UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS: The units of measurements are mainly categorised for their nature, shape and size and

for making payments to the contractor. The principle of units of measurements normally consists the following: a) Single units work like doors, windows, trusses etc., are expressed in numbers.

b) Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice, fencing, hand rail, bands of specified width etc., are exp ressed in running metres (RM) c) Works consists areal surface measurements involve area like plastering, white washing, partitions of specified thickness etc., are expressed in square meters (m 2 ) d) Works consists cubical contents which involve volume like earth work, cement concrete, Masonry etc are expressed in Cubic meters (m3 ) RULES FOR MEASUREMENT : The rules for measurement are described in IS-1200. 1. Measurement shall be made for finished item of work and description of each item shall include materials, transport, labour, fabrication tools and plant and all types of overheads for finishing the work in required shape, size and specification. 2. In booking, the order shall be in sequence of length, breadth and height or thickness. 3.All works shall be measured subject to the following tolerances. i) Linear measurement shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m. ii) Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq.m iii) Cubic contents shall be worked-out to the nearest 0.01 cum 4.Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall be measured separately under separate items. 5.The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions, workmanships and accurately represent the work to be executed. 6.In case of masonary (stone or brick) or structural concrete, the categories shall be measured separately and the heights shall be described: a) from foundation to plinth level b) from plinth level to First floor level c) from Fist floor to Second floor level and so on. Specifications In technical drawings due to shortage of space, it is not possible to describe qual ity of materials information on the drawing. The data regarding materials and workmanship is conveyed in a separate document is known as specifications. Necessity of Specification cost of unit quantity of work estimated quality and quantity of materials can be estimated it serves as a guide to supervisors tenders are based on specifications these are necessary to specify equipments, tools, plants and strength of materials.

SPECIFICATIONS a) General Specifications:

This gives the nature, quality, class and work and materials in general terms to be used in various parts of wok. But not part of contract documents b) Detailed Specifications: part of contract document These gives the detailed description of the various items of work laying down the Quantiti es and qualities of materials, their proportions, the method of preparation workmanship and execution of work. Standard specifications : Some engg dept.sCPWD,PWD, MES, IRRIGATION etc are printing detailed specifications for different works as standard gui de ---it saves valuable time, labour, avoids lengthy writings In govt dept---engineer-in chief can declare special specifications Open specifications or manufacturer specifications Adv Traders can try to supply and maintain standards Materials available at competent rates Regional people benefited by avoiding transport charges Quality is standardized Disadv Frequent checking is necessary Due to limitations of specifications further improvement hampered New suppliers may offer lower rates but fails while supplying Estimate : The process of calculating the quantities and costs of the various items required for the work An estimate is a probable cost but not the actual cost Purpose: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. To ascertain necessary money required by owner to finish work For govt works; to obtain administrative approval- allotment of funds, technical sanction To judge or identify quantities of materials requiredcement, sand, steel, jelly, transport facilities, labour. To categorize the types of works---technical, non-technical To assess the operational requirements---tools, plants, equipments Planning of funds allocation, schedule the work To invite tenders and prepare bills

Detailed estimate Detailed information about quantities, rates, costs It gives cost of all items It contains (a) Report (b) specifications ( C) detailed drawings, plans, sections, elevation (d) Design charts & calculations (e) Basis for rates (SSR) Purpose---- to obtain technical sanction and admin. Approval Detailed Estimate A detailed estimate of the cost of a project is prepared by determining the quantities and costs of every thing for the satisfactory completion of the work. It is the best and most reliable form of estimate. A detailed estimate may be prepared in the following two ways (a). Unit quantity method (b). Total quantity method. (a) Unit Quantity Method In this method the work is divided into as many operations or items. A unit of measurement is decided. The total quantity of work under each item is taken out in the proper The total cost per unit quantity of each item is analyzed and worked unit of measurement. out.

Then the total cost for the item is found by multiplying the cost per unit quantity by the number of units.

This method has the advantage that the unit costs on various jobs can be readily compared and that the total estimate can eas ily be corrected for variations in quantities. Rough Estimate In a short time - approximate cost will be given to the authority for the consideration of financial aspect of the scheme. Plinth area or m2 method

Cubic rate or m3 method Service unit or unit rate method a) Plinth area method:

The cost of construction is determined by multiplying plinth area with plinth area rate. The area is obtained by multiplying length and breadth (outer dimensions of building). b) Cubical Contents Method: This method is generally used for multistoreyed buildings. It is more accurate that the other two methods viz., plinth area method and unit base method. The cost of a structure is calculated approximately as the total cubical contents (Volume of buildings) multiplied by Local Cubic Rate. The volume of building is obtained by Length x breadth x depth or height. The cost of building= volume of buildings x rate/ unit volume. c) Unit Base Method: According to this method the cost of structure is determined by multiplying the total number of units with unit rate of each item. In case schools and colleges, the unit considered to be as 'one student' and in case of hospital, the unit is 'one bed'. the unit rate is calculated by dividing the actual expenditure incured or cost of similar building in the nearby locality by the number of units. Quantity estimate It is complete estimate-----lists the quantities for all items --quantity of each individual item of work from dimensions and drawings Cost = qty X rate per unit Revised estimate Detailed estimate of revised quantities and rates without deviation of structural nature. Comparative statement, abstract stating reasons for variations --For fresh technical sanction Reasons ---Sanctioned estimate exceeds > 5% due to variation in rates ---expenditure > 10% ---admin approval > 5 lakhs ---material deviation from original proposal

Supplementary estimate Work in progress changes additional work material variation ---it should follow with full report

earth work -----

either earth excavation or earth filling or Some times both according to the desired shape and level.

Lead: It is the average horizontal distance between the centre of excavation to the centre of deposition. Lift : It is the average height through which the earth has to be lifted from source to the place of spreading or heaping.

Culverts Valuation Definition - A structure used to convey surface runoff through embankments. It may be a round pipe, rectangular box, arch, ellipse, bottomless, or other shapes. And it may be made of concrete, steel, corrugated metal, polyethylene, fiberglass, or other materials.

Valuation is the technique of estimating and determining the fair price or value of a property such as a building, a factory or other engineering structures of various types, land etc. The main purpose of valuation : Buying or Selling Property When it is required to buy or sell a property, its valuation is required. Taxation To assess the tax of a property, its valuation is required. Taxes may be municipal tax, wealth tax, Property tax etc, and all the taxes are fixed on the valuation of the property. Rent Function In order to determine the rent of a property, valuation is required. Rent is usually fixed on the certain percentage of the amount of valuation which is 6% to 10% of valuation. Security of loans or Mortgage When loans are taken against the security of the property, its valuation is required. Compulsory acquisition Whenever a property is acquired by law; compensation is paid to the owner. To determine the amount of compensation, valuation of the property is required. Valuation of a property is also required for Insurance, Betterment charges, speculations etc. Valuation of a building depends on the type of the building, its structure and durability, on the situation, size, shape, frontage, width of roadways, the quality of materials used in the construction and present day prices of materials. Valuation also depends on the height of the building, height of the plinth, thickness of the wall, nature of the floor, roof, doors, windows etc. The valuation of a building is determined on working out its cost of construction at present day rate and allowing a suitable depreciation.