CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1.Background As living beings, human beings can not escape from the events of diffusion and osmosis. Every day we see the water running when turning on water faucets or flush the toilets. But, in fact, water is all around us more of "switching" by invisible, by diffusion and osmosis. For example when we brew tea in hot water. Brown color of tea bags seem to spread from the bag toward the water. Most people would think that only molecules of tea that is being move. In fact, water molecules were also being moved due to differences concentration between the bag of tea bags in the surrounding water. Making pickles is also demonstrated the events of osmosis. Before soaked in vinegar, pickled vegetables Textured dense and hard. However, once soaked in vinegar, vegetable- pickled vegetables will be mushy. In this event, the water out of the cell because vinegar is hypertonic. As well as pickled vegetables, wrapped in plant cells by a thin membrane called the plasma membrane. This membrane is composed of bi-layer membrane that is able to selectively regulate the flow of fluid from the environment of a cell. Plasma membrane will be detached from the cell wall if the concentration of the fluid outside the cell higher (PA or low water potential) than the concentration of fluid in the cell (PA high) so there will be movement towards a more condensed molecules (low PA). To make the solvent does not enter into the solution, the energy required is called osmotic pressure (TO). That can mean PA = PO. To determine the potential value osmotic fluid cells can be used with one plasmolisis method. This method pursued by determining the in which concentration of sucrose that cells undergoing plasmolisis 50%. In these conditions, the concentration of sucrose is considered the same with the concentration of the cell fluid. In other words, when the concentration of the solution that causes 50% plasmolisis of cells are known, then the value of the cell osmotic pressure can also be known.
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1.2.Basic problem a. How the affect of concentration of sucrose solution in procentage of cells that being plasmolized? b. What is the value of cell concentration which causes 50% of total cells do plasmolisis? c. What is the value of osmotic pressure of the fluid cells are calculated by the plasmolisis method?

1.3.Purpose a. Explain the affect of sucrose solution concentration in procentage of cells which plasmolized. b. Identifying the sucrose solution concentration that causes 50% of total cells do plasmolisis, c. Calculate the osmotic pressure of cell fluid by plasmolisis method.

CHAPTER II BASIC THEORY

2.1 Plant cell structure Each cell contains a semi-liquid material chemical composition and structure the inside is extremely complex. Semi-liquid material called protoplasm which is the living material of cells. Collectively, the entire content of each cell certain so-called protoplasts. Rock plant cells have cell walls that surround protoplasts. This cell wall is permeable and is a protective layer. Protoplasm generally consist of a nucleus (the cell nucleus) and cytoplasm. cytoplasm consists of the basic ingredients that are not differentiated, together with organelles. Layer outside the cytoplasm called the plasma membrane, attached to the cell wall and very thin. Plasma membrane surrounding the living material in cells that controlling the increase and the reduction of materials in the protoplasm. Inside the plant cells there are also bubble-like structures called vacuoles. Vacuole is a region that contains fluid cells and surrounded by vacuole membrane. Although seen as part of the vacuole, this membrane is actually an inner barrier layer of cytoplasm. Fluid cells in the vacuole consists of 98% water, proteins, sugars, organic acids, and other compounds all colloidal dissolved. Most of the color of plants, yellow and orange, as well as some red color, caused pigment plastids. However, blue, purple, or violet, and most of the old red or bright red, such that there is a section abaksial Rhoeo discolor leaves or onion bulbs red, caused by the pigment dissolved in the fluid cells in a vacuoles. Anthocyanin pigments is a complex compound consisting of pigments and sugars. Vacuole pigments soluble in water and will diffuse out of the cell if the cell membrane is damaged due to heating or other means.

2.2 Substance Transport by membrane Transport of substances through the cell membrane can occur passively or actively. Active transport processes require energy from the metabolism of such ATP (adenine triphosphate) as the process against a concentration gradient direction. While passively transport would occur if the following or the direction of the which means that the concentration gradient direction from the solution of high concentration toward low concentration solution. This process occurs without the need for energy results metabolism. As an example of passive transport processes, among others:

2.2.1 Diffusion Diffusion is the spread or migration of a molecular particle of high concentration to low concentration. By the concentration difference , the diffusion process can take place, where the concentration is the number of substances or particles per unit volume. And a difference will arise when there differences in the concentration of one state to another. more and more large concentration difference between the two regions in the diffusion events, the sharp gradient of concentration, will cause the speed of diffusion is greater. Diffusion can also occur due to random motion continuous characteristic of all molecules are not bound in a solids. Each molecule moves in a straight line until it collides with other molecules. If the balance has been reached, the particles will remain move as freely as the original, but it will not happen again diffusion, because the substance entering certain areas and leave substance contained in the same amount, or it can be said of dynamic equilibrium occurs. The essential nature of the diffusion process is that the particles as a substance diffuses freely with each other. In addition to differences in concentration and the random movement of particles, diffusion can also occur because of differences in the nature.
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2.2.2

Osmosiss Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a permeable membrane in the differential from a place of high concentration to a concentration low. The purpose of the 'concentration' here is the solvent concentration is water, and not the concentration of solute (atu molecular ion) in water them. Therefore, osmosis is also commonly defined as berpindahya water molecules from the high water concentration to low concentration of water through semi-permeable membrane. Membrane is a membrane semi permaeble which only allows passage of water and inhibits the passage of substances dissolved. Osmosis is largely determined by the chemical potential of water or water potential. Water potential is the same thing with the chemical potential of water or chemical system, compared with kimai potential of pure water at atmospheric pressure sama.potensial water and temperature will be negative if the chemical potential of water the system is lower than pure water will be positive and potentially apbila water chemistry in the system is greater than pure water. Pressure exerted on the water or solution, will enhance the ability of osmosis in a solution them. Pressure exerted or arising in this system is called pressure potential, which in plants can potentially arise in form of turgor pressure. The potential value of pressure can be positive, zero, or negative. In addition to potential water (PA) in a potential pressure (PT) osmosis also influenced by osmotic pressure (PO). Osmotic potential of a solution more declared as a status solution. Status of our ordinary state solution in the form of concentration units, pressure units, or units of energy. The relationship between potential water (PA) and pressure potential (PT), and osmotic potential (PO) can be expressed by the following relationship:
PA = PO + PT

From formula above we can see that if there is no additional pressure (PT), so, value of PA = PO.
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2.3 OsmotiC Pressure To determine the potential value of osmotic fluid cells, one of which can be used plasmolisis method. If the water potential in a cell is higher than the potential water around the cell or outside the cell, then the water will leave the cell until potential water present in the cell or outside the cell at large. Protoplasts which It shrinks the volume of water loss and ultimately can be detached from the cell wall, regular events we are familiar with the term plasmolisis. Methods plasmolisis can be reached by way of determining at what concentration of sucrose that resulted in the number of cells that terplasmolisis reach 50%. In these conditions concentration is considered equal to the concentration of which is owned by the fluid cell. If solution concentration that causes 50% cell terplasmolisis known, then cell osmotic pressure can be determined using the following formula:

With : TO = Osmotic pressure (atm) M = Concentration of solution which make 50% plasmolized cells (mol/liter) T = Absolute temperature (273 + tC) If the cell pressure value is positive, potential osmotic will negative, so : Although the osmotic potential is not affected by pressure, but there are other factors which may influence it,: a. Increasing the concentration of a solution will decrease the potential value osmotic. When the solute is not an electrolyte and hydration water molecules are not binding, then the osmotic potential solution will be proportional to the concentration of its molal.
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b. Ionization of solute molecules Osmotic potential of a solution is not determined by the kind of substance, but determined by the amount of particles (ions, molecules, and colloidal particles) which contained in the solution. PO is more dependent on the ratio between the number of solvent with the particles they contain. c. Hydration of solute molecules. Berionisasi water with the solute particles are usually called the hydration water. Water of hydration can berionisasi with ions, molecules or colloidal particles. The impact of water of hydration is the solution to be concentrated.

2.4 Plasmolisis Fluid cells are usually hipertonis (high water potential), and the fluid outside the cell hipotonis nature (low water potential) so that water will flow into the between the two cells to isotonic fluids. When a cell is placed in solution hipertonis to the cytoplasm so that the water inside the cells will diffuse out so that the cytoplasm shrank and detached from the wall of his cell, this event is plasmolisis called. If the cells is then inserted into the fluid hipotonis then the water will get into the cell cytoplasm and re-expands, the event is called the deplasmolisis. There are two important stages in the process of plasmolisis, are: a. Insipien Plasmolisis At this stage cell shrinkage or contraction of fluid from the cell wall can be detected easily by the eye of the observer. b. Eviden Plasmolisis At this stage, the cells have reached the limit of contraction, so that the cytoplasm regardless of the cell wall and reach spherik form.

In this experiment, plasmolisis method can be used to determine the value of osmotic pressure of the fluid cell, ie by identifying the occurrence of plasmolisis insipien (resulting in 50% of plasmolized cells).

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Type of research This type of research is carried out experimental research, because the investigation is the influence of sucrose solution concentration on the percentage of cells that be plasmolisis.

3.2 Research Variable a. Control Variable : time, kind of cells, volume of sucrose solution, magnification of microscope b. Manipulation Variable: concentration f sucrose solution. c. Respon variable : procentageof plasmolized cells

3.3 Tools and Material a. Leave of Rhoe discolor that the epidermal tissue contain cell fluid which have purple color. It purpose to help us observe cells which have plasmolized. b. Sucrose solution with molarity 0,28 M, 0.26M, 0.24M, 0.22M, 0.20M, 0,18M, 0.16M, and 0.14M. c. Microscope d. Watch glass e. Sterile razor blade f. Beaker Glass 100mL g. Pippete

3.4 Working Steps 1. Make a solutionby concentrated 0,28 M,by weigh 95,76 g crystal ofsucrose and dissolving it into aquades so the volume become 1 liter. 2. Setting up 8 pieces of watch glass, then filled each with 5 ml sucrose solution that has been provided and labeled on each cup Petri based on the concentration of the solution. 3. Taking the red onion, then cut the epidermal layer of colored purple with a layer of cells silet.dengan wrenching effort alone. 4. Submerge epidermal incisions in a Petri dish that already contains a solution of sucrose with a predefined concentration or concentration concentration ertentu.Setiap filled with the same number of incisions and then record the start time of immersion. 5. Observing the changes that occurred after immersion for 30 minutes with using a microscope. 6. Calculates all cells in one visual field, then calculate also how the number and percentage of cells to total cells terplasmolisis wholly.

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CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND EXPLANATION

4.1 Result Table 1. The affect of sucrose solution concentration in the number of cells that undergo the plasmoisis.

Concentration of sucrose (mol/L) 0,28 0,26 0,24 0,22 0,20 0,18 0,16 0,14 Number of cells Plasmolized cells

Procentage of plasmolized cells (%) 78,02 80,86 50,62 48,70 46,26 29,78 29,70 22,22

182 162 162 154 147 178 138 126

142 131 82 75 68 53 41 28

4.2 Graphic

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Concentration at 50% cells do plasmolisis (plasmolisis insipien): 0,24 M Room Temperature: 300C + 273 = 303 K Calculate of Osmotic pressure (TO) sel:

4.3 Analysis Tables and graphs based on observations, it is known that the concentration sucrose solution affect the number of cells and the percentage of cells undergoing plasmolisis. At sucrose concentrations of the most concentrated solution, ie 0.28M, 78.02% cell onion experienced plasmolisis. In contrast, at the concentrations The most dilute sucrose solution, ie 0.14M, the number of cells that only a 22:22%. Thus, the concentration of sucrose solution is proportional to the number of cells undergoing plasmolisis. Concentration that causes 50% of onion leaf cells that have plasmolisis is at a concentration of 0.24 M. These results are obtained by drawing a line straight on the Y axis (percentage of cells terplasmolisis) is the percentage of 50% with X-axis concentration of sucrose solution) that is causing terplasmolisis cell so that it will meet at a point through which the graph. In this study, ie at a temperature of 300C or 303K, obtained the value of osmotic pressure (TO) cells of 5.967 atm.

4.4 Explanation From the analysis of data obtained that by putting a slice of onion epidermal layer of the color purple in a small concentration of sucrose solution (0.14 M) then the amount or
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percentage of cells undergoing plasmolisis slightly, while the slice of onion epidermal layer of color on the concentration of sucrose solution higher (0.28) then the amount or percentage of cells undergoing plasmolisis very much. The cause of differences in the number or percentage of cells undergoing plasmolisis is the difference in the concentration of sucrose. When the plant cells (onion) placed in a solution that hipertonis the solution of higher concentration than the concentration of cell contents, then there eksosmosis the discharge of water from the cell contents into the outer membrane. Because it decreases the volume of the cell contents and because of its cell walls permeable, then the space between the plasma membrane of the cell walls will be filled by a solution from outside. Release of plasma membrane of the cell wall because of plasma cells shrink, so there is plasmolisis on onion cells, so the greater the concentration of sucrose, the greater the percentage of cells undergoing plasmolisis in onion cells.

4.4 Discussion - Explain why the incident occurred plasmolisis. Support with data you get! Answer : Plasmolisis is the release of the cell membrane of the cell wall due to the discharge cell. This is because the concentration in the cell is greater than the concentration outside the cell, as well as the potential of the liquid in the cell is greater than the potential of the fluid outside the cell. We can conclude from the data that the higher concentration make the procentage of plasmolized cells more high to.

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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION

1. Plant cells are included in the solution will experience plasmolisis hipertonis 2. The higher the concentration of the solution, the more cells undergoing plasmolisis. That is, the concentration of the solution is directly proportional to the number of cells plasmolisis experience. 3. Plasmolisis insipien, or which causes 50% cell terplasmolisis, occurring in concentration of 0.24 M 4. Osmotic pressure of the fluid cell at a temperature of 300C red onion is about 5.967 atm

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REFFERENCES

Rahayu, Yuni Sri, dkk. 2008. Petunjuk Praktikum Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Surabaya: Laboratorium Fisiologi Tumbuhan Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Unesa. Kimball, J. W. 1983. Biologi. Erlangga, Jakarta. Tjitrosomo.1987. Botani Umum 2. Penerbit Angkasa, Bandung. Salisbury, B. Frank. 1995. Fisiologi Tumbuhan Jilid 2. Bandung : ITB Press.

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UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA

PRACTICAL REPORT PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Determination of Osmotic Pressure of the cell fluid

HENDRA ROSADI 093204027

BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES 2011

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Determination of Osmotic Pressure of the cell fluid

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UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA

PRACTICAL REPORT PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Determination of Water Potential on Plant Tissue

HENDRA ROSADI 093204027

BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES 2011

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Determination of Water Potential on Plant Tissue

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ENCLOSURE
Pict 1. Picture of Onion cells which undergo lasmoisis

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