Francine Palmer

Table of Contents.
Page Acknowledgement..3 Introduction.4 Types of agricultural chemicals..5 Classes of agricultural chemicals7 Common agricultural chemicals used in crop production...9 Reference...10

Acknowledgement
I would like to thank; firstly God, without whom I would not have had the strength and perseverance to complete this project, Natasoha Barret, whos computer I used to start to type this project, the librarians at the Ebony Park Academy library, who helped me to research this contents if this project and last but not lest Mr. Bartley who gave this project because without it I would not have researched this topic and learned so much.

Introduction
An agricultural chemical is a generic term for the various chemical products used in agriculture. In most cases, agricultural chemical refers to the broad range of pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. It may also include synthetic fertilizers, hormones and other chemical growth agents, and concentrated stores of raw animal manure. This project seeks to shed some light on common pesticides; insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, nematicides and rodenticides.

Types of agricultural chemicals

Insecticides An insecticide is a pesticide used against insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against the eggs and larvae of insects respectively. Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry and the household. The use of insecticides is believed to be one of the major factors behind the increase in agricultural productivity in the 20th century. Nearly all insecticides have the potential to significantly alter ecosystems; many are toxic to humans; and others are concentrated in the food chain. Types of insecticides

Systemic insecticides are incorporated by treated plants. Insects ingest the insecticide while feeding on the plants. Contact insecticides are toxic to insects brought into direct contact. Efficiency is often related to the quality of pesticide application, with small droplets (such as aerosols) often improving performance

Herbicides A herbicide, commonly known as a weed killer, is a type of pesticide used to kill unwanted plants. Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed. Non-selective herbicides kill any plant it comes in contact with. Type of herbicides

Contact herbicides destroy only the plant tissue in contact with the chemical. Generally, these are the fastest acting herbicides. They are less effective on perennial plants, which are able to regrow from rhizomes, roots or tubers. Systemic herbicides are translocated through the plant, either from foliar application down to the roots, or from soil application up to the leaves. They are capable of controlling perennial plants and may be slower acting but ultimately more effective than contact herbicides

Fungicides Fungicides are chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill or inhibit fungi or fungal spores. Fungi can cause serious damage in agriculture, resulting in critical losses of yield, quality and profit. Fungicides are used both in agriculture and to fight fungal infections in animals. Chemicals used to control oomycetes, which are not fungi, are also referred to as fungicides as oomycetes use the same mechanisms as fungi to infect plants. Types of fungicides

Contact fungicides are not taken up into the plant tissue, & only protect the plant where the spray is deposited. Translaminar fungicides redistribute the fungicide from the upper, sprayed leaf surface to the lower, unsprayed surface. Systemic fungicides are taken up & redistributed through the xylem vessels to the upper parts of the plant. New leaf growth is protected for a short period.

Nematicides A nematicide is a type of chemical pesticide used to kill parasitic nematodes. One common nematicide is obtained from neem cake, the residue obtained after coldpressing the fruit and kernels of the neem tree.

Rodenticides Rodenticides are defined as any substance that is used to kill rats, mice, and other rodent pests. Warfarin, Bromodiolone and Difenacoum are some examples. These substances kill by preventing normal blood clotting and causing internal haemorrhaging.

Classes of agricultural chemicals

Organophosphates These are synthetic compounds derived from phosphoric acid. Organic phosphorous insecticides are primarily contact killers with relatively short lived effects. They are decomposed by water, pH extremes, high temperatures and micro organisms. It inhibits acetychoninnnesterase aat the nerve synapses. It is very toxic to mammals used as contact, stomach and fumigant poisons. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons These are chemical compounds containing chlorine, carbon and hydrogen, these chemicals are more effective against a broader spectrum of arthropods, provides longer residual control due to environmental persistence. However use of this chemical can result in induced pest problems such as spider mites, resurgence of targeted pests following applications, development of resistance in numerous anthropod pests. Pyrethroids Pyrethroids are axonic poisons and cause paralysis of an organism. The chemical causes paralysis by keeping the sodium channels open in the neuronal membranes of an organism. They are usually broken apart by sunlight and the atmosphere in one or two days, and do not significantly affect groundwater quality. Botanicals Botanicals are naturally occurring chemicals extracted from plants. Natural pesticidal products are available as an alternative to synthetic chemical formulations but they are not necessarily less toxic to humans. Some of the most deadly, fast acting toxins and potent carcinogens occur naturally. Some of the botanical pesticides are very toxic to fish and other cold-blooded creatures and should be treated with care. Protective clothing should be worn when spraying, even though their toxicity is normally low to warm-blooded animals. Botanical insecticides break down readily in soil and are not stored in plant or animal tissue. Often their effects are not as long lasting as those of synthetic pesticides and some of these products may be very difficult to find. Phenoxy compounds Phenoxy compounds act as synthetic growth hormones in plants. Some inhibit sodium and potassium uptake in plants so is used as herbicides. Uracils Uracils are variation of uric compounds used as selective herbicides. Carbamates These are fungicides used against phythium blight.

Anticoagulants These chemicals are ingested into the digestive tract through baits and lead to the death of the organism. They have a wide range of effects, residual half lives, modes of action and effectiveness. Each type of the chemical carries a unique quality of taste, smell, acceptance, physiological reaction and delivery mode. Phthalic acid Phthalic acids affect long narrow leaf weeds on contact. Bipyridyl Bipyridyls are sprayed on the targeted foliage, it clings to the soil and interferes with the process of photosynthesis, causing the plants to dry out and wilt. Because Bipyridyls affect photosynthesis, the targeted are will have to have sufficient light for the herbicide to be effective. Dinitroanliines Dinitroanilines are effective at destroying unwanted weeds and grasses early in the growth process by preventing the cell division of germinating seeds. Dinitrianilines is applied by adding it to water and watering the surrounding soil. The soil absorbs the herbicide and may retain it for months Ureas Urea herbicides disable root growth in seedlings. This makes it effective against unwanted weeds and grasses in new turf. Benzoic acid These herbicides are sprayed unto the plants foliage and are considered selective as it generally attacks broad leaf plants, leaving grasses unharmed. Benzoic acid stunts the growth of the targeted plants and can move through the soil and be picked up by other plants. S-Triazines S-Triazines are mostly used in corn cultivation or as soil sterilants. They are used to remove broad leaf weeds or seeds.

Common agricultural chemicals used in crop production.

Chemical Insecticides Common name Organophosphates Phorate Methyl parathion Diazion, Chlorinated hydrocarbons Pyrethriods Botanicals Ureas Fungicides Carbamates Class Trade names Thimet, Rampert Penn-cap-M Type Systemic Systemic

Diazion, Contact Spectracide Malathion Malation,Cythion Contact Methoxychlor Methoxychlor Contact Permethrin Ambush, Pounce, Perm-X Pyrethrin Pyrenone, Pyrola Linuron Lorox Diuron Karmex Barban Carbyne Carboxin Vitavat Dodine Cyprex Manel MANEB 80 Folpet Phaltan Metiram Polyram Fensulfothion Dasanit Warfarin Prolin Coumafuryl fumarin Bromadiolone Mak Diphacinone diphacin Strychnine Nux Vomica Rhomene MCPA Atrazine Trifluralin Bromacil Endothall Diquat bibromide Paraquat Dicamba Aatrex Treflan Hyvar Aquathol Reglone Ormoxone Banvel Contact Contact Systemic Systemic Systemic Systemic Systemic Systemic Systemic Contact Contact Systemic Systemic Systemic Contact Systemic Systemic Contact Selective Selective Selective, contact Contact, selective Contact, nonselective Systemic

Nematicide Rodenticide

Anticoagulants

Herbicide

Botanical Phenoxy compound S-Triazines Dinitroanilines Uracils Phthalic acid Bipyridyles Ureas Bezoic acid

Reference.
www.NCSU.edu www.google.com www.wikipedia.com www.eHome.com The Standard Pesticide Users Guide Bert L. Bohmont Handbook of Pest Management John R.Ruberson Basic Guide to Pesticides: Their Characteristics and Hazards Shirley A. Biggs & Rachel Carson Council

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