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Ping of Death
Seminar on Denial Of Service
Abstract
The Ping of Death uses a ping system utility to create an IP packet that exceeds the
maximum 65,536 bytes of data allowed by the IP specification. The oversize packet
is then sent to an unsuspecting system. Systems may crash, hang, or reboot when
they receive such a maliciously crafted packet. This attack is not new, and all OS
vendors have fixes in place to handle the oversize packets.

Teardrop
The recently developed Teardrop attack exploits weaknesses in the reassembly of IP
packet fragments. During its journey through the Internet, an IP packet may be
broken up into smaller chunks. Each fragment looks like the original IP packet except
that it contains an offset field that says, for instance, "This fragment is carrying
bytes 600 through 800 of the original (nonfragmented) IP packet." The Teardrop
program creates a series of IP fragments with overlapping offset fields. When these
fragments are reassembled at the destination host, some systems will crash, hang,
or reboot.

This document has been provided to you by KOOLKAMPUS.com

SYN Attack :
Weaknesses in the TCP/IP specification leave it open to SYN attacks, executed during
the three-way handshake that kicks off the conversation between two applications.
Under normal circumstances, the application that initiates a session sends a TCP SYN
synchronization packet to the receiving application. The receiver sends back a TCP
SYN-ACK acknowledgment packet and then the initiator responds with an ACK
acknowledgment. After this handshake, the applications are set to send and receive
data.But a SYN attack floods a targeted system with a series of TCP SYN packets.
Each packet causes the targeted system to issue a SYN-ACK response. While the
targeted system waits for the ACK that follows the SYN-ACK, it queues up all
outstanding SYN-ACK responses on what is known as a backlog queue. This backlog
queue has a finite length that is usually quite small. Once the queue is full, the
system will ignore all incoming SYN requests. SYN-ACKs are moved off the queue
only when an ACK comes back or when an internal timer (which is set at relatively
long intervals) terminates the three-way handshake.A SYN attack creates each SYN
packet in the flood with a bad source IP address, which under routine procedure
identifies the original packet. All responses are sent to the source IP address. But a
bad source IP address either does not actually exist or is down; therefore the ACK
that should follow a SYN-ACK response will never come back. This creates a backlog
queue that's always full, making it nearly impossible for legitimate TCP SYN requests
to get into the system.

Firewall vendors such as Checkpoint, Cisco, and Raptor have incorporated features
into their products to shield your downstream systems from SYN attacks. In addition,
your firewall should make sure that outbound packets contain source IP addresses
that originate from your internal network, so that source IP addresses can't be
forged (or spoofed) from the network.
Land Attack:
In a Land attack--a simple hybrid of the SYN attack--hackers flood SYN packets into
the network with a spoofed source IP address of the targeted system. Even with SYN
fixes in place, a Land attack can cause problems for some systems. Although this
type of attack is new, most OS vendors provide fixes.Another way to defend your
network against the Land attack is to have your firewall filter out all incoming
packets with known bad source IP addresses. Packets that come into your system
with source IP addresses that identify them as generated from your internal system
are obviously bad. Filtering packets will neutralize exposure to the Land attack.

This document has been provided to you by KOOLKAMPUS.com

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Among the known source IP addresses that you should filter are 10.0.0.0 to
10.255.255.255, 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255, and
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255.
Smurf Attack
A lot more dangerous than any initiative launched by their cartoon namesakes, the
Smurf attack is a brute-force attack targeted at a feature in the IP specification
known as direct broadcast addressing. A Smurf hacker floods your router with
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo request packets (pings). Since the
destination IP address of each packet is the broadcast address of your network, your
router will broadcast the ICMP echo request packet to all hosts on the network. If
you have numerous hosts, this will create a large amount of ICMP echo request and
response traffic.If a hacker chooses to spoof the source IP address of the ICMP echo
request packet, the resulting ICMP traffic will not only clog up your network--the
"intermediary" network--but will also congest the network of the spoofed source IP
address--known as the "victim" network.To prevent your network from becoming the
intermediary, you can turn off broadcast addressing if your router allows it (unless
you need it for multicast features, which haven't been fully defined yet), or you can
let your firewall filter the ICMP echo request. To avoid becoming the victim of a
Smurf attack, you must have an upstream firewall--preferably a border router--that
can either filter ICMP echo responses or limit echo traffic to a small percentage of
overall network traffic.

UDP Flood
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Flood denial-of-service attack also links two
unsuspecting systems. By spoofing, the UDP Flood attack hooks up one system's
UDP chargen service, which for testing purposes generates a series of characters for
each packet it receives, with another system's UDP echo service, which echoes any
character it receives in an attempt to test network programs. As a result, a nonstop
flood of useless data passes between the two systems.To prevent a UDP Flood, you
can either disable all UDP services on each host in your network or--easier still--have
your firewall filter all incoming UDP service requests. Since UDP services are
designed for internal diagnostics, you could probably get by with denying UDP
service access from the Internet community. But if you categorically deny all UDP
traffic, you will rebuff some legitimate applications, such as RealAudio, that use UDP
as their transport mechanism.

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Conclusion

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