Rome HADRIANS WALL Military man Romans believed that the people should work Tall wall, deep

ditch; HUGE WALL Kept people in/out: no mixing Mile Castle Defense Two wall towers with sentries between mile castles Superfort: enormous base with enough supplies for army Towns grew near superforts, trade, etc followed Built wall to display Roman power Keep ppl out/in Protect border Psychological barrier Soldiers on other side of wall

CONTRIBUTIONS TO ROMAN SOCIETY Etruscans: gods, sewer systems, gladiators Greeks: Gods, alphabet, architecture, philosophy PUNIC WARS FIRST PUNIC WAR Beginning of Roman expansion Rome and Carthage wanted Sicily Romans have superior army Carthage has superior navy Reverse-engineered the Carthaginian ships Learned naval strategy Romans added RAVEN(hammer) to ships to turn sea battle into land battle Carthage loses 1st Punic War Romans take Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia SECOND PUNIC WAR Hannibal:son of a Carthaginian general who hated Rome; Hannibal also did Hannibal launches attack the long way around; through spain, over Rhone river, alps, to get to Italy MAJOR BATTLES Trebbia Cannae Carthage The Northern Italians hated Romans, whatever forces lost in Alps regained. Romans ambushed twice; at river crossing, lake (false intel plant) Cannae: Romans charged, encircled and beaten by Carthaginians. Rome is depleted by the number of casualties, waits 15 years. Hannibal waits, runs out of supplies. New generations of Romans rising Scipio General War moves to Carthage Hannibal comes back to defend carthage Battle @ Zama Cavalry and elephants on carthage side Romans launch arrows at elephants eye Bithnya Hannibals ally hides Hannibal

Romans demand for him to come or kill everybody, Hannibal drinks hemlock. Romans Win. THIRD PUNIC WAR Carthage seems to be recovering after 50 years of devastation Destroyed Carthage and all occupants. Mix salt with soil, no more productive farmland. Romans have massive territory gains Baths do not equal Bathtubs Enormous bath houses; Romans loved going to baths Many items; steam rooms, exercise rooms, gym, library, sauna, pool, gardens, etc Heating: Water on top, fires underneath heated water (maintained by slaves) ROMAN PROVINCES AND PALESTINE Governor governed province Romans allowed local government, local religion Roman Provinces provided Trade goods Taxes Protection Soldiers in border of Rome Dont mess with Romans *crushed like ant* if you rebel Palestine (Jewish Rebellion) Rebellion crushed Jews escaped to Masada and retreated there. Romans built a massive dirt ramp up to the top Roman breach mass suicide CONSTANTINE AND DIOCLETIAN

DIOCLETIAN Many people fought for control between the time of Marcus Aurelius and Diocletian Praetorian Guard auctioned emperors position Bribing the Praetorian guard = emperor dies. The only emperor who retired went to Croatia Divides empire into 4 parts with capitals ruled by co-emperors. Died naturally CONSTANTINE

Keeps Diocletians reforms but ditches the west Moves capital city to Constantinople/Istanbul/Byzantium; rebuilds Rome Gigantic walls @ Constantinople kept occupants safe until gunpowder came ROADS, AQUEDUCTS, BATHS Enormous road system enough to circle Earth twice Roads made travel quicker and required less effort ROAD STRUCTURE PAVED STONES (top)

SMALLER STONES/CEMENT (middle) LARGE STONES (bottom) Drainage ditch on side Aqueducts ended up in citys fountains, THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS West falls, East survives as the Byzantine Empire (capital = Constantinople) THE HUNS Sweep over/annihilate everyone Insane reputation, unbeatable/fierce Warriors, famous horse archers Vicious and brutal stories Byzantines paid them off and gave Hungary to them Other barbarians fled from them, made deals to settle in the empire BATTLE OF ADRIANOPLE Romans attempt to kill Visigoths sack Rome first. Vandals sack Rome next. Everybody sacks Rome. Visigoths, Romans die.