Cleveite

7.

and

other neio

Gas Lines

in the Hottest Stars,

lines in
g"

67

The new

series of probable

hydrogen

Pappis most
This
subordinate

likely represents the effect of a transcendental temperature.

and the well-known

in stars.

series are in all probability of the

type, the lines of the principal series not yet having been identified
8. There is evidence which points to a higher temperature for ^ Pappis than for Bellatrix. 9. The behaviour of certain lines suggests that Bellatrix may be taken as a type of the hottest stars, while the behaviour of others seems to indicate that Orionis should be regarded as a star of the very highest temperature, exception being made oE f" Puppis. There are not yet sufficient data to enable a final statement to be made.
v.

''A

Maya Calendar Inscription, interpreted by Goodman's By Alfred P. Maudslay. Commiuiicated by Keceived April 2, Read F. DuoAKE GoDMAN, F.R.S.
Tables."

June

17, 1897.

[Introductory Note.
of the Maya Calendar is chiefly derived from 1566) of Diego de Landa, Bishop of Yucatan, who only gave some account of the divisions of time in use among Mayas, but also copied, somewhat roughl^r, in his manuscript

Our knowledge
(a. D.

writings

the not
the

the

employed to represent the eighteen named months, and the twenty named days into which each month was divided. Landa's statements are, however, by no means clear, and there has been much discussion both as to their correctness in themselves and moreover, it as to the interpretation which has been given to them has been found difficult in some iuvstanceis to identify the day and month signs given by him with those used in the Dresden Codex and the few Maya manuscripts which have been preserved, and still more difficult to identify them with the signs used in the carved inscripsigns
;

tions.

In the accompanying paper an examination

is

made

of a recently

discovered inscription, by the aid of calendar tables prepared by Mr. J. T. G-oodman, and published with an (Explanatory essay in the
logical

These tables consist of a chronoand an annual cak^ndar. The chronological calendar is based on the Ahau, a period of 360 days, and is divided thus
*

Biologia Central!- Americana.'

20 davs 18 chuens

1 cliuen

,....*..

ahau* (360 days)

* It is unfortunate that the ahau, or period of 3(30 days, bears the same name as one of the twenty days of the Maya month, and that the cliuen^ or twenty-day period, bears the name of another day of the month.

VOL. LXII.

iyU

Mr. A. P. Maudslay,

A
4
s

Maya
e
*

Calendar Insmption

20 alians 20 katuns. 13 cycles

.

1 katuTi

1 cycle 1 great cycle

/,

73 great cycles

grand era

The annual calendar

consisting of twenty

is

divided into eigliteen

named

days, and one short

named months, each month (named

lUayeb) of

five days.

The
from
,1

tv^enty

named days
if tlie
it,

of the

month

1 to 13, so that

first-named day of the

first

attached to

the last-named day of

numbered continuously month has the number the month v^dll be numbered
are
will be

7 (13 -f 7

20),

and the

day of the next montb

nnm-

ibered 8,

and so

on.

There are fifty-two annual calendars in a calendar round, and at end of the 52nd year the series is repeated. All the dates and reckonings found on the monuments which can ;be made out by the aid of these tables are expressed in Ahaus, Katuns, &c., and not in years but Mr, Goodman maintains that the trae year was known to the Mayas, and that it is by the concurrent nse of the chronological and annnal tables that the dates carved on ithe monuments can be properly located in the Maya Calendar. All the dates which have as yet come nnder notice fall within the .three Great Cycles, numbered hj Mr. Goodman the 53rd, 54th, and
?the
;

;55th.

The following extract from an article in Nature (Jiily 8, 1897) plves a good example of the manner in which a date is expressed : " I called attention, some years ago, to the fact that the greater number of the carved inscriptions commenced with easily recognised
*
'

series of glyphs
^alled

the Initial Series., Mr, Series expresses a date thus :

with numerals or faces attached to them, which I Goodman now shows that the Initial

cSK^a ^^zQrg g

(1)

(5)

The Great Cycle sign. (2) The Cycle. (3) The Katun. (4) The Ahau. (8) The named month. The Clmen. (7) The named day. (6) The Day.

intei'preted

hy Goodman^s Tables,

69

As has been long known, each bar counts as five, and each dot as a (The roundish, marks under the glyphs are not part of the unit.
numerical
series.)

"The
'

sigos in front of the Ahau, Ohuen, and

'

Day
:

signs denote a

full

count

of those periods.
(1.)
(2.)
(3.) (4.)
(5.) (6,)

The date thus

reads

54th
9th

great cycle,
cycle*

15th
'

katun.
'

Full count

ahaus,

Full count

'

chuens,
.

'

Full count

'

days,

(7.)
(8.)

4 Ahau (day). 13 Yax (month),

Groodnian's chronological calendar shows that

"

A reference to Mr.
Katun

the 15th

of the 9th Cycle of the 54th Great Cycle commences 4 Ahau, the 13tli day of the month Yax, the date which with, tbe day

The combination 4 Ahau 13 Yax is here given in the inscription. can only occur once in a period of fifty-two years. " One of Mr. Goodman's discoveries is the system on which, the Mayas numbered the different series of time divisions. For instance,
the twenty

Ahaus

are not

numbered

1, 2, 3,

&c.,

up

to 20,

but they

were numbered 20, 1 2, 3, &c., to 19. "If we should nowadays wish to use a similar notation, we should probably number the series 0, 1, 2, &c., 19 but it seems as though the Mayas, having no sign for 0, wrote the sign for 20 or a full
;

count
"

'

of

Ahaus

in the first place.

3,

&c., to 17, the

is

The eighteen Chuens are in like manner numbered 18, 1, 2, same sign being used for a full count of Chuens
' '
'

as

used for a
"

full

count
'

'

of

Ahaus.
'
'

full count of is a Chuen, a Chuens (eighteen) is an Ahau, and a full count of Ahaus (twenty) The foregoing inscription may be read thus is a Katun. " The 15th Katun of the 9th Cycle with no odd Ahaus, Chuens, or days added, begins with 4 Ahau 13 Yax.

As

''

full

count

of days (twenty)
'

'

*'Had the date been one including a specified number of Ahaus, Chuens, or Days, we should have had to make use of the annual

met with in the inscriptions in connexion with Cycle, Katun, and other signs for time periods are shown by Mr. Goodman to be in reality numerals, and the whole series of numeric faces from 1 to 20 has been determined in some cases with August 5, certainty, and in others with a fair degree of probability."

calendar. " The faces so frequently

18'97.]

In the month of February, when the

last

pages of Mr. Goodman's G 2

70

Mr. A. P, Maudslaje

Maya

Calendar Inscri^Jtion

Maya

Inscription from Pledras ISTegrag.

(Tlie glyplis are read

downwards

in double

columns from

left to right,

interpreted hy

Goodmans

'lahles.

71
'

essay (piiblislied in the Arclieeological Section of the

Centrali- Americana
')

Biologia

were issuing from the press, I received from Mr. Teobert Maler a number of photographs of sculptures and inscriptions which, he had recently discovered in Yucatan and the country to the south, of it as far as the banks of the River Usumacinta. One of these inscriptions from Piedras ^Kfegras on the Usumacinta is in a good state of preservation, and a drawing made by Miss Annie Hunter from the photographic print is here reproduced (p 70). As Mr. Goodman has never seen this inscription, an examination of it with the help of his notes and calendar tables will be a fair test
of their valae.

The following signs are figured in Mr. Groodman's essay, and will be found to agree fairly well with those in the inscription.
Cycle

==

20 Katuas.

Kafcuii

20 Ahaua.

Aliau

18 Chtteiis.

Ohuen

20 Days.

72

Mf. A. P. Maiidslay,
named
days-

Maya Calendar

Inscription

Signs for the

Cim..

Cib'.

YmiSo

Ahau

Bi^ins fo

til'

named

jsaonths

V,

(^ "^-X

D
Yaxlin,,

KainkiBo

Milan,

It Tlie gljpli 1 is tite initial glypli iiadieatimg' tlie Great Cycle. has more tlie appearance of the sign for the SS^rd than for that of the 54ih Great Cycle, but the signs for the different Great Cycles are still in need of elueidatiom, and the subsequent reckoning shows

clearly that the dates fall within tlie table giyen by

Mr, Goodman as

that of the 54th Great Cjcl.

1 is the Ojcle sign with the nmiaeral 9 in front and four dots = 4). A 2 is the Katun sign with the numeral 12 Id front of it (two bars = 10, and two> dots == 2; the hollow curve between the two round dots is roerelj used to fill mp the space^ and does not count). B 2 is the Al^aii sign with the numeral 2 TurniBg to the taMcB of Mr, Goodman's chronological calendar, of which an extract showing the 10th to the 14th KatuBs of the 9th C^cl m here given^ we find that the first day of the

The next glyph

of it (one bar =: 5

2nd^ Ahauj,

12th Katun^. 9th Cjcle^ 54th &Y^i jcl&^

falls

on the daj 2 Aban, the ISth ^ay & the month Xul (which
aS'-

is

underlined in the table).

This is: have next

far as the chronological calendar eas guide us

We

to

fiad the position of this date in the annual calendar.

The date cais only occur once in the fifty-two years which constitute a calendar rouBd, and an examination of the tables shows that it falls in the first year of the calendar roundi (where it is marked with a
square).

interpreted hy Goodman^s Tables,

73

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-< -<

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Mr. A. P. Maudslay,
^^
1^
J
I

A
GO

Maya
fO

Calendar Inscription

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rH rH rH rH

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r-i

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G0050rHCMCOrHCqCO^VOCOi>aD
rHrHr-lrH

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rHrHrHr-4
CO-^^rflO

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HS<3CYD-^iOCOt-QOCiO'-<^COrH

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interior eted

hy GoodmaiiUs Tables,

75

Tlie next glyph in the inscription A 3 is the Cliiien sign with the signiwhich signifies a "full count" of Chnens, in front of it. As a full count of Chnens is 18 and equals 1 Ahau, and as the number of Ahaiis has already been recorded, the glyph A 3 means that no odd Cbuens are to be added to the date already expressed. The glyph B 3 is the sign for a day (of twenty-four hours) preceded-

by the numeral 16. Turning to the fi.rst year

of

the annual calendar,

we now add

these 16 days to 2
it

18 Xul, the date already arrived at, and will be found to bring us to 5 Gih 14 Yaxhin (marked with a

Ahau

circle).

That this reckoning is correct is shown by the inscription itself where the result is expressed A 4 being 5 Gih, and B 7 14 Ycurkin. The six glyphs in the inscription intermediate between the sign of the day Cib, and the sign of the month Yaxkin, have not yet been
;

thoroughly deciphered, but there is reason to suppose that they contain a parallel reckoning differently expressed. The next three glyphs are undeciphered then comes another
reckonino^
:

1 is the Chuen sign with the numeral 10 (two bars = 10) above and a " full count " sign at the side. Whether the 10 applies to the Ohuens or days can only be determined by experiment, and such experiment in this case shows that the reckoning intended to be expressed is 10 Chuens and a " full count " of days, that is for practical purposes 10 Ohuens only, for as in the last reckoning when the full count of Ohuens was expressed in the Ahaus, so here the full

it,

count of days is expressed in the Ohuens. The next glyph D 1 is an Ahau sign, preceded by the numeral 12. This gives us
12 Ahaus (12 X 360) 10 Ohuens (10 x 20)

= =

4320 days. 200 '

4520 davs. 4380 ,, =: 12 years.

140 days.

Adding 4520
14 Kanhin,
it

days, or 12 years and 140 days, to the date 5 Gih brings us to the date 1 Gih 14 Kankin in the thirteenth

year of the annual calendar. Turning to the inscription we find at 2 (passing over the first half of the glyph), 1 Gih followed by (the first half of D 2) 14 Kankin, the date at which we have already arrived by computation.

76

Mr. A. P. Mauds] ay.

A
N^ JO

Maya
^
t^'cfe

Calmidar Inscription

O
qoi^'GjQ^

>.

<5^

GO

On QJ >.

(50

GO

'O

t-^'Qo <5s

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interpreted by

Goodmans

Tables,

77

0)

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^
.

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'8

Mr, A. P, Maudslay.

Maya

Calendar Inscription

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interpreted hy

Goodmaiis Tables,

79

Passing over tlie next tliree glyplis we arrive at another reckoning, 4i gives 10 days, 11 Chiiens, 1 Alian, and fhe first half of C 5 gives 1 Katun.
1
J.

Katun .,....,,,,.,
-A,naii

.o*****..

11 Chuens (11 X 20) ....

7200 days, ooU ,, 220

7790 days. 7665 ,, =21 years.

125 days.

Adding 7790 days

1 Gib

or 21 years and 125 days to the previons date, 14 KanJdn, it v^ill bring ns to 4 Gimi 14 Uo in the thirty-fifth year of the annual calendar, and we find this date expressed in the inscription in the glyphs D 5 and 6, Passing over the next three glyphs we arrive at another reckoning (E 1), 3 Ahaus, 8 Chuens, 15 days
:

3 Ahaus ........ 8 Chu.ens

X

1080 days. 160 7?

Xo
59

u ays

.....

1255 days. 1095

160 days.

8 years.

lis

Adding 3 years and 160 days to the last date, 4 Gimi 14 Uo, "brings to 11 Ymix 14 Yax in the thirty- eighth year of the annual calen;

dar this is tlie date the inscription.

we

find expressed in the glyphs

2 and

2 of

It is true that in the sig'n in the glyph employed for the day Ymix, but that it

E
is

is

not the sign usually

a day sign w^e

know from

included in a cartouche, and I am inclined to think that the more usual Ymix sign (something like an open hand with the fingers extended) was inclosed in the oval on the top of the grotesque head, but it is too much worn for identification.
the fact that
it is

Passing over seven glyphs, the next reckoning occurs at

gives
:

6,

which

Xt7 X-^ays

4 Chuens ,....,..,. ..>.......

80 days.
Xt7
,,

99 days.

Adding 99 days to the last date, 11 Ymix 14 Yax^ brings us to 6 Ahau 13 Muan in the same year, and we find this date expressed in P 7 and P 8.

80

Dr. A. D. Waller,
lasb

hifiuence of Acids

and Alkalis

glyph in the inscription is a Katun sign with tlie numeral and a sign for ''beginning " in front of it, and indicates that the last date is the beginning of a 14th. Katun. If we turn to the table for the 9fch Cycle of the 54th Great Cycle, from which we started, it will be seen that the 14th Katun of that cycle does commence with the date 6 Ahau 13 Muan. It is simply impossible that the identity of the dates expressed in the inscription with those to which the computations have guided us can throughout be fortuitous. Yery nearly half of the forty-eighfc glyphs in the inscription have been accounted for, and I have no doubt that when the inscription passes under Mr Goodman's scrutiny lie will be able to give us much information about the remaining* glyphs which I have passed over as undeciphered. It can, I think, therefore, be fairly claimed for Mr. Goodman that his researches have raised the veil of mystery which has for so long hang over the carved hieroglyphic writing of the Mayas

The

14 above

it,

'^Influence of Acids

rents of Medullated Nerve."

M.D.5 F.R.S*

and Alkalis upon the Electrotonic CurBy Augustus D. Waller, Received June 10, Read June 17, 1897.
lEJffect

A. The

of Acids

and of Alkalis.

Considering that electrotonic currents are characteristic of living medullated nerve, that such currents are due to electrolytic polarisation, and that such electrolysis must primarily consist in a liberation of electronegative principles (oxyg-en, acid, &c.) at the anode,

and

of electropositive principles (hydrogen, base, &c.) at the kathode, the first and most obvious test to be made is to examine comparatively the action of acids and bases upon aneleotrotonic and

katelectrotonic currents.

On the supposition that a medullated nerve-fibre is composed of two different electrolytes, white fatty sheath and grey proteid axis, and that electrolytic polarisation is aroused at the interface of separation between these two electrolytes, we may expect to find, as the chai'acteristic acidic effect, diminution of A and increase of K, and as the characteristic basic effect, increase of A and diminution of K. This expectation is in the main substantiated by experiment, although owing to the somewhat narrow range of concentration within which moderate effects are produced, it is not common to obtain effects in both of the two opposite directions in a single experiment. The reagent may be too weak, in which case neither A nor K are altered, or it may be too strong, in which case both A

c^[^(^ g-Q-^g

(1)

{o)

TLe Great Cjclo sign. (2) The Cycle. (3) The Katun. (4) The Ahau. (8) The named month. (7) The named day. The Chucn. (6) The Day.

Maya

Inscription from Piedras Ifegras.

in

(The glyphs are read downwards

double columns from

left to right.)

Cycle

20

Da,;a.

Signs for the named days-

Si^ns fov tlie

named months

Yaikin,

Kankin.