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Fiber Advantages
Fiber optic cable offers several advantages compared to wired-based media (e.g. UTP, STP, ScTP, coax)
Potential for much greater bandwidth than TP
Fiber Disadvantages
Transceivers are relatively expensive
Optical signals must be converted to electrical signals where the fiber cable connects to network devices (e.g. switches, routers, PCs)
This principle is called total internal reflection Internal reflection since the photons are retained inside the core through reflection Total because if everything works properly, virtually all of the photons will reach the end of the cable
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Importance Of Angles
If the photons strike the core/cladding interface at too sharp of an angle, the photons are absorbed into the cladding (blue path) rather than being retained in the core as they reflected back and forth off of the interface (green path)
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Modes
The angle at which a light ray is injected into the optical cable determines the exact path the light will take to the end of the cable
This path is referred to as the light rays mode
An optical fiber can have from one mode to tens of thousands of modes depending upon the cores diameter
The smaller the core, the few potential modes
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Mode Types
Fiber optic cable is classified as being either single mode or multimode
Single Mode Optical Fiber
Core has a relatively small diameter Narrow core diameter ensures all photons travel along the same path (mode) Typically has a yellow jacket
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Dispersion
2. Chromatic dispersion
Light is made up of different colours Each colour has a unique wavelength Different wavelengths travel at different speeds Refining the transmitters wavelength range reduces chromatic dispersion and increases bandwidth potential
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Chromatic Dispersion
Initial light signal is made up of multiple wavelengths
Shorter wavelengths (e.g. blue) travel faster causing dispersion 2nd light signal is sent; dispersion of 1st signal causes signal to spread out
Over distance, shorter wavelengths travel faster and begin to overtake the longer and slower wavelengths of the previously sent signal
Overlapping signals become unreadable
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Various industry standards specify the parameters for fiber networks to ensure appropriate performance is achieved
These standards will be covered later in this course
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Laser sources can provide smaller wavelength ranges than LED light sources which is one reason why laser technology is used in higher bandwidth fiber applications
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Photons entering outside the acceptance angle are absorbed into the cladding (e.g. red lines) Photons entering within the acceptance angle are propagated along the fibers core (e.g. blue lines)
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Low NA (close to 0)
More difficult to inject light
Makes splicing fiber cables more difficult
The main difference is related to how they are designed to refract (bend) light signals
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Modal dispersion is higher so bandwidths are lower plus signal absorption into the cladding is higher making attenuation higher however this type of cable is cheaper to manufacture than graded-index
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Fiber Attenuation
Like all energy forms, light pulses lose energy over distance (i.e. energy attenuates) Attenuation for fiber is measured in dB/km
High quality glass single mode fiber attenuation is typically less than 1 dB/km Plastic multimode fiber attenuation can range up to 1,000 dB/km Note: Signal strength is reduced by approximately 50% for every 3 dB loss
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These specifications provide the fibers attenuation rating based upon a given wavelength from the light emitter
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Within specific wavelength ranges (called optical windows) attenuation is less than the surrounding wavelengths
Optical windows refer to specific wavelength ranges at which fiber operates better with regards to the attenuation rate 36
Optical Windows
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Safety Concern
Never look into the end of a fiber which may have a laser emitter coupled to it Laser light is invisible but can still damage eyes
Direct viewing does not cause pain however the eyes retina can be seriously damaged Unlike with visible light, the iris of the eye will not close involuntarily when exposed to laser light
For example if a 200 meter cable run offered a 800 MHz maximum bandwidth potential then:
Bandwidth potential for a 100 meter cable run would be 1600 MHz all other things being equal Bandwidth potential for a 400 meter cable run would be 400 MHz all other things being equal
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A 30 dB return loss means reflected light getting back to the source is 99.9% weaker than the original
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Increased attenuation
Increased return loss
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Generally, wire-based cable supports a smaller minimum bend radius than fiber
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Cable Type
Cat 5e UTP Coax (thinnet) Fiber (2 fibers)
Minimum BR
1 1.2 2
Rule of Thumb
4 x diameter 6 x diameter 10 x diameter
Core Material
The 2 materials used for an optical fibers core are:
1. Silica glass (silicon dioxide)
Sometimes called GOF (Glass Optical Fiber) Dominates the commercial cabling market
2. Plastic
Sometimes called POF (Plastic Optical Fiber) Minimal use in the commercial cabling market Much larger core (120 to 1000 microns)
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Core/Cladding Size
Core/cladding size refers to the diameter of an individual fibers core and cladding components
For example, 8/125 indicates the core diameter is 8 microns and the surrounding cladding diameter is 125 microns
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50/125
Multimode Better bandwidth and distance potential than 62.5/125
62.5/125
Multimode Been in use longer than 50/125 therefore has a larger install base
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Buffer Design
Buffer design refers to how optical fibers within a cable are protected from physical stress and weather conditions
The two main designs are:
1. Tight buffered
Thermoplastic covering directly over each fiber Most often used for indoor applications Cable fiber(s) are inside a tough plastic pipe which is typically filled with a protective water-blocking gel Most often used for long haul, outdoor applications
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2.
Buffer Designs
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Splicing
Splicing refers to a permanent joining of fiber ends without the use of a connector Terminating means a connector is used
Two common splicing techniques are: 1. Mechanical splicing
Fibers are joined using a mechanical process such as gluing or crimping
2.
Fusion splicing
Fiber ends are butted together then the joint area is heated to soften the glass ends so they are 58 bonded together once they cool
Distribution Cable
Breakout Cable
Tight buffered design includes two subcategories: 1. Tight buffered distribution cable
Usually just called distribution cable on vendor websites
Distribution Cable
Two or more optical fibers bundled together all sharing the same jacket, strengthening materials & padding materials Could be one cable like this
Could be multiple jacketed sub-cables each containing multiple fibers inside one common jacket like this Typically appropriate for more light duty use since fibers dont have individual strengthening & padded materials Not recommended if something heavy could be laid on top of the cable
E.g. Dont use if placed at the bottom of packed cable trays
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Breakout Cable
Multiple sub-cables in a common outer jacket but with each subcable containing a single optical fiber and having its own strengthening materials and padding materials Due to multiple sub-cable jackets Appropriate for more heavy duty use breakout cables are more Designed to handle expensive and have larger pressure, strain, diameters than distribution impact, and repetitive cables with same # of fibers motion better than 61 distribution cable
Number Of Fibers/Cable
In fiber cable descriptions 3 terms are used to classify cables based on the number of fibers:
1. Simplex cables
A single optical fiber inside one jacket
2. Duplex cables
Two optical fibers inside one jacket
3. Multifiber cables
From three to hundreds of optical fibers inside one jacket
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Number Of Fibers/Cable
It is possible to send light signals from both ends of a fiber optic cable at the same time
The light signals do NOT collide but rather pass through each other without disruption
Given this fact one would assume that a single fiber is all that would be needed for full duplex (i.e. sending and receiving simultaneously) network communications In reality, most standard fiber-based network applications will use a cable containing two fibers one to send signals and one to receive Why? Because it is cheaper and simpler to implement
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It is much simpler and cheaper to build an interface that only sends or only receives a specific light wavelength than it is to build an interface that must coordinate between sending and receiving as well as possibly working with a variety of wavelengths
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Multifiber Cables
Most network fiber applications require duplex cables (send fiber receive fiber) however there will be applications where two fibers are not enough
Bandwidth demands exceed duplex cable capacity Cable redundancy is needed
See next slide on Dark Fiber
Typically the number of fibers in a multifiber cable is a multiple of two to accommodate the duplex requirements of applications
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Dark Fiber
Dark Fiber is the term used to identify fibers in a multifiber cable that are not being used immediately after the cable has been installed
These extra fibers serve as backups
In the event that a fiber becomes damaged it is faster, cheaper and more convenient to activate this fiber than it would be to run another fiber cable
These spare fibers are considered to be dark because they are currently not in use so no light signals are passing through them
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Terminating Fiber
Termination is the process of attaching a connector to the cable end Connectors should provide a junction with minimal power loss and minimal signal distortion
Core alignment is the biggest challenge, especially when splicing two fibers given that the core diameter can be as small as 8 microns
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Ferrule
The connector component that is key to core alignment is called a ferrule
A ferrule is typically a rigid tube (ceramic, steel or plastic) that has a precision hole for the fiber When connecting two fiber links or connecting a fiber link to a network device, you only have to focus on connecting the relatively large and rigid ferrule couplings rather than being concerned about alignment of the tiny, delicate fiber cores
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2. Crimping
Using a sophisticated type of pliers (called a crimper) to squeeze the appropriate part of the connector so that it clamps the fiber into its correct location
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Fiber Connectors
Here are several popular fiber connector choices: 1. SC (Subscriber Connector) 2. ST (Straight Tip) 3. MT-RJ 4. LC Connector
There are several other types from which to choose There is no problem having different connectors at each end of the cable Connector on the device (e.g. switch) to which the cable is being connect determines which connector the cable should use
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SC Subscriber Connector
Also known as Square Connector
Widely used, general purpose connector
Ferrule is partially protected by enclosing it in the connectors body Uses a push-pull mechanism for mating for easy connection/disconnection Male (top) and female (bottom) connectors shown here
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ST Straight Tip
Widely used in the 1980s and 1990s Being replaced by SC Use a BNC connector like Ethernet coax Thinnet
Requires only a quarter turn to engage or disengage Male (top) and female (bottom) connectors shown here
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MT-RJ
Small form factor connector Smaller than SC and ST connectors Small size and housing 2 fibers allows more connectors in a given area (higher port density) Rectangular ferrule rather than round
Male (top) and female (bottom) connectors shown here
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LC Connector
Another small form factor connector that allows higher port densities
Male (top) and female (bottom) connectors shown here
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End