1. The main component to make glass is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO2. 2.

Carbonates decompose at elevated temperatures to produce metal oxides. Equation: Na 2CO3 (s)Na2O(s)+CO2(g) CaCO3(s)CaO(s)+CO2(g) 3. The metal oxides combine with silica to form various metal silicates. Equation:SiO2(s)+Na2O(s)Na2SiO3(s) SiO2(s)+CaO(s)CaSiO3(s) 4. Hence, glass is a mixture of metal silicates. 5. Silicates are compounds in which a silicon atom is bonded tetrahedrally to four oxygen atoms. The basic silicate unit is the silicate ion, SiO44-

Structure of the SiO4 tetrahedron of the SiO446. In glass, the SiO4 tetrahedras bond together by sharing oxygen atoms to build up a giant non-regular three-dimensional structure containing Si-O-Si linkages .Sodium ions and calcium ions balance the negatively-charged silicate ions.

Quartz glass

Electric insulator Resistant to chemicals

Heat insulator Nonporous

Common Properties of Glass

Easy to clean

Hard but brittle

Transparent Can withstand compression

Types of glass

Composition

Properties

Uses

Fused glass

Silicon dioxide

High transparency High melting point Great purity Chemical durability Low melting point Easily moulded High thermal expansion High melting point Low thermal expansion Resistant to heat Resistant to chemical attack High density High refractive index

Glass rods Quartz lenses Mirrors Optical fibres Laboratory glassware

Soda-lime glass

Silicon dioxide Sodium oxide Calcium oxide

Window glass Bottles Light bulbs

Borosilicate glass Silicon dioxide Sodium oxide Calcium oxide Boron oxide

Cooking wares Laboratory glass wares

Lead crystal glass Silicon dioxide Sodium oxide Lead(II) oxide

Prism High reflective lenses Decorative glasswares

Special glasses

1. Photochromic glass -created by adding silver chloride and copper(I) chloride to glass -used to make photochromic lenses which darken on exposure to sunlight and protect the eyes from ultraviolent rays.

2. Conducting glass -made by coating a layer of conducting material, indium stanum oxide(ITO) -used in making of liquid crystal display (LCD) panels

3. Optical fibre -a pure silica glass thread that conducts light -transmit information such as telephone and television signals over long distances without distortion and loss of signal, using light waves that pass through the fibre

4. Bioglass -adding phosphorous pentoxide in the making of soda-limeglass -used as coating in surgical implants

What are ceramics???

1. The word 'ceramic' means hardened by heat or heat resistant. 2. Ceramics are a class of non-metal materials, which are better electrical and thermal insulators than metals. They have greater rigidity, hardness and resistance to heat and chemical attacks compared to organic polymers.

Strong

Resistant to heat

Hard but brittle

Resistant to c chemicals

Electric insulator

Properties of Ceramics

Able to withstand compression

Uses of Ceramics
Uses Construction materials Examples Bricks, tiles, cement Lining for high temperature furnaces nuclear reactors, exterior of space shuttles Plates, bowls, cups, vase, porcelain, wall tiles Reason Hard and strong Can withstand high pressure and heat

Ornamental articles

Resistant to chemicals, resistant to corrosion and long lasting

Electric insulators

Electric irons, ovens, toasters ,fuses, spark plugs

Good electric and heat insulator

Semiconductors

Microchips

Have semi conducting properties and can store charge

Medical field

Artificial limbs, bones, teeth

Hard, resistant to corrosion and chemicals, able to withstand compression

Special ceramics
1. Boron nitride, silicon nitride and carbon nitride are used to build parts in car engines which are subjected to wear and high temperatures, for examples valves and cams. 2. Perovskites,YBa2Cu3O7 was found to conduct electricity at 95 K.

Similarities and differences between glasses and ceramics

How are they alike? -Hard -Brittle -Strong under compression -Don not corrode -Good heat insulator -Good electrical insulator -Resistant to chemical attacks

How are they different? Glass Highly transparent Can be melted and remoulded Optical transparency Moulding Melting point Low Very high Ceramics Opaque

Cannot be melted and remoulded