Reproduction & Development

CHAPTER 18: REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Asexual reproduction in plants and animals

Figure 18.1: Sporulation in Rhizopus.

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Figure 18.2: Budding in yeast. Hydra.

Figure 18.3: Budding in

Figure 18.4: Binary fission in Amoeba.

Figure 18.5: Vegetative propagation by bulb in onion.

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Figure 18.6: Vegetative propagation by rhizome in ginger.

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

Figure 18.7: Longitudinal section of flower.

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Figure 18.8: Tranverse section of anther.

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Figure 18.9: A summary of formation of pollen grain.

Figure 18.10: Formation of pollen grain and male gametes.

Figure 18.11: A summary of formation of female gamete.

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Figure 18.12: Formation of embryo sac and female gametes.

Figure 18.13: Germination of pollen grain and growth of pollen tube.

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Figure 18.14: Double fertilization in flowering plant.

Figure 18.15: Zygote divides to give a short chain of cells when primary endosperm nucleus divides to give a mass of nuclei.

Figure 18.16: Various stages of development of embryo.

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Figure 18.17: Structure of a) An endospermic dicotyledonous seed. b) A non-endospermic dicotyledonous seed. c) A monocotyledonous seed.

Figure 18.18: Epigeal germination.

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Figure 18.19: Hypogeal germination of a) broad bean b) maize.

Human reproductive system

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Figure 18.20: Male urinogenital system.

Figure 18.21: Internal structure of testis.

Figure 18.22: Structure of a spermatozoa.

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Figure 18.23: Seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells. Cells in various stages of spermatogenesis are found in the seminiferous tubules.

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Figure 18.24: Spermatogenesis

Figure 18.25: Part of the wall of a seminiferous tubule and interstitial cells. Sertoli cell and cells in various stages of spermatogenesis are shown.

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Figure 18.26: Hormonal control of spermatogenesis.

Figure 18.27: Role of hormones in controlling the functions of testis. Solid arrows indicate stimulation and broken arrows indicate inhibition.

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Figure 18.28: Frontal view of female urigenital system.

Figure 18.29: Lateral view of female urinogenital system.

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Figure 18.30: Oogenesis

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Figure 18.31: Tranverse section through an ovary showing the stages in the development of a follicle, ovulation and formation and regression of the corpus luteum.

Figure 18.32: Structure of secondary oocyte. The secondary is surrounded by the zona pellucida and corona radiate.

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Figure 18.33: Summary of gametogenesis in the male and female.

Figure 18.34: Menstrual cycle of a female showing relative levels of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, oestrogen and progesterone in the blood, the development of follicle in the ovary and changes in the endometrium of the uterus.
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Figure 18.35: Hormonal control of oogenesis.

Stimulate growth/ thickening of endometrium

Figure 18.36: Interaction of hormones controlling the menstrual cycle. Solid arrows indicates stimulation and broken arrows indicate inhibition.

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Figure 18.37: Events leading to fertilization.

Figure 18.38: Cleavage and implantation. Figure 18.39: Blastocyst

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Figure 18.40: Human foetal development.

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Figure 18.41: Relationship between embryo, yolk sac, amnion, allantois and chorion. The allantois develops from the hindgut of the embryo and growa towards the chorion to form allanto-chorion. The allanto-chorion develops to form the placenta.

Figure 18.42: a) Fetus in uterus b) Structure of placenta c) Thin barrier between blood in fetal capillary and maternal blood in lacuna.

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Figure 18.43: Hormonal changes during pregnancy.

Figure 18.44: Role of hormones in birth process.

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1. Dilation of the cervix

2. Expulsion: delivery of the infant

3. Delivery of the placenta

Figure 18.45: The three stages of labor.

Figure 18.46: Newborn infant suckling at the breast showing details of the suckling reflex. Lactation involves stimulation of milk secretion by prolactin and milk ejection by oxytocin.

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