Definition

Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes. Collect measurements showing the location of natural features such as trees, rivers, hills, valleys, and man-made features such as roads, sidewalks, pipelines, etc.

Types and Branches of Surveying

Hydrographic surveying deals with bodies of water and coastlines, is recorded on charts, and records such features as bottom contours, channels, buoys, and shoals. Land surveying includes both geodetic surveying, used for large areas and taking into account the curvature of the earths surface, and plane surveying, which deals with areas sufficiently small that the earths curvature is negligible and can be disregarded.

Branches of surveying are named

according to their purpose, e.g., topographic surveying, used to determine relief, route surveying, mine surveying, construction surveying; or according to the method used, e.g., transit surveying, plane-table surveying, and photogrammetric surveying (securing data by photographs).
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Then, Surveying can be classify according to The earths shape The instruments used Its purpose Measurement systems Survey measurements: Linear measurements Angular measurements Linear measurements are divided into three types: Distance measurement Vertical Distance measurement Slope Distance measurement Angle measurements are divided into two types: Horizontal Angle Measurement Vertical Angle Measurement

Units of measurement
There are two systems units of measurement SI units (Metric system) The International System of Units (abbreviated SI from French: Systme international d'units) is the modern form of the metric system and is generally a system of units of measurement devised around seven base units and the convenience of the number ten. It forms part of the
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world's most widely used system of measurement, which is used both in everyday commerce and in science. length mass time electric current thermo- dynamic temperature amount of substance English system meter kilogram second Ampere Kelvin mole m kg s A k mol

Used by some countries such as Britain and the United States and Canada

Length Weight Time Units of length measurements:

foot pound second

Ft Lb s

Units of length measurements In the metric system Some other units used in this system to measure length Unit Micrometer Millimeter Centimeter Kilometer Code m mm cm km Equivalent m

1 mm = 1000 m 1 cm = 10 mm 1 m = 100 cm 1 km = 1000 m To convert between these units:

Problem: The length of the door 1.97 m, What is the length in mm? Solution: 1 m = 100 cm 1 cm = 10 mm 1.97 *100 *10 = 1970 mm
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Problem: The length of the rib agricultural land 5500 cm, What is the length in km? Solution: 55000/(100*1000) = 0.55 km Units of length measurements In the English system Some units used in this system Unit Inch Foot Yard Mile 1 ft = 12 in 1 yd = 3 ft 1 mi = 1760 yd code In(//) Ft(/) yd mi

To convert between these units:

Problem: The length of the measuring tape 300 ft. What is the length in mi? Solution: 300/ (3*1760) =0.0568 mi

The relationship between the units of length measurements in metric and English systems

Problem: If the road between Mecca and Riyadh 880 km, What is the length in mi Solution: 800*1000*100/(2.54*12*3*1760) =546.8066 mi Problem: If the length of the tape measure 100yd, What is the length in m?

Solution: 100*3*12*2.54/100=91.440 m

units of area measurement

Units used in the metric system: = 10*10 =100 c 1 = 100*100 =10000 1 k = 1000*1000 =1000000 1 Hectare (ha) = 1 Donm = Problem: The area of land at the edge of Riyadh city 7813456 What is the area in k Solution: 7813456/1000000=7.813456 . 1C

units of volume measurement

Units used in the metric system: 1 = 1000000 = 1000 Liter

1 Liter = 1000 1 Gallon = 4.546 Liter Problem: The volume of ground water reservoir 36 liters?
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. What is the volume in

Solution: 36*1000=36000 Liter

Systems and units of measure the angles

The sexayesimal system: A minute of arc; arcminute; or minute of angle, is a unit of angular measurement, equal to one sixtieth (160) of one degree. In turn, a second of arc or arcsecond is one sixtieth (160) of one minute of arc. These are accepted for use with calculations involving SI units. However, they are not themselves SI units because they are dimensionless.

1 circle = 360 1 = 60 1 = 60

Write the angle in the sexayesimal system:

78 45 34
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The decimal or centesimal system in the centesimal system, a right angle is divided into 100 centesimal degrees; each centesimal degree, into 100 centesimal minutes; and each centesimal minute into 100 centesimal seconds.

1 circle=400 g (grad) = (Centesimal minute) = (Centesimal second)

Write the angle in the centesimal system:

51.6731 g Radian system One radian is the angle of an arc created by wrapping the radius of a circle around its circumference.

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Radian is the ratio between the length of an arc and its radius. The radian is the standard unit of angular measure, used in many areas of mathematics. IN THE RADIAN SYSTEM of angular measurement, the measure of one revolution is 2.

The relationship between systems and units of measurement angles A comparison Circumference 1 1g 1 rad Degree 360 = 1 = = = 0.9 system Gradian 400 g = =1 = Radian 2 = = =1

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 Convert 64 18 20 into Radian system? 64+(18/60) +(20/3600) =64.30555556 64.30555556*( /180) =1.122344 Rad Convert 227.4589 g into sexayesimal and Radian system? Sexayesimal system 227.4589*0.9 = 204.713010 204.71301 - 204 = 0.71301 0.71301*60 = 42.7806 0.7806*60 = 46.84 Radian system 227.4589*(/200)= 3.572916 rad Convert 2.137524 rad into sexayesimal and centesimal system? Sexayesimal system 2.137524*( /180) =122.471104 =122 28 16 centesimal system 2.137524*( /200) = 136.0790 g (204 degrees) (Minutes) (Seconds)

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