Ritvik Varaden 5i

Volumetric Analysis
Introduction: The aim of this work is to determine the amount of sulfuric acid needed in order to induce a reaction with Sodium Hydroxide which will act as the base. In order to do this a volumetric analysis shall be carried out through the use of a titration in order to obtain the approximate amount of sulfuric acid needed. Also calculations will be carried out in order to obtain the somewhat accurate number of moles present in both substances at the point of reaction. Apparatus/materials: Burette Pipette Retort Stand Pipette Filler Conical flask Indicator (Phenolphthalein) Dilute sulfuric acid Sodium Hydroxide

Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. Rinse all equipments to be used three times with distilled water Rinse the burette with a small amount of the acid, and then fill it to full capacity Rinse the pipette with a small amount of the base Using the pipette transfer 25.0 cm2 of the base into the conical flask, which will be used as a titration flask 5. Add the indicator to the base and titrate rapidly until a reaction occurs (Change in color). 6. Record gathered information in a table and process them through calculations in order to obtain the desired information. Safety precautions: No obstructing object were on the worktable during the experiment Goggles were worn in order to prevent eyes from being in contact with chemical substances Apparatus were handled with the utmost care throughout the experiment.

Results data table:

Experiment no Initial volume/cm2 Final volume/cm2 Difference in volume/ cm2

1 2 3
Fig1A : Table showing results of titration trials

0.00 0.00 0.00

14.00 13.00 12.80

14.00 13.00 12.80

Observation: The base used in this experiment was at first colorless in nature, thus the indicator Phenolphthalein was added to it hence turning it into a light purple color. During the titration it was observed that at some point after adding a certain amount of sulfuric acid the base would revert back to being colorless, which is an indication that the sulfuric acid (H2SO4) has reacted with the base Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) ,an Alkaline, thus neutralizing one another. Calculations : The following calculations will work out the mole balance between the two substances and the concentration of acid used. a. 2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O b. 1dm3 = 1000cm3 1000cm3 0.25 mol 1cm3 0.00025 mol

25 cm3 0.00625 mol

In 25.0cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution there are 0.00625 moles

c. From equation, 2 moles of NaOH react with Therefore, the ratio of moles of NaOH to moles of H2SO4 is 2:1. NaOH : HSO4 2 : 1 0.00625 : 0.003125 1 mole of H2SO.

There are 0.003125 moles in the average acid titrated

d. Concentration of the acid in mol dm-3: 1000cm3 = 1dm3 12.90 cm3 0.003125 mol 1 cm3 0.0002451 mol
2

1000 cm3 0.245 mol

Concentration of the acid = 0.245 mol dm-3

e. Concentration of the acid in g dm: Molar mass of H2SO4: 2H = 2x1 = 2 1S = 1x32 = 32 4O = 4x16 = 64 Molar mass of H2SO4 = 64 + 32 + 2 = 98g mol-1 0.245 mol dm-3 98 g mol-1 x 0.245 mol dm-3 = 24.01 g dm-

Concentration of the acid = 24.01g dm-3

Evaluation: The experiment was carried out without any setbacks, and accurate information was able to be gathered. As the second and third collected figures for the titration are the closest, they were the one used in the calculations. Through the workout of the data it was estimated that the concentration of H2SO4 was of 24.01 dm-3. Anomalies: It can be observed in Fig1A that the first recorder data is somewhat far apart from the other two, hence it can be deduced that this data is anomalous due to the gap between the records. Possible error: The most likely reason for this error would be that a parallax error was created, due to the fact that the eyes monitoring the burette were not placed perpendicularly opposite to the lower meniscus during the titration. This has caused the titration to become inaccurate, resulting in the error. Solution: A possible solution to this problem would be for the one monitoring, to fixate the opposite of the lower meniscus of the burette prior to the start of the experiment. This result in the eyes getting accustomed to fixating at this position, this would enable them to be more accurate right at the start of the titration.

Limitation in method and improvement: The major limitation of this experiment was time, as only three trials were able to be conducted in the allocated one hour, of which around fifteen were spent in setting up apparatus. If more time was allocated more trials could be carried out, hence more data would have been available for use in the calculations, and discovering anomalous data would have been easier when comparing the wider range of data then a limited one. To remedy this problem a time period of a minimum of an hour and a half should be allocated to gathering data by carrying out the most trials possible.