9.

MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRIC POWER AND ENERGY

DC power (measurement by V-A method, error of the method)
definitions of P, Q, S – measurement of power in single-phase circuits (P, Q, error of the
method)
electronic (digital) W-meter (broadband I → U converters, frequency-compensated
voltage dividers, converters for measurement of product - multipliers (log-antilog, variable
resistance, using Hall probe, pulse-height pulse-width modulation)
measurement of electrical energy consumption - induction and electronic W-h meter

38EMB – P9
 Electric power - definitions
DC P=UI
instantaneous power: p=ui T T
1 1
AC P=
T ∫0 p d t = ∫
T 0
u i dt

Harmonic waveforms:
u = U RMS 2 sin ω t P = URMS IRMS cos ϕ, active power
i = U RMS 2 sin (ω t + ϕ ) Q = URMS IRMS sin ϕ, reactive power
S = URMS IRMS apparent power (S = P2 + Q2 )
Non-harmonic waveforms: S > P2 + Q2 deformation power added

Measurement of DC power
IA IL IA
A A
correction of correction of
IV methodical error: methodical error:
UA
U= V UL L P = UZ (IA - IV) U= V
UV UL L P = IA (UV - UA)
IV = UZ /RV UA = IA RA

Note: Electrodynamic wattmeter can be used (lower measurement uncertainty achievable)

38EMB – P9
 Measurement of AC power in one-phase circuits (harm. waveform)

Active power P = U I cos ϕ → V-A method cannot be used

a) IPC b) Note.: Circuit b) is better if

* IZ *
A * A * methodical error correction is
not used
INC UZ Z UNC UZ Z
~ ~
ACW . MRW
uP = ;
100 . 3
P = cWαW - U 2/RVC P = cWαW - I 2 RCC
(RCC usually not known)

I1 ICT
K L PZ = P pI pU = cWαW pI pU
IVT
k l m M
u PZ = ( p I . p U . u P )2 + (P . p I . u pU )2 + (P . p U .u pI )2
*
A * U2 U1 Z
W ACW . MRW ACCT . pI ACVT . pU
I2 uP = ; upI = ; upU =
n N 100 . 3 100 . 3 100 . 3

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Reactive power *
Q = U I sin ϕ = U I cos (π/2 - ϕ) A *

↓
UW should be shifted by π/2 to UZ UZ π/2 UW Z

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 Electronic (digital) W-meter (using analog multiplier)

p(t) P U / U: frequency-compensated
u(t) U/U
voltage divider
MULTI FILTER ADC
PLIER
i(t) I/U
R1 Ck1
Cp1
u1
2nd channel Σ ADC
R2 Ck2 u2
Cp2
3rd channel
R1(Ck1║Cp1) = R2(Ck2║Cp2)
I / U (see lecture 5):
transformer + I / U with OA coax. shunt + galv. isolation ampl. Hall probe converter
50 Hz to units of kHz from DC to hundreds of kHz from DC to tens of kHz

38EMB – P9
 Converters for measurement of product (multipliers)
Multiplier log-antilog)
Function ln defined for positive
|u1| ln|u1| + ln|u2| = ln|u1.u2| argument only
ln x ↓
ln|u1|
AC voltages cannot be directly
+ ex multiplied
|u2| Solutions:
ln x ln|u2|
u3=exp(ln|u1u2|)=|u1u2| - superposition of a DC component
- using auxiliary circuits for polarity
indication and control of output
Typical parameters: f : tens of kHz; ~ 0.2 – 0.5 %
Variable resistance or variable transconductance multiplier
Realization: UP
- voltage control resistance – linearized
unipolar transistor in series with VCCS u1 i1=k1u1
- differential amplifier with bipolar
transistors with voltage-controlled
emitters current source
Typical parameters:
R=k2u2 u3 = R i1 = k2 u2 k1 u1 =
f : tens of kHz to tens of MHz; ~ 0.2 - 2 % u2 = k u1.u2

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Power to DC voltage converter using pulse-width pulse-height multiplier
u2 UA
převodník filtr – dolní USS
amplitudový
u1 U1 → T1 - T2 modulátor propust (DP)

U 2 (T1 − T2 )
UA UA = k ⋅
T1 + T2
T1 T2 T1 +T2
1
T1 - T2 = k1u1 UA = k2u2
U SS = k
T1 + T2 ∫
0
u1u2 dt

Typical parameters: f : units of kHz; ~ 0,1 – 0,5 %

Hall multiplier i1 i2
Use:
Electronic (static) W-h meters
B
Typical parameters:
f : units of kHz; ~ 1 - 2 %
uH = k.i2.B = k i1 i2
uH

38EMB – P9
 Measurement of electrical energy consumption
Electronic (static) W-h meter

u(t) U/U p(t) P f~P

multi- filter U→f f. divider registration
plier counter
i(t) I/U
N~∆W

Induction W-h meter

Φ1m i1 ~ i
CC
Td
MCCC BM
ii1
K
BM
ii2
MCVC
C
VC
Φ2m i2 ~ u

38EMB – P9