Chapter 1 Biology : The study of life and living things and their interactions with one another and

the natural enviroment. Chapter 2 Both plant and animal cells have : nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane Plasma Membrane - Seperates content of cell from external enviroment - Regulates the movement of substances leaving and entering cell - Exchange of nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases between cell and its enviroment Cytoplasm - Acts as a medium where bio-chemical reactions and living processes occur - Provides organelles with substances obtained from external enviroment Cell Wall - Maintains shape of plant cell - Provides mechnical strength and support to plant cell - Protects plant cell from bursting due to excess of water into cell Vacoules - Stores chemicals (organic acids, sugars, amino acids, mineral salts, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste minerals, pigments, metabolic by products) - Contributes to plant elongation by absorbing water and causing plant to expand Nucleus - Controls all cellular activities - Contains DNA Mitochondria - Sites of cellular respiration (respiratory enzymes) - Releases energy in the form of ATP Ribosomes - Sites of protein synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum - Rough ER : Transports protein made by ribosomes - Smooth ER : Synthesises lipids and carries out detoxification Golgi Apparatus - Processing, packaging and transport centre of carbohydrates, proteins and glyco-proteins

Lysosomes - Digestive compartment in a cell - Hydrolytic enzymes digest and break down complex organic molecules Centrioles - Form spindle fibres during cell division in animal cell Chloroplast - Contains green pigment, chlorophyll - Chlorophyll : Traps sunlight energy , converts light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis - Green pigment : Gives plant their green colour ANIMAL CELLS AND PLANT CELLS Similarities - Both have nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes Differences Structure/ Characteristic Shape Cell Walls Chloroplasts Vacoules Food Storage (Carbohydrate in the form of) Centrioles Animal Cells No No No No, if present(small and numerous) Glycogen Yes Plant Cells Yes, fixed shape Yes Yes Yes Starch No

The Density of Organelles in Specific Cells Mitochondria (Energy in the form of ATP generated during celular respiration, instant source of energy to cell) Sperm Cell : Requires energy to propel through uterus towards the Fallopian tubes Muscle Cell : Contracts and relax to enable movement or flight Meristematic Cells : For cell division to produce new cells Chloroplasts Palisade Mesophyll Cell : Absorbs sunlight during photosynthesis Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus Pancreatic Cells : Synthesise and secrete enzymes and hormones Salivary Gland Cells : Synthesise and secrete enzyme Intestinal and Stomach Epithelial : Secretes digestive enzymes

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Interstitial cells in testes and adrenal glands : Synthesise and secretes steroids and hormones Liver Cells : Carbohydrate metabolism and detoxification Golgi apparatus Goblet Cells : Secrete mucus Root cap Cells : Secrete slimy lubricant helps in the movement of root between soil particles Unicellular organism Single cell Feed, respire, excrete, move Responds to stimuli Reproduces and grows Amoeba s.p & Paramecium s.p Amoeba (key words) LOCOMOTION Pseudopodia / false feet Cytoplasmic projection (extending pseupodia) Cytoplasm into pseudopodia Locomotion : Ameboid Movement FEEDING Microscopic organisms (bacteria) Engulfing food Phagocytosis o Approach food o 2 Pseudopodia extends out and encloses food o Food particles packaged in food vacoule, fuses with lysosome (contains lysozyme) o Food particles digested by lysozyme o Nutrients diffuse into cytoplasm o Undigested material left behind RESPIRATION Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through plasma membrane by simple diffusion