Mixtures

1. What is a mixture?
2. What are mixtures made of?
3. What are the 2 types of Mixtures?
4. What is a solution?
5. What kind of mixtures do gases form?
6. What are alloys in terms of mixtures?
7. What is soluble?
8. What is a solute?
9. What is the solvent
10. What happen in a solution?
11. What is a suspension?
12. What are the two types of Heterogeneous mixtures?
13. what is insoluble?
14. What is sediment?
15. What is miscible?
16. What is immiscible?
17. What is an emulsion?
18. What is a emulsifier?
19. In which industry are emulsions used a lot?
20. What is an aqueous solution?
21. What is volatile?
22. What is a saturated solution?
23. Show how sugar becomes a saturated solution?
24. What is the solubility of a solute?
25. What does solubility depend on?
26. What does sparingly soluble mean?
27. What happens when you shake Cyclohaxane with a solution of iodine in
water?
28. How can chalk be separated from water by filtration?
29. How does centrifuging work?
30. How does evaporating work?
31. How does crystallizing work?
32. How can you separate a mixture of two solids?
33. How do you separate the solvent form a solution?
34. How do you separate two liquids that are immiscible?
35. How do you separate two liquids that are miscible?
36. How does paper chromatography work?

1. A mixture contains more than one substance in different proportion and

each substance continues to have its own properties .
2. Each Mixture is made of at least 2 parts or phases, which could be solid
liquid or gas.
3. There are two general types of Mixtures
 a. Homogeneous: When the phases are completely mixed and are
indistinguishable. E.g.: salt solution in water.
b. Heterogeneous: When the phases remain separate and one phase
is spread throughout the other as tiny bubbles, particles or droplets.
E.g.: Chalk in water.
4. When one substance dissolves in any other (in any state) it is called a
solution. All solutions are homogeneous mixtures.
5. All gases form homogeneous mixtures. E.g.: air
6. Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of metals. They are made by mixing 2
or more liquid metals and then solidifying the alloy.
7. Soluble means can be dissolved.
8. A solute is the solid in a mixture.
9. A solvent is he liquid in a mixture.
10. When solute dissolves in a liquid, the solute particles are separate and
spread out among the solvent particles. These separate particles are too
small to be seen. So the solution looks clear.
11. A Suspension is a mixture containing relatively large particles of an
insoluble solid, or droplets of an insoluble liquid, spread throughout a
liquid. A suspension is opaque. In suspensions, the particles of a solid are
not all separate. Instead they stay in clusters large enough to be seen.
That’s why suspensions are not clear.
12.
13. Insoluble means cannot dissolve.
14. If the clusters of a suspension are too heavy, they sink to the bottom ad
form sediment.
15. When two liquids completely mix a miscible solution is formed. E.g.: Water
and alcohol.
16. Immiscible is a mixture of two liquids that do not dissolve.
17. An emulsion is the apparent mixing of two liquids that are immiscible
because an emulsifier is added. In a emulsion one phase is suspended
throughout the other as droplets.
18. To stop an emulsion from separating out into 2 layers, an emulsifier is
added. This prevents the small droplets from joining together to form large
droplets and then a separate layer. In mayonnaise Lecithin (E322) is the
emulsifier.
19. Emulsions are frequently used in the cosmetic industry. Skin moisturising
cream is actually an emulsion of oils in water.
20. An aqueous solution is a solution where the solvent is water.
21. Volatile solvents are solvents, which evaporate quickly in room
temperature.
22. Saturated solution is a solution which contains as much dissolved solute
as possible at that temperature.
23. The solubility of a solute, at a given temperature, is the maximum amount
of that solute that will dissolve in 100 grams of water at that temperature.
24. The solubility of a substance depends on the temperature, the particles in
the solute and the solvent and if the solute is attracted to the solvent.
25. Sparingly soluble means only dissolves a bit.
26. When you shake Cyclohaxane with a solution of iodine in water, all the
iodine leaves the water and goes to the Cyclohaxane because. This is
because the iodine particles are more attracted to the Cyclohaxane
particles.
27. Chalk and water can be separated by filtration by filtering the suspension
through filter paper. The chalk gets trapped in the filter paper will the water
passes through. The chalk is called the residue and the water is called the
filtrate.
28. A centrifuge can be used to separate small amounts of solid. In a
centrifuge, test tubes of suspensions are spun around very fast, so that
the solid gets flung to the bottom. The liquid can then be decanted from
the test tubes. The solid gets left behind.
29. If the mixture is a solution, it cannot be separated by centrifuging or
filtration. This is because the solute is spread all through the solvent in tiny
particles. Instead the solution is heated so the solvent evaporates leaving
the solute behind.
30. You can also separate solutes from solutions by letting them form crystals.
Say for instance, Copper Sulphate is dissolved in water at 70 degrees. If
you let the solution cool to 20 degrees, crystals will begin to appear
because copper sulphate is less soluble at 20 degrees than that 70
degrees. This is called crystallization. This is how it is done: A solution of
copper sulphate is heated to get rid of some water to make the solution
more concentrated. Then the crystals are left to cool and crystallize. The
crystals can then be separated from the liquid by filtering the solution.
31. You can separate a mixture of two solids by dissolving one of them.
A mixture of salt and sand can be separated like this:
1. Water is added to the mixture, and it is stirred. The salt dissolves.
2. The mixture is then filtered. The sand is trapped in the filter paper
but the salt solution passes through.
3. The salt solution is evaporated to dryness.
This method works because the salt is soluble in water and sand is not.
Water could not be used to separate salt and sugar, because it dissolves
both of them. Ethanol could be used instead, because it dissolves sugar
but not salt. Ethanol is flammable, so it should be evaporated from the
sugar solution over a water bath
50. You can separate a solvent from a solution by simple distillation
This is a way of getting pure solvent out of a solution. It could be used to
obtain pure water from salt water. This is how it works:
The solution is heated in the flask. It boils, and steam rises into the
condenser. The salt is left behind.
The condenser is cold because of the cold water running through it so the
steam condenses into water in it.
The water drips into the beaker. It is completely pure. It is called distilled
water.
 This method could also be used to obtain pure water from sea water, or
from ink.
32. You can separate a mixture of two liquids that are immiscible, they can be
separated with a separating funnel. Fro example, when a mixture of oil
and water is poured into the funnel, the oil floats to the top because it is
less dense than the water. When the tap is opened, the water runs out.
The tap is closed again when all the water has gone.
28. You can separate two liquids that are miscible by fractional distillation. It is
could be used to separate a mixture of ethanol and water.
This is how it works.
The mixture is heated. At about 78 degrees the ethanol begins to boil. Some
water evaporates too, so a mixture of ethanol and water vapour rises up to
the column.
The vapour condenses on the glass beads in the column, making them hot.
When the beads reach about 78 degrees ethanol vapour no longer
condenses on the beads only the water does. The water drips back into the
flask, while the ethanol vapour is forced into the condenser.
There is condenses. Liquid ethanol drips into the beaker.
Eventually the thermometer reading arises above 78 degrees. This is a sign
that all the ethanol has been be separated
Then the heating can be stopped.
However if it was wine to be separated, continue heating and change the
beaker used to collect the distillate in the beaker. Then the beads will
continue to rise up to 100 degrees where water no longer condenses on the
glass beads. Then the water vapour is forced into the condenser and then the
vapour condenses into water. The solid grape particles in wine are left behind.
In this experiment do not use a Bunsen burner, as ethanol is flammable, use
an electric heater as it is safer even though it’s slower.

29. Paper chromatography is method that can be used to separate a mixture of

coloured substances. It shows that different colours are made of different
colours. The more soluble a colour, the further it can travel up the
chromatography paper. Every substance in the colour travel up the
chromatography paper at a different rate. That’s why they separate into different
shades at different levels. The colour stopped rising because the solution
stopped rising up the paper.
Paper chromatography is also used to identify the substance in a mixture. For
example, mixture X is thought to contain the substances A B C and D, which are
all soluble in propane. The mixture could be checked in the following method.

1. Concentrated solutions of X, A, B, C and D are made up in propane. A

spot of each is placed on a line, on a sheet of chromatography paper and
are labeled.
2. The paper is stood in a little propane, in a covered glass tank. The solvent
rises up the paper; when it is near the top, the paper is taken out again.
 3. X has separated into three spots. Two are at the same height as A and B,
so X must contain the substances A and B.
You can also use paper chromatography for identifying colorless substances by
measuring how far it travels or by adding locating agents.