Human Histology July 26-27, 2010 Organology study of organs Organs of the body divided into two types;

s; 1. hollow organs 2. solid organs Solid Organs Basic Structure Stroma Also known as framework Supporting structure, framework or lattice made up of connective tissue From the stroma, the supporting structure known as the capsule arises From the capsule, strands of connective tissue will develop, dividing the organ (parenchyma) into smaller compartments, these are known as the trabeculae (singular: trabecula) In some organs aside from having a trabecula, the organ may have a septum (plural: septa), which also develops from the capsule and will likewise divide the organ (parenchyma) into several compartments. The functional component cells (parenchyma) of the organ will be supported by a network of fibers. The stroma of solid organs will include; 1. capsule 2. septum 3. trabecula may be

4. network of fibers Parenchyma Responsible for the function of the solid organ Cellular part of the organ Solid organs will always have a stroma and a parenchyma. Lymphoid Organs A collection of lymphoid connective tissue with a definite set of characteristics Made up of lymphocytes, which are responsible for the function of lymphoid organs Collections of lymphoid tissue may form an organ or form a part of an organ Examples of lymphoid (solid) organs; 1. lymph node 2. thymus 3. spleen These are solid organs, made up of lymphoid connective tissue. Function: production of lymphocytes Collection of lymphoid tissues in certain areas of an organ, especially on the mucous membrane of hollow organs, form the MALT Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues Mucosa associated: collection of lymphoid tissue will be in the mucous membrane Examples of MALT (as part of an organ); 1. Tonsils

2. Peyers patch (mucous membrane of ileum) 3. Appendix (mucous connective tissue, mucous membrane) General Structure

A. Stroma - framework - capsule, trabeculae, septa, reticular network

B. Parenchyma - cellular part - made up of lymphocytes, monocytes, plasma cells, macrophages

Lymph Node Aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the course of the lymphatic vessels Location - axilla, inguinal area, cervical, mesentery Structure Rounded or kidney-shaped organ with a slight indentation (hilus) where the blood vessels enter and leave the organ Stroma of lymph node Capsule Trabeculae Network of reticular fibers and cells Parenchyma Cellular part responsible for the function of the organ A. Cortex (peripheral) - lymphatic nodules

germinal center (of Flemming) - lymphocytes : nodular C. Medulla (central) - medullary cords - lymphocytes : in cords (medullary cords) Lymphatic Sinuses Spaces within the lymph node for passage of lymph during lymph filtration 1. Subcapsular Primary or marginal; beneath capsule and nodule 2. Cortical Secondary; space between trabeculae and nodule 3. Medullary Space between medullary cords and trabecula Functions 1. Filtration of lymph (from intercellular spaces in CT) 2. Production of lymphocytes 3. Immune defense (secondary; macrophages) Filtration of Lymph Lymph Afferent lymph vessel Convex part of lymph node Sinuses Efferent vessels at hilus (with valves directed away from node) Spleen Largest lymphoid organ Location - left hypochondriac region A. Stroma Capsule : fibro-muscular, smooth muscle

Trabeculae : splenic lobule, structural and functional unit of spleen Network of reticular fibers and cells B. Parenchyma splenic pulp 1. White pulp Lymphocytes : diffused or in nodules Forms the PALS (periarterial lymphoid sheath) which surrounds the arteries Central artery : artery within the nodule 2. Red pulp Bilroths or splenic cord and venous sinuses (spaces between the cords), not lymph sinuses Blood Vessels Splenic artery : arteries which supply the spleen Spelnic artery Passes trabeculae, become trabecular arteries Reaches dm of 2 mm, artery enters white pulp, acquires lymphoid sheath (PALS), now known as central artery Reaches dm of 25 micra Artery enters red pulp Becomes a penicillar artery or a penicillus of Ruysch. Penicillar Artery Segments 1. Pulp arteriole longest part 2. Sheathed artery covered by the sheath of SchweigerSeidel, constitute the splenic ellipsoid (sheath and sheathed artery) 3. Terminal branches dilation : ampulla of Thoma Functions of the Spleen

1. Filtration of blood; blood filter 2. Blood reservoir, due to venous sinuses 3. Iron storage 4. Production of lymphocytes (nodules in white pulp) 5. Immunologic defense (macrophages) Thymus Broad, flat, bilobed mass of lymphoid tissue found just beneath the upper part of the sternum, a primary lymphoid organ First lymphoid organ seeded by lymphocytes from the bone marrow The lymphocytes are honed in the thymus A. Stroma 1. Capsule 2. Septa 3. Trabecul ae end at the corticomedullary junction B. Parenchyma 1. Cortex Lymphocytes are diffused 2. Medulla Lymphocytes are diffused Found here : Hassalls or thymic corpuscle - nest of epithelioid cells containing keratohyaline granules arranged concentrically Functions 1. Producti on of lymphocytes primary function 2. Immune defense presence of plasma cells and macrophages

Tonsils One of the MALT Accumulation of lymphoid tissue in the lamina propria of the upper part of the respiratory and digestive tracts Types 1. Pharyngeal or Adenoid only one, located at the dorsal midline part of the nasopharynx 2. Palatine or Faucial two, the left and right, located in the glossopalatine arch or the pharyngopalatine arches 3. Lingual located at the root of the tongue These tonsils guard the opening of the upper part of the respiratory and digestive tract or throat and form a ring-like structure along with other smaller collections of lymphoid tissue (includes solitary nodules) in the lamina propria of the throat, all of these form the Ring of Waldeyer Basic Structure Tonsils are covered by epithelium (type depends on location), infiltrated with lymphocytes Epithelium invaginates, goes down to the lamina propria to form crypts known as the tonsillar crypts Tonsillar crypts contain desquamated epithelial cells and degenerated/degenerating lymphocytes to form the salivary corpuscles Capsule Only located on one side, opposite to the lining epithelium, not entire tonsil is covered

Half will be covered by the connective tissue capsule, while the exposed part is covered by epithelium Typical lymphatic nodules A nodule with a dark peripheral part and a pale center (germinal center) Present in the tonsils, but lymphatic sinuses are absent Differentiation Bases Adenoid Fauci Lingu al al
Epitheli um Pseudostra tified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells Shallow pseudo crypt Seromucous Surface of tonsil Stratifie d squamo us Deep and branchi ng Mucous Surface or upper part of crypt Very commo n Stratifie d squamo us Deep and branchi ng Mucous Bottom of crypt

Crypts

Associat ed glands Opening of glans

Infectio n

Not common

Rare

Peyers Patch Accumulations of lymphoid tissues or aggregates of nodules found in the lamina propria of the ileum opposite its mesenteric attachment Collection of lymphoid tissues will be only on one side of the organ, the side opposite its attachment Contains typical lymphatic nodules but no lymphatic sinuses There will be infiltration of the overlying epithelium, since the lining epithelium of the small intestine is simple columnar, the

Peyers patch will be covered by simple columnar epithelium Functions 1. Production of lymphocytes 2. Immune defense Confluent Nodules of the Appendix Collection of lymphoid tissue found in the lamina propria of the appendix all around its lumen Contains typical lymphatic nodules but no lymphatic sinuses Covering epithelium is simple columnar Functions 1. Production of lymphocytes 2. Immune defense