SKELETAL SYSTEM

Jeremy G. Vicencio Department of Biology University of the Philippines Manila 1st Semester, A.Y. 2011-2012

The Skeleton
Support for the animal body Terrestrial environment prevents the animals body from collapsing under its own weight. Aquatic environment supports the shape of the animals body to counteract the pressure that acts on it.

Types of Skeleton

Chemical Composition of Various Exoskeletons

Organism Radiolarians Arthropods Mollusks Echinoderms Turtles Type Shell with testa Chitinized cuticle/carapace Shell Ossicles Carapace and plastron/scutes Composition Strontium sulfate or silica Mineralized chitin Chonchiolin with Calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate or keratin

Chemical Composition of Various Exoskeletons

Organism Sponges Corals Vertebrates Type Spicules, spongin Spicules Bone Composition Silica, calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate Calcium or Magnesium phosphate, collagen, glycosaminoglycans

Bone Formation
Bone always arises by the replacement of some pre-existing tissue If the pre-existing tissue is hyaline cartilage, the process is called endochondral ossification (long bones) If the pre-existing material is embryonic mesenchyme, the process is called intramembranous ossification (flat bones of the skull)

Examples of Cartilage Bones and Dermal Bones

Cartilage Bones Exoccipital Sphenethmoid Prootic Palatine Pterygoid Mentomeckelian Posterior cornua Dermal Bones Fronto-parietal Parasphenoid Nasal Vomer Squamosal Premaxilla Maxilla Quadratojugal Angulo-Splenial Dentary

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Jeremy G. Vicencio Department of Biology University of the Philippines Manila 1st Semester, A.Y. 2011-2012

OIA
Origin
Relatively fixed point of attachment

Insertion
Relatively movable point of attachment

Action
Accomplished by contraction or shortening in length

Actions of Skeletal Muscles

Muscle Function Extensor Straightens a joint Flexor Bends a joint Abductor Moves a body part away from the midline of the body Adductor Moves a body part toward the midline of the body Levator Raises a body part

Depressor Lowers a body part Protractor Causes a body part to be thrust forward or outward Rotator Rotates a body part

Frog Dissection

Fall 2000 Jenna Hellack

Frog Dorsal view

Frog shoulder lateral view

Muscles contrasted
Tympanic membrane

10

Mouse click once for key

4. 5. 6. 10.

Masseter Depressor mandibularis Dorsalis scapulae Latissimus dorsi

Frog shoulder dorsal view

Muscles contrasted
6 5 10 2

4 7

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2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 10.

Pterygoideus Masseter Depressor mandibularis Dorsalis scapulae Deltoid Latissimus dorsi

Anterior Dorsal view

Muscles contrasted

Mouse click once for key 2. 3. 4. 5. Pterygoideus Temporal Masseter Depressor mandibularis 6. Dorsalis scapulae 10. Latissimus dorsi 11. Longissimus dorsi 14. External oblique

Legs lateral muscles

Muscles contrasted

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17. 18. 20. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. Gluteus Piriformis Triceps femoris Gracilis minor Gastrocnemius Tendon of Achilles Semimembranous Biceps femoris

Ventral muscles
Contrasted muscles

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7. 9. 13. 20. 21. 22. 24. 25. 26. 27. 30.

Deltoid Pectoralis Linea alba Triceps femoris Adductor magnus Sartorius Gracilis major Gracilis minor Gastrocnemius Tendon of Achilles Mylohoid

Frog ventral anterior muscles

Muscles contrasted

Mouse click once for key 7. Deltoid 9. Pectoralis 12. Rectus abdominis 13. Linea alba 14. External oblique

Frog medial leg

Muscles contrasted

Mouse click once for key 20. Triceps femoris 21. Adductor magnus 22. Sartorius 24. Gracilis major 26. Gastrocnemius

Legs medial muscles

Mouse click once for key 19. Adductor longus 20. Triceps femoris 21. Adductor magnus 22. Sartorius 24. Gracilis major 25. Gracilis minor 26. Gastrocnemius 27. Tendon Achilles

Medial leg muscles (deep)

Mouse click once forSartorius (cut) key
Adductor longus (cut) Triceps femoris Adductor magnus Gracilis major Gracilis minor

Semitendinosus (double belly)

12. 14. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Rectus abdominis External oblique Adductor longus Triceps femoris Adductor magnus Sartorius

23. 24. 26. 28.

Semitendinosus Gracilis major Gastrocnemius Semimebranosus

Key to Frog muscles

1. Mylohyoid 2. Pterygoideus 3. Temporal 4. Masseter 5. Depressor mandibularis 6. Dorsalis scapulae 7. Deltoid 8. Triceps brachii 9. Pectoralis 10. Latissimus dorsi 11. Longissimus dorsi 12. Rectus abdominis 13. Linea alba 15. Cutaneous abdominis 16.---17. Gluteus 18. Piriformis 19. Adductor longus 20. Triceps femoris 21. Adductor magnus 22. Sartorius 23. Semitendinosus 24. Gracilis major 25. Gracilis minor 26. Gastrocnemius 27. Tendon Achilles 28. Semimembranous 29. Biceps femoris