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Chapter 2

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies,

conceptual model and the operational definition of the terms used in the study.

Related Literature

The World Book Encyclopedia (1990) pointed out that electric generator

is a machine that produces electricity. Generators produce almost all of the

electricity used by people. They furnish electric power that runs machine in the

factories, provides lighting, and operate home appliances, generators maybe small

enough to hold in one hand, the midget generators used in some scientific

instruments provides a dial, or a generator maybe bigger than a house. It can

supply electric power for as many as one million homes.

Harkavy (1994) pointed out that electric circuit is path followed by an

electric current. It consists of three basic parts. An energy source (e.g., battery or

generator) that converts non- electrical energy into electrical energy, an output

device (e.g., motor or lamp) that uses electrical energy to do work, and a

connection (e.g., wire or cable) that allows electric currents to flow between the

source and output device. Circuits can be switch on and off. An open circuit has
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gaps, preventing the current from completing its path, while a close circuit has no

gap.

Electronics Enthusiasts (1995) Aircon Energy Saver describes how

important energy saving and power control. By means of power consumption

there are several things that are saved to energy and safe to use. It also describes

the protection against under voltage and over voltage.

Electronics Enthusiasts (1997) Selecting a Linear Voltage Regulator

describes the types of linear regulator, its characteristics and is intended for

specific application. Selecting the best type for circuits require trade-offs in

performances, availability and cost.

www.rise.org.nu/info/Applic/array (2007) describes that inverters are

necessary if main voltage appliances are to be used. In assessing the cost of the

total system, it maybe more economical to purchase an inverter and mass

produced consumer appliances than to use low voltage DC appliances which can

be more expensive than normal appliances.

www.unlimited-power.co.uk/DC_to_AC_Inverters (2002) stated that

there are typical applications for inverters include: micro wave ovens, television,

video recorders, computers, power tools and monitoring/ communication

equipment. It also includes two main types of inverters, Modified Sine Wave and

True sine Wave.


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www.uoguelph.ca/~antoon/circ/555dcacinverter.html (2001) shows a

schematic diagram of DC to AC inverter that produces an AC output using 555

timers that is configured as a low frequency oscillator, tunable range of 50 to 60

Hertz.

Related Studies

Alcasid’s (2003) study entitled “Energy Saver: A technical Feasibility

Study”, sought to design, construct, test and try-out and revise energy saver which

was constructed using locally available materials. The researchers concluded that

it is capable of reducing power consumption of electric motor-driven equipments

and it can also be used as power-on delay and low voltage protector for

compressor type appliances. It was found out that its mechanism is so simple that

electronics hobbyist and individuals interested in saving electricity can construct a

similar one with the guidance of an electronic expert.

Evangelista’s (1994) in his seminar paper entitled “Regulated Power

Supply Trainer: A technical Feasibility Study”, sought to design, Construct, test

and try-out and revise a regulated power supply trainer using locally available

materials. The finding of the study is that it is feasible to design not only a power

supply trainer but also other kinds of trainer that can be helpful in teaching

Electronics Technology.
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Prathab’s (1993) in Implementation of SMPS (Switch Mode Power

Supply) stated that DC/AC inverters (50 Hz) are used in many cases as back up

supplies. In most cases DC supply is a 12 DC volts battery. And for stepping up

the inverted voltage 12/ 230 transformer is used which is very bulky since

operating frequency is very low (50 Hz). There are small portable inverters that

have been manufactured using other methods to step up 12 DCV to higher level.

There are many different techniques. One method is to use dc/dc boost converter

in first stage voltage to 230 AC.

Reña’s (2003) study entitled “Basic Electronics Experimental Board: A

Technical Feasibility Study, sought to design, construct, test and try-out and revise

Basic Electronics Experimental Board which was constructed using locally

available materials. It was found out that it was much cheaper than its commercial

counterpart. The researchers concluded that the device can be utilized by shop

instructors and administration to provide more meaningful learning on the concept

and principle of electronics technology.

Zuron’s (1999) study on the Advantages of the Sine Wave Voltages

that it is has soft temporal rise of voltage and the absence of harmonic

oscillations, which cause unwanted counter forces on engines, interferences on

radio equipment and surge currents on condensers. On the other hand, square

wave voltages can be generated very simply by switches, e.g. electronic valves

like MOSFET transistor.


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Conceptual Model

Conceptual model that guided the study is shown in Figure 1.

INPUT THROUGHPUT OUTPUT

1. Ideas A
theories from
related studies COMPLETED
and literatures. 1. Design
AND READY
2. Supplies and 2. Constructing TO USE
materials. (Prototype)
MULTI-
3. Tools and 3. Testing
equipments. POWERED
4. Revising
4. Labor WORKING

5. Cost. TABLE

Figure 1 Conceptual Model of the Study


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Definition of Terms

The key terms and the operational definitions are:

AC. Also known as alternating current, an electric current that reverses at

regularly recurring intervals the frequency being determined by the frequency of

the alternator supplying the current and the successive half waves were being.

Battery. Two or more cells electrically connected for producing energy.

Circuit. This refers to the source followed by an electric current passing

from its source through a succession of conductors and back again to the starting

point..

Converter. A device used to convert energy to another energy

Current. Responsible to the opposition of resistance.

DC. Also known as direct current, an electric current flowing in one

direction and substantially constant in value.

Dual-powered. Composed of two power source the AC and DC.

Inverter. A machine, device or system that changes direct current to

alternating current by mechanical or electronic means.

Power. The capacity to do work, any supply having voltage and current

that can run up a system or device.

Power Supply. A device for converting available electric service energy

into direct current energy at a voltage suitable for electronic components. .


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Supply. To make additions to by way of supplement, to provide

satisfaction or compensation for make good by providing a substitute.

Variable Regulated Power Supply. A power supply that vary its voltage

either lower or higher amount.

Voltage. Also known as the EMF (electromotive force) that drives up

current to a certain conductor.

Watt. Unit of power consumption, amount or capacity of electricity used..

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