Human Rights PowerPoint

Pyramid of Hate

for differencesof an entire national,or extermination in human character racial ONE or raceBelieving of life, your to groupsCriminal act motivated by and ASSIMILATION the group ethnicity, thataagroup. wayrace is on Hate Crime:person.particular based is ability or ethnic community. the and in Treatment Usually racial, the Discrimination: race, gender,have to enforcedENSLAVEMENT onesforced best aa to others. when you other Assimilation: To (forceful) stereotype ofandpersonsremove constraint. hated oforgroup evenremoval ofindividual superiorthoughways are than freedom Enslavement:Theculturaltoinferior. Ethnic Cleansing: Forcedrather beand planned an classthatcategorysystematicto be like Democide:behavior in an or abandon Impliestodetermination and deliberate adapt fromthey The/culture in the observed different systematicwantindividual religion, culture,should lifestyle. Apartheid:a given belief and self prejudice. an entire political SEGREGATION ethnic group an existing location. Nationalism: of APARTHEID merit; youexterminationsupported yourenforced your own culture without and consent. discrimination one's home country. superiority of CRIMES group. HATE by the government Sexism: The belief in the superiority of DISCRIMINATION ones gender over the opposite gender
AC TI ON S

GENOCIDE / DEMOCIDE Racism: The belief that race accounts Genocide: The systematic and planned ETHNIC CLEANSING Ethnocentrism: Belief or attitude that of Segregation: The the characteristics Stereotyping: Applying enforced separation of

RACISM / NATIONALISM / SEXISM ETHNOCENTRISM STEREOTYPING

TH OU GH

TS

Human Rights
Human rights (natural rights) are rights which some hold to be "inalienable" and belonging to all humans; according to natural law. Such rights are believed, by proponents, to be necessary for freedom and the maintenance of a "reasonable" quality of life. Inalienable rights cannot be bestowed, granted, limited, bartered away, or sold away (eg, one cannot sell oneself into slavery). Inalienable rights can only be secured...or violated. Human rights can be divided into two categories; positive and negative human rights.

Positive Human Rights

Origins of Human Rights

Positive human rights are things to which every person is entitled and for which every state is obligated. Examples of such rights (not all are universally agreed upon) include:

the rights to education, to a livelihood, to private property, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, to carry guns, and legal equality. Positive rights have been codified in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in many 20th century constitutions.

Origins of Human Rights

Negative Human Rights

Negative human rights follow mainly from the Anglo-American legal tradition,

They are rights which denote actions that a government should not take. These are codified in the United States Bill of Rights and the English Bill of Rights and include freedoms of speech, religion and assembly.

Origins of Human Rights

There are a number of theories of where rights come from. The theory espoused by the US Declaration of Independence and ingrained in Anglo-American legal thought is that rights arise from natural law.

This theory is considered antiquated in moral philosophy.

There are a number of controversies regarding human rights. One is what rights are included as fundamental human rights, or even if there is such a thing. Another controversy is how best to enforce human rights and in particular the relationship between human rights and national sovereignty. One point of view is that human rights are universal and

Human Rights one of any fundamental human rights. Abuse A Human rights abuse is the abuse of
According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (generally accepted as the international standard for human rights), fundamental human rights are violated when: Cruel or unusual punishment is used on a person (such as torture or forms of extremely violent execution). A person is sold as or used as a slave. A certain race, creed, or group is denied recognition as a "person". Punishments are dealt arbitrarily or unilaterally, without a proper and fair trial. Citizens are forbidden to leave their country. Arbitrary interference into personal, or private lives by agents of the state. Men and women are not treated as equal. Different racial or religious groups are not treated as equal. Freedom of speech or religion are denied. Education is denied. The right to join a union is denied. In practice, human rights abuses are rare in fully-democratic countries, and common in dictatorships or theocracies. Many international non-governmental organizations such as Freedom House and

International Human Rights Instruments

International human rights instruments can be classified into two categories: Declarations, adopted by bodies such as the United Nations General Assembly, which are not legally binding although they may be politically so. Conventions, which are legally binding instruments concluded under international law. International human rights instruments can be divided further into Global instruments, to which any state in the world can be a party. Regional instruments, which are restricted to states in a particular region of the world. Most conventions establish mechanisms to oversee their implementation. In some cases these mechanisms have relatively little power, and are often ignored by member states;

Examples include the UN treaty committees,

In other cases these mechanisms have great political and legal authority, and their decisions are almost always implemented.

Examples include the European Court of Human Rights.

With the advent of the concept of human rights, various countries have attempted to enact laws against what are called hate crimes. A hate crime is defined as: a crime committed with direct influence by the minority status of the victim. A hate crime law would bring greater penalty to the perpetrator based on the hateful intent. Conservatives in the United States often oppose hate crime laws, stating that imposing a greater penalty on an act committed in hate would thus make hating, or a thought, illegal. They feel this to be a direct infringement on First Amendment rights. Liberals often support hate crime laws, stating that by enacting them, individuals would face greater discouragement from committing hate crimes.
They also point out that all laws are subjective, and that if society can determine that one crime deserves more punishment than another (ie: murder vs. involuntary manslaughter,) then it can also determine what motivations deserve more stringent punishments.

Hate Crimes Laws

Segregation
Racial segregation is formalized or institutionalized discrimination on the basis of race.
Such as found in the southern USA with the Jim Crow laws from the Civil War through the 1960's or in the former apartheid system of South Africa.

Apartheid
Apartheid is an Afrikaans word, meaning "separation" or literally "apartness". In English, it has come to mean any legally sanctioned system of racial segregation, such as existed in The Republic of South Africa between 1948 and 1990.

International Criminal Courts Definition

The crime of apartheid was also defined in the formation of the International Criminal Court: "The crime of apartheid" means inhumane acts of a character similar to those referred to in paragraph 1, committed in the context of an institutionalized regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any other racial group or groups and committed with the intention of maintaining that regime

Ethnic Cleansing
Ethnic cleansing is a generally pejorative term used to refer to the removal of an ethnic group from an area by force in order to create an ethnically homogenous state.
The term was first used in the Balkan conflicts during the 1990s to describe the actions of Serbians in Bosnia, and later Kosovo.

Ethnic cleansing is deemed a crime against humanity by international treaties, such as that which created the International Criminal Court.
Some commentators have argued that mass population transfers can create political situations that are more stable than those involving multi-ethnic states, citing the partition of India and the post-World War II political situation in Eastern Europe. Others have raised disturbing questions about historical events such as the German expulsion after World War II.

Genocide
Genocide is a type of atrocity in general use referring to the deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic, cultural or political group.
All state-sponsored mass-murders are not genocide. Genocide does not need to be state-sponsored to be considered genocide

The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 1948 and came into effect in January 1951. It contains an internationally-recognized definition of genocide which was incorporated into the national criminal legislation of many countries, and was also adopted by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, the treaty that established the International Criminal Court (ICC). The Convention (in article 2) defines genocide as "any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:"

Definition of Genocide

Killing members of the group; Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

Genocide in International law

All signatories to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcing difficult. Genocide is dealt with as an international matter, by the UN, and can never be treated as an internal affair of a country. Some legal opinion holds that; as well as being illegal under conventional international law, genocide is a crime under customary international law as well, and has been since some time during World War II or possibly earlier. Acts of genocide are generally difficult to establish, for prosecution, since intent, demonstrating a chain of accountability, has to be established.

Pyramid of Hate

GENOCIDE / DEMOCIDE ETHNIC CLEANSING ASSIMILATION

AC TI ON S

ENSLAVEMENT SEGREGATION / APARTHEID HATE CRIMES DISCRIMINATION

RACISM / NATIONALISM / SEXISM

TH OU GH

ETHNOCENTRISM STEREOTYPING

TS