The Representation of the Earth

The Earth is a sphere flattened at the poles (Geoid).

Divided in two equal hemispheres :

o Northern Hemisphere or continental includes Asia, Europe, large part of Africa and about half of America.

o Southern Hemisphere or maritime. Predominate the seas and oceans.

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Movements of the Earth: Rotation

The Earth rotates on itself. It gives a complete turnaround in 24 hours.

This movement causes days and nights.

Is made from West to East, in the opposite direction clockwise. The succession of days and nights makes possible to soft the temperatures of the Earth and make easier life.

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Movements of the Earth: Translation

Movement of Earth around the Sun.

Earth draws an elliptical orbit takes 365 days and 6 hours to travel. The hours are added on all the month of February every 4 yeras (29 February).

The axis inclination of the Earths rotation to the ecliptic, is responsible for the succession of the seasons.

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Movements of the Earth: Translation Summer and Winter: biggest difference in the incidence of the suns rays that reach the hemispheres. In a hemispheres summer, in another winter. Spring and Autumn: The incidence of sunlight is the same in one hemisphere and in the other. Solstices (summer and winter): maximum difference of light between day and night: 16 to 8 h. Equinoxes (spring and autumn): the same time of light that darkness: 12 hours.

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Time Zones

The Earth is divided into 24 equal parts: time zones (like sections of an orange). All locations in the same zone or time zone have the same time. Due to the rotation of the Earth, sun rises first in the locations in the East, or the direction in which we see the sun rises every morning.

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Represent any point on Earth using geographic coordinates.
Are imaginary lines (parallels and meridians) that apeear on globes and maps forming a sort of grid.

Used to calculate the distance between different places on Earth, or to determine its location in the world.
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Parallel: Imaginary lines around the Earth parallel to Ecuador. Ecuador is the parallel 0 (the largest circumference. Divide the Earth in two northern and southern hemispheres).

Latitude

The distance from any point on the Earth to Ecuador (0), is the Latitude (North or South). It is measured in degrees.

Other smaller parallels are: Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn; Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle.

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Longitude The meridians are imaginary lines from North to South, from pole to pole.

The reference meridian is the meridian that passes through Greenwich (UK). It is meridian 0.

The distance from any point on Earth to Meridian 0, is the Longitude (East or West). It is measured in degrees.

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Location of a point

To locate a point on the Earth need to know their geographic coordinates: latitude and longitude.
To represent the Earth cartgraphers have devised maps that are flat representations of the whole Earths surface or part of it.
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Projections

The projections are different ways to make tracing a world map: In the Mercator projection (equivalent): dimensions are respected but not the shapes. Peters projection (equivalent): dimensions are respected but not the shapes.
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To learn more

Meridians and Parallels Imaginary lines

(pictures)

(video)

The ecliptic and seasons Cartographic projections

(video) (video)

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Vocational and professional guidance
(for an integrated curriculum)

Profession: History of Cartography

Industry: Satellite Instrument: Astronomical Observatory Biography: Amrico Vespucio

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