximum areas, stability ties for progressive collapse are same as BS8110 Guidance on use of stainless steel, post-tensioned floors, deflections, detailing.

BS EN 1990 Basis of structural design Eurocode 0

Generally the structure shall be verified at:
Ultimate Limit State: Any condition that concerns the safety of people or structure Loss of equilibrium (EQU); Internal failure or excessive structural deformation (STR); Failure or excessive deformation of ground (GEO); failure caused by time dependent effects such as fatigue (FAT). Serviceability Limit State: Corresponds to conditions in use of the structure. The limit state could be related to cracking, deformation or vibration.

BS EN 1991 Actions on Structures Eurocode EC1

EN 1991-1-1 EN 1991-1-2 EN 1991-1-3 EN 1991-1-4 General actions- densities, self weight, imposed loads Actions on structures exposed to fire Snow loads Wind actions

BS EN 1991 Actions on Structures Eurocode EC1

EN 1991-1-5 EN 1991-1-6 EN 1991-1-7 EN 1991-2 EN 1991-3 EN 1991-4 Thermal actions Actions during execution Accidental actions Traffic loads on bridges Actions induced by cranes and machinery Silos and tanks

BS EN 1991 Actions on Structures

Influences durability, e.g. cover to bars for certain exposure 30 >> 40 mm

BS EN 1992 : Concrete Structures Eurocode EC2

1: General 2: Basis of Design 3: Materials 4: Durability and cover to reinforcement 5: Structural analysis 6: Ultimate limit states 7: Serviceability limit states 8: Detailing of reinforcement and prestressing 9: Detailing of members and particular rules 10: Precast concrete elements and structures 11: Lightweight aggregate concrete structures 12: Plain and lightly reinforced concrete structures

EC2 Part 1-1 does not cover:

Resistance to fire Particular aspects of special types of building (e.g. tall buildings) Particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (e.g. viaducts, bridges, dams, pressure vessels, offshore platforms or liquid retaining structures) No-fines concrete and aerated concrete components, and those made with heavy aggregate or containing steel sections

EC2 does not give helpful design procedures, e.g. beam design or column charts

 The Concrete Centre, UK EC2 Design Guides do it for us, presenting the design in a similar manner to methods used in BS8110

 The Concrete Centre, UK EC2 Design Guides

e.g. beam design procedure

The Concrete Centre, UK EC2 Design Guides

e.g. deflection control by span/depth ratio

Related Standards
BS 8500-1, BS8500-2, EN 206 Complimentary British Standards for the specification of cement and concrete.

BS10260: Specification for aggregates.

BS4449 / BS EN 10080
Specification for carbon steel for reinforcement was revised in 2006. It is complimentary to EC2 Annex C and the forthcoming EN10080.

Major change is high tensile bar fyk = 500 N/mm2 (grade H)

3 classes of bar: A, B and C with increasing ductility, limiting the amount of moment redistribution.

Related Standards
BS EN13670 Execution of concrete structures, replacing BS8110 Part 1, Sections 6 and 7 on tolerances, workmanship, etc. There is no equivalent guidance in EC2.

Other items without equivalence:

Lateral load distribution of point and line loads, e.g. 0.25L rule
Staircase reactions on landings Design procedure for flexure, e.g. K = M/fcu bd2, and so on Bending moment coefficients for beams and slabs, e.g. 0.071Fl

Conclusions
1. The family of Eurocodes is based on principles, rather than methods

2. All materials are subjected to the same limit state regime

3. Format for all codes is : principles, materials, ultimate, service, detailing 4. Materials may cross over, e.g. concrete and timber have the same principles, load and material factors 5. UK has used back up from BS8110 and BS5950 to fill in some of the missing gaps 6. Some data are hard to find, e.g. limiting x/d ratio for underreinforced beams