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    zana connor
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    TECHNICAL POSTS _ IRANDAMP

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    TECHNICAL POSTS

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    112 Ansichten29 Seiten

    Technical Posts - Irandamp

    Hochgeladen von

    zana connor
    TECHNICAL POSTS

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Als PDF herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
    Markieren Sie unangemessene Inhalte
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    IRANDAMP (https irandamp.com END PLATE CAP CYLINDER SPHERICAL BOUSHING PTRODS. PISTON PISTON ROD. LEVIS (https://irandamp.com/wp-contentuploads/2022/07/details.jpg) INSIDE THE VISCOUS DAMPER Viscous Dampers are similar to giant shock absorbers (https:/firandamp.com/wp- content/uploads/2022/08) whatisdamper-veryfast480p.mp4) which reduce structural vibrations during any kind of dynamic excitations such as earthquake, wind, wavs blast, impact and ete. The main components of a viscous damper are the main cylinder, piston, piston rod, orifices/valves and sealing system. During a dynamic excitation, the piston axially reciprocates inside the eylinder, which in turn pressurize the viscous fluid on one side of the piston, while the pressure of the other side is zero, Generated pressure difference, result in fluid flows through the orifice(s) of the piston which result in a hydraulic energy dissipation. Viscous damper would convert the input kinetic energy into heat nergy which is called viscous heating. The heat would finally be transferred to the surroundings. IRANDAMP (https:/irandamp.com/)'s dampers are equipped with thermal compensation mechanism and built-in accumulator which lead to be stable cyclic behavior during a wide range of temperatures BEHAVIOR OF VISCOUS DAMPER Viscous dampers are velocity-dependent energy dissipating devices. This means that damper force depends on the imposed relative velocity at both ends of the damper. Depending on internal detail, different force clocity behaviors can be achieved including linear behavior, nonlinear behavior and bilinear behavior. Damping coefficient (C) and velocity exponent (a) depend on the internal details ofthe damper which are confidential. Viscous dampers with linear force-velocity curve are called LINEAR. ‘VISCOUS DAMPER, and those with nonlinear force-velocity curves are called NONLINEAR VISCOUS DAMPERS. Dampers with bilinear force-velocity curves are called OIL DAMPERS. Although IRANDAMP are able to design and manufacture all three types ofthe aforementioned devices, nonlinear viscous dampers have received more attention by structural engineers FoCE PISTONROD % Yo pee d fox Low onmcesvarves = Ow « » y & . SPLACEMENT vaLoctry SYSTEM % OR 2 ee Zz 5 nw =f J), Zz «1 {Joti scene Z wanocnry t roger 4 e a FLOW INSIDE THE a « » ORIFICES/VALVES g EVN Forni CV9) DISPLACEMEN a wet0C (attps://irandamp.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/damper-behavior jpg) SEISMIC HARMONIC LOADING LOADING Experimenta Numerical 0 7) 7 0 a 0 Displacement (mim) Displacement (mm) (https:ffirandamp. com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/NUMERICAL-MODEL jpg) NUMERICAL MODELING Dynamic behavior of viscous dampers can be simulated in most analytical Softwares, ¢g. SAP 2000, ETABS, OpenSees, et. Note that, IRANDAMP have carried out many eyelic and seismic tests (htps//randamp.comvgallery/) on different viseous dampers and it can be verified thatthe available elements, such as Damper-Exponential Link element (tps:/wiki.esiamerica.com/display/kb/Nonlineer* viscous idamping) of ETABS, are able to accurately simulate realistic behavior of viscous dampers under different excitations. EFFECT OF DAMPING RATIO It is well understood that damping (hitps:(/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damping) ratio has significant effect on the dynamic behavior of inthe range of 2% to 5%, Fortunately, using supplemental energy dissipation structures Inherent damping of atypical building devices, effective damping ratio can be increased, Among different energy dissipation devices, the highest achievable damping ratio belongs to viscous dampers which can be as high as 40% considering practical considerations. This is due to the fact that Viscous dampers have zero stati stiffness and injet pure viscosity into the structure. Different seismie codes and guidelines, such as ASCE 7, JSSI (https/wwwissi.orip/english), etc, have introduced damping reduction factors with which the designer can approximate expected reductions in dynamic responses. For example, per ASCE 7 (ips/wwwasee.org/publicatons-and- ‘eduction in maximum responses. The response snows/asce-7), a damping ratio of 20% would roughly lead to 1.5 times, ie. 33% could be either base shear, story drift, story acceleration, ete In order to reach to a predefined target damping ratio, IRANDAMP has developed an algorithm based on transfer matrix ofthe structure by which viscous dampers would be optimally placed at different stories to reach to the target damping ratio. Details of the procedure are published here (btps:/link springer comvarticle/10,1007/511803-012-0130-4), 1 should be noted that the more the target damping ratio the more the number of required viscous dampers, Achieving a very high le structures such as low-rise moment resisting frames, damping ratio inthe range of 30% to 40% is feasible for light and Mk seismically-isolated buildings and bridge decks on flexible bearings. However, in the case of heavy and rigid structures, target damping ratio is recommended to be less than 30%. For further info about optimal placement of viscous dampers, contact us (https//irandamp.com/contact-us!) REDUCTION FACTOR Respame Nero Meececrcentc ccc: io 5 = = a 3 ‘Period eel * Jessiamns og ONE \ miaraNzoon 2) apeunocopesaons REDUCTION FACTOR as, D ZEALAND (https://irandamp.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/damping-ratio2,jpe) IRANDAMP’S ALGORITHM IS USED IN THE PRESENTED PLACEMENTS C=10% =15% xX DIRECTION Total damping at the WE ieircrcics (C=20 KN.s/mm About 20% reduction 10% imp 4000 20°67 in all responses % OPT TNA LAMP ER-PLACEME Considering a fixed mumQBURY VEDA TER GSES Os SBOE BOBS, ie OSPLEANE FETE ould be achieved if they ‘were optimally distributed inthe building. In other words, a uniform distribution of viseous dampers is not the best placement. Y DIRECTION a g fi ‘Moreover, from construction cost point of view, itis desirable to reduce number of viscous dampers as much as possible. As a ‘result, optimal placement of viscous dampers isa crucial task. Architectural limitations should also be respected during damper placement. ‘Therefore, IRANDAMP has developed an algorithm for optimal placement and characteristics of viscous dampers. To use the algorithm, you to need to send us seismic mass and lateral stiffness of your structure as well as inherent and targct damping ratios, ‘We would tell you which type of damper is suitable for your ease and how many dampers are required in each story. Unlike conventional braces and shear walls, viscous dampers can be distributed ina discontinuous pattem. In other words, you do not need to use viscous dampers in all stories and do not even need to continue them down tothe foundation. This is because viseous dampers have zero static stiffness and discontinued placement of viscous dampers would not result in regularities such as soft or weak stories OPTIMAL PLACEMENT EXAMPLES AAs shown in the figure, number of required viscous dampers and their characteristics depend on the dynamic properties of the structure, ie. story mass, story stfTness, inherent damping ratio, and the target damping ratio whichis intended to be achieved by the viscous dampers. Again, it should be emphasized that viscous dampers are not required in all stories, Ilustrated damper placements are obtained based on our exclusive algorithm. To use this algorithm for your own design, contact us (https:Firandamp,com/contact-us). 12-story residential building Story hospital 7-story residential building J 14 story hospital “Target damping ratio~ 15% Target damping ratio ~ 10% Target damping ratio 30% “Target damping ratio = 20% (https://irandamp.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/optimal-placement-sample.ipg) EXTENDER (BRACE) GUSSET viscous DAMPER (hitps:/firandamp.com/wp-contentuploads/2022/08/CONFIG-1 jpg) DIAGONAL DAMPER PLACEMENT ‘One of the most common configuration for viscous dampers is the diagonal placement, The main advantage ofthis configuration is its simple installation and aesthetically pleasing features. However, inthis configuration damper displacement would be smaller than the inter-story drift, i. relative story displacement, depending on the inclination angel. It should be pointed out thet inthis configuration, one of the damper ends is rigidly fixed tothe extender, ie. the brace, and the other end should be connected tothe gusset plate witha true pinned connection, The term “true pinned” indicate that atthe clevis ofthe viscous damper, spherical bearing should be used to provide true rotational freedom along all 3 axes. Spherical bearings are necessary fo prevent any’ ‘unintended flexural demands on the piston rod ofthe damper. To se spherical bearings in action, see this test video (https:fwww youtube. com/watch?v=p9m4vVaTCB4), CHEVRON DAMPER PLACEMENT Another widely used configuration fr viscous dampers is the chevron configuration in which commonly two dampers simultaneously would be placed at a single bay. This configuration is appealing from architectural points of view. It is also appealing from structural view as damper displacement would be rather equal to the story drift (neglecting the limited brace deformations), However, damper installation in chevron configuration needs atleast two extenders, i, braces, and three connection points and a slip-track connection atthe apex of the two chevron brace. This slip-rack connection is required to restrain out-of plan displacements. Note that in chevron configuration, commonly bath ends of the viscous damper should have ‘ove pinned connections, ie, viscous dampers should have clevis with spherical bearings at both ends. BRAC Viscous DAMPER CHEVRON (https://irandamp.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/config-22,jpe) ANCHOR LOWER f vIscous DAMPER (https://irandamp.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/config-44 jpg) PANEL-TYPE DAMPER PLACEMENT Similar to chevron configurat 2, in the panel-type contiguration damper displacements can be close to the story drift (neglecting rotations of the upper and lower beams of the damped bay). Moreover, this configuration has minimal effects on architecture of the building as the dampers can be aligned with other structural and non-structural walls and partitions. In this configuration, both ends of the viscous damper should have true pins, ie, clevis with spherical bearings, To achieve the best performance in this ‘configuration, upper and lower beams of the damped bay should be rather rigid with minimal possible rotations TOGGLE DAMPER PLACEMENT One of the most appealing advantage of toggle placement i its amplification mechanista. Tha is, depending on the inclination angles ofthe braves, i this configuration damper displacement would be higher than story drift. This would increase viseous dissipated energy and amplify contribution of cach viscous damper. In other words, using toggle configuration, number of required dampers can be significantly reduced to reach o target damping ratio. Toggle configuration also amplifies damper force which means dampers with lower capacities (lower prices) can be used, Note that, amplification factor in togele configuration is highly sensitive tothe inclination angles of the brace, so a damper placement in toggle configuration calls for tight tolerances. Moreover, in addition to the viscous dampers, true in-plane pinned connections should also be provided for the braces, To make a long story short, installation in toggle configuration would be more expensive than previous configurations, However, its main advantage is significant reduction in the required dampers, For further details about toggle configuration review this paper (httpsl/ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%290733- 19445%282005%29131%37%28 1035%29) or watch this simulation movie (hitps:/www.youtube.com/watch?v=_FB71BSG_7s). ‘NUMBER OF REQUIRED DAMPERS CAN BE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN THIS ‘CONFIGURATION (attps://irandamp.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/config-33,jpe) BENE Fluid viscous dampers have zero before and after installation of reduce ALL responses includ illustrated figure is obtained rey ‘The hospital is retrofitted with vi inthe 5" to 10® floors. This optimatplages scans ffddal vibration perfods virtually.the same. As.aresult, fluidsaseous dampers would almost always: inhcendinapitebenidicY iogets: amspenmes To watch the simulatedestl}s A en foriernwocnlen S_ contentious 202208hospigh8 ut conibuton of vison RRR j ant a= we = Pe 8 UNEASTICDEMANDS ‘without viscous damper, and the nila Qibwable story 4H which can be specified by the selmnic code, or obtained bal the intended performance level Fr exampl imum story dito he egal structure estimated be 2,3% and you 3 PURSES eee SRF FHPPRRES BARU tor of 1 reduction factor corresponds toa dagpping rai i don 3 0 hups:randamp.comivp) tts iP. "3 a orly seus dpe ony een Pa TTT EEG (both peak story acceleration andFatory acceleration spectrum), By reducing sibrjtacledatighs, inertial forces and story shears ‘would be reduced which means il beneath the foundation. ‘The amount of re Tplacements, Hut also result g GpETTCaNE about 30%, Not that viscous dangers guar inject pure viscosity. Also note Dat the re dampers, oildampess, 5 En icous dampers ede soy dri 5 oT TAR To pono ly TGA ae Tomaron Sat elements, Pst rotons ob crucial from resilieney point of view. Note that less inclewiodemandsraiss memess residual deformations, = ly ‘As mentioned before, viscous dampers reduce story accelerations. Therefore, itis obvious that viscous dampers also reduce (content/uploads/2022/09/DAMPER-EFFECT2,jpg WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS?! Why conventional lateral load resisting systems should be equipped with supplemental viscous damping or seismic isolation? To answer this question, four main seismic criteria are listed in the figure to compare conventional and modem systems.One of the ‘main problems of conventional systems is that they excessively rely on inelas ‘behavior of structural clement to dissipate input energy. In this way, the main structural elements would be damaged and may requite significant rehabilitation and upgrading after the carthquake. Moreover, in conventional systems, to reduce inter-story drifts, the only option is to inerease lateral stiffness which ‘would amplify story accelerations, inertial forees and base shear. So in conventional systems, i isnot possible to simultaneously reduce both story drifts and accelerations. Moder systems, i. lateral load resisting systems with supplemental viscous dampers or with seismic isolations, have solved the problem and all dynamie responses can SIMULTANIOUSLY, be reduced. CONVENTIONAL NEXT LEVEL LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEMS LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEMS H STORY DRIFT tN RIGID SYSTEMS SUPPLEMENTAL ‘VISCOUS DAMPING FLEXIBLE SYSTEMS SEISMIC ISOLATION 2 \ —. LWA VERTLOW Yoxiet bw storvacceteration 77%, a eS Moots: Vex Tigh Sw SET LOW yD Da VERT LOW a HONE ‘vee Tig Sw VERFLOW INELASTIC DEMANDS iN a fin aN Z | 5 (hutps:/firandamp.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/convenional-system-problem2.jpg) (bttpsi/firandamp.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/design-steps,jpe) MAIN STEPS TO DESIGN VISCOUSLY DAMPED BUILDINGS Believe it or not, seismic design procedure of buildings with viscous dampers is quite straightforward. The procedure can be summarized into three main steps, Step 1. Design the main structure without viscous dampers. In this step, all gravity loads and reduced seismic loads should be ‘considered, You do not need to be worry about story drifts in this step. Reduced seismic load corresponds to 75% of the seismic Toads in most cases. This reduction, however, is not as important as it appears because the dominant design parameter is story drift rather than strength, So sometimes you may want to consider unreduced seismic loads in this step. Again note that story drifts ean surpass the allowable values in this step. Step2, Based on the maximum story drift ofthe main structure (without damper) and the target story drift, you need to select a target damping ratio. For example if the maximum story drift ofthe undamped structure is 2% and your target story drift (say based on IO plastic hinge rotations) is 1.2%, then you need to achieve a damping ratio of about 25%, Probably you have noticed that you should avoid very weak main structures with very high undamped story drifts. Having the target damping ratio and story ‘mass and story stiffness of the main structure, viseous dampers ean be optimally designed and placed by IRANDAMP's algorithm, ‘Other algorithms are also available or the designer may adopt a trial and error procedure to select characteristics and placements of the viscous dampers, However, the latter trial and error technique is not justified anymore. ‘Step3. After placing viscous dampers seismic performance of the building should be verified. In most cases, this would be carried ‘out using nonlinear time history analyses, ‘To watch a comprehensive tutorial about practical steps for seismic design of buildings with supplemental viseous dampers, CLICK HERE, (hitps://youtu.be/3gDmN2RIFPE) PROTOTYPE AND PRODUCTION TESTS Viscous dampers are regarded as high-tech and rather expensive ant-scismic devices ang the designers and owners ofthe structure ‘must ensure the correet performance ofthe purchased viscous dampers. Two types of tests are commonly carried out on viscous dampers before their installation, prototype tests and production tess. Prototype and production tests report of IRANDAMP's viscous dampers installed in Nobonyad Tower in Tehran can be found here (htips:/irandamp.com/documents!) (the report isin Persian). Ni that these velocity-dependent dampers are not disposable devices and neither prototype nor production tests would damage them. So after the tests, all ofthe tested dampers would be ready to be installed in the structure and you do not need to order additional damping devices. Prototype Tests ‘The main intention of prototype testing isto evaluate performance of the damper in terms of force-velocity behaviors and stability ‘of eyelic loops. Loading protocols and acceptance requirements of viscous dampers during prototype tests are commonly stipulated by the applicable code of practice, for example chapter 18 of ASCE 7 (hitps:/www.asce.org/publications-and- news/asee-7). However, the most important acceptance criteria are compliance of the force-velocity eurve wi the predatermined damping coefficient and velocity exponent as wel as stability ofthe eyclic loops with the same amplitudes and frequencies. No yielding, racture, rupture, leakage oF any kind of deterioration should be seen during the tests, oF ese the damper would be rejected. During prototype tests, viscous dampers would be subjected to different dynamic loading protocols. Click here (Qhutps:fiandamp.com/wp-contentuploads/2022/08/NEW-PROTOTYPE-ASCET-480P:mp4) to watch prototype tess carried out on IRANDAMP's viscous dampers or visit the GALLERY (bps lamp comgallery). Production Tests Production tests ere required to verify expected performance ofthe manufactured viscous dampers, Production tests are not as comprehensive as prototype tests and in most cases only a single loading protocol with a limited numberof eyces, say 5 cycles, and fixed amplitude and frequency would be considered during production tests. Loading protocols and acceptance requirements of viscous dampers during production tests are commonly stipulated by the applicable code of practice, for example chapter 18 of ASCE 7, Click here (https:tirandamp.com/wp-conter jploads'2022/08/production-tests-480p.mp4) to watch production tests carried out on IRANDAMP's viscous dampers or visit the GALLERY (huipsllirandamp.com/gallery!), Again it should be ‘emphasized that, viscous dampers are not disposable and prototype or production tests would not damage them. (attps://irandamp.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/prototype-test.jpg) VISCOUS FRICTION DAMPER DAMPER YIELDING oF HYDRAULIC LOSS ALONG FRICTION BETWEEN METALLIC ELEMENTS ENGINEERED STREAMILINES PRECOMPRESSED LAYERS Oe eam NEE nO re 3 TESTED BY TESTED BY ww CaaD mare aoa ‘RANDANP EEAMEREat (hups:/irandamp.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/COMPARE dampers jpg) DIFFERENT SEISMIC DAMPERS ‘The purpose of this text isto review the main advantages and limitations of the most widely used seismic dampers. It is not intended to direct you to a specific damper type. Nowadays all commercial dampers have stable eyclic behaviors with significant ‘energy dissipation capabilities, much better than that of conventional lateral load resisting systems. Displacement-Dependent Dampers ‘Yielding and friction dampers are the most widely used displacement-dependent dampers which work based on yielding of ‘metallic components and fiction between pre-compressed layers, respectively, These dampers have quite good energy dissipation capability with table cyclic behaviors. However their damping effect would only be activated during oscillations which ae large enough to make yielding oF slippage in the damper, Therefore, inthe ease of in yielding and friction dampers, no energy dissipation is expected to occur during service-level earthquakes or small oscillations ofa design-level earthquake. In addition, Alisplacement-dependent dampers would increase lateral stiffness ofthe structure which is beneficial from story dif point of view, bt care should be exercised if reduction in story accelerations and inertial demands are among intents ofthe design. Residual deformatior is another consideration of displacement-dependent devices, In general, the main lateral load resisting system should have enough elastic stiffness to be able to re-center the yieldedislipped devices, Velocity-Dependent Dampers Fluid viscous dampers are the most widely used velocity dependent dampers which work based on hydraulic energy loss inside the damper. They have stable cyclic behaviors even during high duration wind and wave excitations with thousands of cycles Moreover, these velocty-dependent dampers ars not disposable and do not need to be replaced even after a design-level carthquake, Another advantage of viscous dampers isthe fact that they are velocity-dependent which means they work even during tiny oscillations So fall ime damping enhancements are expected during service-level and design-level earthquakes. Very large damping ratios in the range of 30% to 40% can also be achieved by viscous dampers as they have zero state silTness and inject pure viscous damping ino the structure. However, these high-tech devices are rather expensive. Therefore, a balance need 19 be achieved between initial construction eosts and the superior advantages of viscous dampers, Itis not unlikely to combine viscous ‘dampers with other yielding or friction dampers to reduce initial construction costs, especially in the ease of high-rise buildings. HIGH DURATION LOADS ‘Wind and wave loads are considered as high duration dynamic loads with thousands of continuous eycles. Viscous dampers are not sensitive to fatigue and have stable eyeie behaviors even under thousands of eycles, IRANDAMP has carried out some high ‘duration ests on its manufactured products. As shown in the figure, viseous dampers revealed no deterioration during high

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