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Dot Net FAQ - .net faq

Here are some topics on which you will avail with dot net faq

* Connectivity with Data Base (SQL Server).

* Data Set.
* Web Services.
* Data Grid (Insert, Edit and Delete).
* Remoting.
* Connectivity with XML.
* ADO.Net
* Java Script and many more...

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question on dot net and many supporting languages.

Dot Net Questions - .net questions

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ADO.NET
Question:-What is Concurrency and its types?
Answer: When two or more people try to update same type of data then Concurrency helps
how to handle this situation there are two types of concurrency:pessimistic and optiimistic.
Pessimistic:-When one user try to change the data with pessimistic concurrency a lock is
placed on the data so that another user cannot change that one after one another can change.
Optimistic:-In this if two user works on the same data and one change that data first then
second user cannot change that same data becasue the which he have using is allready
changed so he cannot do the change becasue change apply to another data that is changed by
first user.

Question:-Why is ADO.NET serialization slower than ADO ?

Answer: ADO uses binary serialization while ADO.NET uses text based serialization. Since the
text takes more space, it takes longer to write it out.

Question:- How to check if the Dataset has records ?

Answer:

if ds.Tables(0).Rows.Count= 0 then
'No record
else
'record found

Question:- What is the significance of CommandBehavior.CloseConnection ?

Answer: To avoid having to explicitly close the connection associated with the command used
to create either a SqlDataReader or and OleDbDataReader, pass the
CommandBehavior.CloseConnection argument to the ExecuteReader method of the
Connection.

dr= cmd.ExecuteReader(CommandBehavior.CloseConnection);

The associated connection will be closed automatically when the Close method of the
Datareader is called. This makes it all the more important to always remember to call Close on
your datareaders.

Question:-Which method do you invoke on the DataAdapter control to load your

generated dataset with data?
Answer: The Fill() method.

Question:-What is Dataset and Diffgram?

Answer: When sending and retrieving a DataSet from an XML Web service, the DiffGram
format is implicitly used. Additionally, when loading the contents of a DataSet from XML using
the ReadXml method, or when writing the contents of a DataSet in XML using the WriteXml
method, you can select that the contents be read or written as a DiffGram. For more
information, see Loading a DataSet from XML and Writing a DataSet as XML Data. While the
DiffGram format is primarily used by the .NET Framework as a serialization format for the
contents of a DataSet, you can also use DiffGrams to modify data in tables in a Microsoft SQL
Server™ 2000 database.

Question:-What is typed dataset ?

Answer: A typed dataset is very much similar to a normal dataset. But the only difference is
that the sehema is already present for the same. Hence any mismatch in the column will
generate compile time errors rather than runtime error as in the case of normal dataset. Also
accessing the column value is much easier than the normal dataset as the column definition
will be available in the schema.

Question:-How can you provide an alternating color scheme in a Repeater control?

Answer: AlternatingItemTemplate Like the ItemTemplate element, but rendered for every
other row (alternating items) in the Repeater control. You can specify a different appearance
for the AlternatingItemTemplate element by setting its style properties.

Question:-What are good ADO.NET object(s) to replace the ADO Recordset object?
Answer: There are alot...but the base once are SqlConnection, OleDbConnection, etc...

Question:-Can you explain the difference between an ADO.NET Dataset and an ADO
Recordset?
Answer:Valid answers are:
 • A DataSet can represent an entire relational database in memory, complete with
tables, relations, and views.
• A DataSet is designed to work without any continuing connection to the original data
source.
• Data in a DataSet is bulk-loaded, rather than being loaded on demand.
• There's no concept of cursor types in a DataSet.
• DataSets have no current record pointer You can use For Each loops to move through
the data.
• You can store many edits in a DataSet, and write them to the original data source in a
single operation.
• Though the DataSet is universal, other objects in ADO.NET come in different versions
for different data sources.

Question:-What are the differences between Datalist DataGrid and datarepeater ?

Answer:DataList

• Has table appearence by default

• Has no autoformat option
• has no default paging & sorting options
• can define separators between elements using template
DataGrid
• Has a grid appearence by default
• has a autoformat option
• has default paging and sorting
• has no separator between elements
DataRepeater
• simple,read-only output, has no built in support for selecting or editing items, has no
DEFAULT APPEARENCE, has no default paging.

ASSEMBLY
Question: What do u mean by Satellite Assemblies ?br /> Answer: The assemblies
which contains only culture information are known as satellite assemblies.This assembly is
used to get language specific resources for an application .

Question: What do you know about .NET assemblies?

Answer: Assemblies are the smallest units of versioning and deployment in the .NET
application. Assemblies are also the building blocks for programs such as Web services,
Windows services, serviced components, and .NET remoting applications.

Question: What’s the difference between private and shared assembly?

Answer: Privateassembly is used inside an application only and does not have to be
identified by a strong name.
Shared assembly can be used by multiple applications and has to have a strong name.

Question: What’s a strong name ?

Answer: A strong name includes the name of the assembly, version number, culture identity,
and a public key token.

Question: Whats an assembly ?

Answer: Assemblies are the building blocks of .NET Framework applications; they form the
fundamental unit of deployment, version control, reuse, activation scoping, and security
permissions. An assembly is a collection of types and resources that are built to work together
and form a logical unit of functionality. An assembly provides the common language runtime
with the information it needs to be aware of type implementations. To the runtime, a type
does not exist outside the context of an assembly.

Question: How can you debug failed assembly binds ?

Answer: Use the Assembly Binding Log Viewer (fuslogvw.exe) to find out the paths searched.

Question: Where are shared assemblies stored ?

Answer: Global assembly cache.

Question: How can you tell the application to look for assemblies at the locations
other than its own install ?
Answer: Use the directive in the XML .config file for a given application.

<probing privatePath="c:\mylibs; bin\debug” />

should do the trick. Or you can add additional search paths in the Properties box of the
deployed application.

Question: Where’s global assembly cache located on the system ?

Answer: Usually C:\winnt\assembly or C:\windows\assembly.

Question: How do you specify a custom attribute for the entire assembly (rather
than for a class) ?
Answer: Global attributes must appear after any top-level using clauses and before the first
type or namespace declarations. An example of this is as follows:
using System;
[assembly : MyAttributeClass] class X {}

Note that in an IDE-created project, by convention, these attributes are placed in

AssemblyInfo.cs.

Question: What is delay signing ?

Answer:Delay signing allows you to place a shared assembly in the GAC by signing the
assembly with just the public key. This allows the assembly to be signed with the private key
at a later stage, when the development process is complete and the component or assembly is
ready to be deployed. This process enables developers to work with shared assemblies as if
they were strongly named, and it secures the private key of the signature from being accessed
at different stages of development.

ASP.NET BASIC
Question: What is late binding ?
Answer: When code interacts with an object dynamically at runtime .because our code
literally doesnot care what type of object it is interacting and with the methods thats are
supported by object and with the methods thats are supported by object .The type of object is
not known by the IDE or compiler ,no Intellisense nor compile-time syntax checking is possible
but we get unprecedented flexibilty in exchange.if we enable strict type checking by using
option strict on at the top of our code modules ,then IDE and compiler will enforce early
binding behaviour .By default Late binding is done.

Question: What is CSU and its description ?

Answer: CSU stands for comma separate values also called comma delimited.It is plain text
file which stores spreadsheets or basic datatype in very simple format.One record in each line
and each field separted with comma's it is often used to transfer large ammount spreadsheet
data or database information between program.
Question: The IHttpHandler and IHttpHandlerFactory interfaces ?
Answer: The IHttpHandler interface is implemented by all the handlers. The interface consists
of one property called IsReusable. The IsReusable property gets a value indicating whether
another request can use the IHttpHandler instance. The method ProcessRequest() allows you
to process the current request. This is the core place where all your code goes. This method
receives a parameter of type HttpContext using which you can access the intrinsic objects such
as Request and Response. The IHttpHandlerFactory interface consists of two methods -
GetHandler and ReleaseHandler. The GetHandler() method instantiates the required HTTP
handler based on some condition and returns it back to ASP.NET. The ReleaseHandler()
method allows the factory to reuse an existing handler.

Question: what is Viewstate?

Answer:View state is used by the ASP.NET page framework to automatically save the values
of the page and of each control just prior to rendering to the page. When the page is posted,
one of the first tasks performed by page processing is to restore view state.
State management is the process by which you maintain state and page information over
multiple requests for the same or different pages.

Client-side options are:

* The ViewState property * Query strings

* Hidden fields * Cookies

Server-side options are:

* Application state * Session state * DataBase

Use the View State property to save data in a hidden field on a page. Because ViewState
stores data on the page, it is limited to items that can be serialized. If you want to store more
complex items in View State, you must convert the items to and from a string.

ASP.NET provides the following ways to retain variables between requests:

Context.Handler object Use this object to retrieve public members of one Web form’s class
from a subsequently displayed Web form.

Query strings Use these strings to pass information between requests and responses as part
of the Web address. Query strings are visible to the user, so they should not contain secure
information such as passwords.

Cookies Use cookies to store small amounts of information on a client. Clients might refuse
cookies, so your code has to anticipate that possibility.

View state ASP.NET stores items added to a page’s ViewState property as hidden fields on
the page.

Session state Use Session state variables to store items that you want keep local to the
current session (single user).

Application state Use Application state variables to store items that you want be available to
all users of the application.

Question: DOTNET PAGE LIFECYCLE ?

Answer: While excuting the page, it will go under the fallowing steps(or fires the events)
which collectivly known as Page Life cycle.
Page_Init -- Page Initialization
LoadViewState -- View State Loading
LoadPostData -- Postback data processing
Page_Load -- Page Loading
RaisePostDataChangedEvent -- PostBack Change Notification
RaisePostBackEvent -- PostBack Event Handling
Page_PreRender -- Page Pre Rendering Phase
SaveViewState -- View State Saving
Page_Render -- Page Rendering
Page_UnLoad -- Page Unloading

Question: What is Satellite Assemblies ?

Answer: Satellite assemblies are often used to deploy language-specific resources for an
application. These language-specific assemblies work in side-by-side execution because the
application has a separate product ID for each language and installs satellite assemblies in a
language-specific subdirectory for each language. When uninstalling, the application removes
only the satellite assemblies associated with a given language and .NET Framework version.
No core .NET Framework files are removed unless the last language for that .NET Framework
version is being removed. For example, English and Japanese editions of the .NET Framework
version 1.1 share the same core files. The Japanese .NET Framework version 1.1 adds satellite
assemblies with localized resources in a \ja subdirectory. An application that supports the .NET
Framework version 1.1, regardless of its language, always uses the same core runtime files.

Question: What is CAS ?

Answer:CAS: CAS is the part of the .NET security model that determines whether or not a
piece of code is allowed to run, and what resources it can use when it is running. For example,
it is CAS that will prevent a .NET web applet from formatting your hard disk. How does CAS
work? The CAS security policy revolves around two key concepts - code groups and
permissions. Each .NET assembly is a member of a particular code group, and each code
group is granted the permissions specified in a named permission set. For example, using the
default security policy, a control downloaded from a web site belongs to the 'Zone - Internet'
code group, which adheres to the permissions defined by the 'Internet' named permission set.
(Naturally the 'Internet' named permission set represents a very restrictive range of
permissions.)

Question: Automatic Memory Management ?

Answer: Automatic Memory Management: From a programmer's perspective, this is probably
the single biggest benefit of the .NET Framework. No, I'm not kidding. Every project I've
worked on in my long career of DOS and Windows development has suffered at some point
from memory management issues. Proper memory management is hard. Even very good
programmers have difficulty with it. It's entirely too easy for a small mistake to cause a
program to chew up memory and crash, sometimes bringing the operating system to a
screeching halt in the process.

Programmers understand that they're responsible for releasing any memory that they allocate,
but they're not very good at actually doing it. In addition, functions that allocate memory as a
side effect abound in the Windows API and in the C runtime library. It's nearly impossible for a
programmer to know all of the rules. Even when the programmer follows the rules, a small
memory leak in a support library can cause big problems if called enough.

The .NET Framework solves the memory management problems by implementing a garbage
collector that can keep track of allocated memory references and release the memory when it
is no longer referenced. A large part of what makes this possible is the blazing speed of
today's processors. When you're running a 2 GHz machine, it's easy to spare a few cycles for
memory management. Not that the garbage collector takes a huge number of cycles--it's
incredibly efficient.
The garbage collector isn't perfect and it doesn't solve the problem of mis-managing other
scarce resources (file handles, for example), but it relieves programmers from having to worry
about a huge source of bugs that trips almost everybody up in other programming
environments.
On balance, automatic memory management is a huge win in almost every situation.

Question: What Language familar to CLR?

Answer: Any language that can be compiled into Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) is
considered a .NET-compliant language. Following are a few of the popular .NET-compliant
languages supported by CLR:

APL COBOL Component Pascal Eiffel

Fortran Haskell JScript Mercury
Oberon Pascal Perl Python
Smalltalk Visual Basic Visual C# Visual C++

OOPS
Question: What Is OOPS ?
Answer: OOPs is an Object Oriented Programming language,which is the extension of
Procedure Oriented Programming language.OOPS reduce the code of the program because of
the extensive feature of Polymorphism. OOPS have many properties such as Data-
Hiding,Inheritence,Data Absraction,Data Encapsulation and many moreEverything in the world
is an object. The type of the object may vary. In OOPS, we get the power to create objects of
our own, as & when required.

Question: what is Class ?

Answer:A group of objects that share a common definition and that therefore share common
properties, operations, and behavior. A user-defined type that is defined with the class-key
'class,' 'struct,' or 'union.' Objects of a class type consist of zero or more members and base
class objects.Classes can be defined hierarchically, allowing one class to be an expansion of
another, and classes can restrict access to their members.

Question: What is Constructor?

Answer:When we create instance of class a special method of that class, called that is
constructor. Similarly, when the class is destroyed, the destructor method is called. These are
general terms and usually not the actual member names in most object-oriented languages. It
is initialized using the keyword New, and is destroyed using the keyword Finalize.

Question: What is Abstract Class ?

Answer:Classes that cannot be instantiated. We cannot create an object from such a class for
use in our program. We can use an abstract class as a base class, creating new classes that
will inherit from it. Creating an abstract class with a certain minimum required level of
functionality gives us a defined starting point from which we can derive non-abstract classes.
An abstract class may contain abstract methods & non-abstract methods. When a class is
derived from an abstract class, the derived class must implement all the abstract methods
declared in the base class. We may use accessibility modifiers in an abstract class.An abstract
class can inherit from a non-abstract class. In C++, this concept is known as pure virtual
method.

Question: What is ValueType?

Answer:Value Types - Value types are primitive types. Like Int32 maps to System.Int32,
double maps to System.double.All value types are stored on stack and all the value types are
derived from System.ValueType. All structures and enumerated types that are derived from
System.ValueType are created on stack, hence known as ValueType.In value type we create a
copy of object and uses there value its not the original one.

Question: What is diff. between abstract class and an interface?

Answer: An abstract class and Interface both have method only but not have body of
method.The difference between Abstract class and An Interface is that if u call Ablstract class
then u have to call all method of that particular Abstract class but if u call an Interface then it
is not necessary that u call all method of that particular interface.Method OverLoading:-Return
type, Parameter type, parameter and body of method number may be different.Method
Overriding:- Return type, Parameter type, Parameter Number all must be same . Only body of
method can change.

COM - DCOM
Question:-Whats the relation between COM/DCOM ?
Answer: DCOM is an extended to COM that allows network-based component interaction.
Because COM only ability that processes can run on the same machine but in different address
spaces, the DCOM extension allows across a network. DCOM components can helpfull on
variety of platforms . we can also say that COM and DCOM is single technology that provides a
many services for component interaction, some specific tasks are component integration on a
single platform,component interaction across heterogeneous networks.COM and its DCOM
extensions are merged into a single runtime.

Question:-Which namespace do the classes, allowing you to support COM

functionality, are located?
Answer: System.EnterpriseServices

Question:- How do you make a NET component talk to a COM component?

Answer: To enable the communication between COM and .NET components, the .NET
Framework generates a COM Callable Wrapper (CCW). The CCW enables communication
between the calling COM code and the managed code. It also handles conversion between the
data types, as well as other messages between the COM types and the .NET types.

Question:-How do you generate an RCW from a COM object?

Answer: Use the Type Library Import utility shipped with SDK. tlbimp COMobject.dll
/out:.NETobject.dll or reference the COM library from Visual Studio in your project.

Question:-I can’t import the COM object that I have on my machine. Did you write
that object?
Answer:You can only import your own objects. If you need to use a COM component from
another developer, you should obtain a Primary Interop Assembly (PIA) from whoever
authored the original object.

Question:-How do you call unmanaged methods from your .NET code through
PInvoke?
Answer: Supply a DllImport attribute. Declare the methods in your .NET code as static
extern. Do not implement the methods as they are implemented in your unmanaged code,
you’re just providing declarations for method signatures.

Question:- Can you retrieve complex data types like structs from the PInvoke calls?
Answer: Yes, just make sure you re-declare that struct, so that managed code knows what to
do with it.

Question:- I want to expose my .NET objects to COM objects. Is that possible?

Answer: Yes, but few things should be considered first. Classes should implement interfaces
explicitly. Managed types must be public. Methods, properties, fields, and events that are
exposed to COM must be public. Types must have a public default constructor with no
arguments to be activated from COM. Types cannot be abstract.

Question:-Can you inherit a COM class in a .NET application?

Answer: The .NET Framework extends the COM model for reusability by adding
implementation inheritance. Managed types can derive directly or indirectly from a COM
coclass; more specifically, they can derive from the runtime callable wrapper generated by the
runtime. The derived type can expose all the method and properties of the COM object as well
as methods and properties implemented in managed code. The resulting object is partly
implemented in managed code and partly implemented in unmanaged code.

Question:-Suppose I call a COM object from a .NET applicaiton, but COM object
throws an error. What happens on the .NET end?
Answer: COM methods report errors by returning HRESULTs; .NET methods report them by
throwing exceptions. The runtime handles the transition between the two. Each exception
class in the .NET Framework maps to an HRESULT.

CSS
Question: What do u mean to CSS ?
Answer: Style sheets are a very powerful tool for the Web site developer. They give you the
chance to be completely consistent with the look and feel of your pages, while giving you
much more control over the layout and design than straight HTML ever did.

Question: What is CSS?

Answer: CSS stands for cascading stylesheets Styles define how to display HTML elements
Styles are normally stored in Style Sheets Styles were added to HTML 4.0 to solve a problem
External Style Sheets can save you a lot of work External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files
Multiple style definitions will cascade into one.

Question: Style Sheets Can Save a Lot of Work

Answer: Enforcing data integrity ensures the quality of the data in the database. For
example, if an employee is entered with an employee_id value of 123, the database should not
allow another employee to have an ID with the same value. If you have an employee_rating
column intended to have values ranging from 1 to 5, the database should not accept a value of
6. If the table has a dept_id column that stores the department number for the employee, the
database should allow only values that are valid for the department numbers in the company.
Two important steps in planning tables are to identify valid values for a column and to decide
how to enforce the integrity of the data in the column. Data integrity falls into these
categories.

Question: How to add Add External Style Sheet?

Answer: An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an
external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each
page must link to the style sheet using the <link > tag. The <link > tag goes inside the head
section:
<head >
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" />
</head>

Question:What is Internal Style Sheet?

Answer:An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style.
You define internal styles in the head section by using the <style> tag, like this:
<head>
<style type="text/css">
hr {color: sienna}
p {margin-left: 20px}
body {background-image: url("images/back40.gif")}
</style>
</head>
The browser will now read the style definitions, and format the document according to it.

Question:What are Inline Styles?

Answer: An inline style loses many of the advantages of style sheets by mixing content with
presentation. Use this method sparingly, such as when a style is to be applied to a single
occurrence of an element.
To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can
contain any CSS property. The example shows how to change the color and the left margin of
a paragraph:
<p style="color: sienna; margin-left: 20px">
This is a paragraph
</p>

Question: When do you use CSS dimension?

Answer: The CSS dimension properties allow you to control the height and width of an
element. It also allows you to increase the space between two lines.

Question: CSS purpose and Used for?

Answer: CSS is a language, separate from HTML or XHTML CSSused to specify the layout or
formatting properties of HTML elements From a single CSS file you can control an entire sites:
font type ,font and element colour ,padding ,margins ,and element positioning CSS allows
developers to separate style (look, appearance,colours, fonts, layout) from the pages
structure.

Question: What are the CSS Web Template?

Answer: "CSS Web Template" is a website design created using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
technology. Cascading stylesheets provide web developers an easy way to format and to style
web pages. CSS will be used even more because it is seen the same way by all browsers,
making it the best option during the browser wars.

REMOTING
Question:-What is .NET Remoting ?
Answer: .NET Remoting is an enabler for application communication. It is a generic system
for different applications to use to communicate with one another. .NET objects are exposed to
remote processes, thus allowing interprocess communication. The applications can be located
on the same computer, different computers on the same network, or even computers across
separate networks.

Question:- .NET Remoting versus Distributed COM ?

Answer: In the past interprocess communication between applications was handled through
Distributed COM, or DCOM. DCOM works well and the performance is adequate when
applications exist on computers of similar type on the same network. However, DCOM has its
drawbacks in the Internet connected world. DCOM relies on a proprietary binary protocol that
not all object models support, which hinders interoperability across platforms. In addition,
have you tried to get DCOM to work through a firewall? DCOM wants to communicate over a
range of ports that are typically blocked by firewalls. There are a ways to get it to work, but
they either decrease the effectiveness of the firewall (why bother to even have the firewall if
you open up a ton of ports on it), or require you to get a firewall that allows support for binary
traffic over port 80. .NET Remoting eliminates the difficulties of DCOM by supporting different
transport protocol formats and communication protocols. This allows .NET Remoting to be
adaptable to the network environment in which it is being used.

Question:-What is Channels ?
Answer: Remote objects are accessed through Channels. Channels physically transport the
messages to and from remote objects. There are two existing channels TcpChannel and
HttpChannel. Their names give away the protocols that they use. In addition, the TcpChannel
or HttpChannel can be extended, or a new channel created if you determine the existing
channels do not meet your needs.

Question:- Security in Remoting ?

Answer: Security is of paramount importance to any distributed application. Although the
.NET Remoting infrastructure does not define any security features itself, because distributed
applications are managed code they have full access to all of the .NET security features. In
addition, the HTTP channel, when used with IIS, allows you to take full advantage of the
authentication and authorization features that are available to Web based protocols. If you
choose to use a protocol other than HTTP with IIS, then you have the opportunity to create
your own security infrastructure.

Question:-Advantage of Remoting over Web Services ?

Answer: .NET Remoting is a distributed objects infrastructure. It allows processes to share
objects—to call methods on and access properties of objects that are hosted in different
application domains within the same process, different processes executing on the same
computer, on computers on an intranet, or on computers distributed over wide areas. .NET
Remoting supports many different communications protocols, including the SOAP/HTTP
protocol used by ASP.NET Web services. Support for other protocols makes it possible to
provide much faster communications in .NET Remoting than would be possible with ASP.NET
Web services. The ASP.NET programming model is tied specifically to IIS, and is limited to
creating Web services that use the producer/consumer model. .NET Remoting, on the other
hand, can share objects from any type of application.

The .NET Remoting system, as an integral part of the .NET Framework, supports full .NET type
system fidelity. You can pass any object across the wire to a client. This is in contrast to
ASP.NET, which is limited to data types that can be expressed with WSDL and XSD.

Question:- Scope of publication ?

Answer: .NET Remoting exposes objects to other application domains as if they are local, with
a few exceptions. The two exceptions most likely to trip you up are:
• Static members are never remoted. Remoting always deals with some form of object
instance member.
• Private methods are never remoted. You cannot wrap and pass a delegate to a private
method. This includes remote event handlers.
The other exceptions are less likely to cause you trouble. The online documentation provides a
complete list and explanation of the exceptions.

Question:-What are the Proxies ?

Answer: In the general sense, a proxy is any object that stands in for another, either
servicing requests directly or passing the requests on to the object for which it is standing in.
In .NET Remoting, the proxy manages the marshaling process and the other tasks required to
make cross-boundary calls. The .NET Remoting infrastructure automatically handles creation
and management of proxies, although it is possible to create your own proxy classes to plug in
to and customize proxy creation, marshaling, and other proxy-related tasks.

Question:-What is Abstract ?
Answer: .NET Remoting provides a powerful and high performance way of working with
remote objects. Architecturally, .NET Remote objects are a perfect fit for accessing resources
across the network without the overhead posed by SOAP based WebServices. .NET Remoting
is easier to use than Java's RMI, but definately more difficult than creating a WebService.

Question:-Some Important Notes

Answer: The dependence on assembly metadata implies that client applications must
understand .NET concepts. As a result, applications that make use of .NET Remoting are not
interoperable with other systems. Although it's possible to write an XML Web service using
.NET Remoting, it's not practical when you consider that ASP.NET is designed specifically for
that task. In most cases, in order to use .NET Remoting, both the client and the server must
be .NET applications. This makes .NET Remoting a poor choice if you want non-.NET clients to
access your service.
Before we get into the nuts and bolts of how Remoting works and how to write programs that
take advantage of it, you need to understand some basic Remoting concepts.

Question:-.NET Remoting Overview ?

Answer: .NET Remoting is very flexible. You have a wide range of communications options
and activation methods, as well as full control over a distributed object's lifecycle. You can
choose TCP or HTTP communications protocols on any port, using text or binary formatting.
The .NET Remoting infrastructure supports server activated (single call and singleton) and
client activated objects. .NET Remoting gives you many opportunities to "plug in" to the
system to customize lifecycle management, marshaling, serialization, messaging, and other
services.

SQL SERVER
Question: What are the null values in SQL SERVER ?
Answer: Before understand the null values we have some overview about what the value is.
Value is the actual data stored in a particular field of particular record. But what is done when
there is no values in the field.That value is something like < null>.Nulls present missing
information. We can also called null propagation.

Question: What are the different types of Locks ?

Answer: There are three main types of locks that SQL Server
(1)Shared locks are used for operations that does not allow to change or update data, such as
a SELECT statement.
(2)Update locks are used when SQL Server intends to modify a page, and later promotes the
update page lock to an exclusive page lock before actually making the changes.
(3)Exclusive locks are used for the data modification operations, such as UPDATE, INSERT, or
DELETE.

Question: What Is Database ?

Answer: A database is similar to a data file in that it is a storage place for data. Like a data
file, a database does not present information directly to a user; the user runs an application
that accesses data from the database and presents it to the user in an understandable
format.Database systems are more powerful than data files in that data is more highly
organized. In a well-designed database, there are no duplicate pieces of data that the user or
application must update at the same time. Related pieces of data are grouped together in a
single structure or record, and relationships can be defined between these structures and
records.When working with data files, an application must be coded to work with the specific
structure of each data file. In contrast, a database contains a catalog that applications use to
determine how data is organized. Generic database applications can use the catalog to present
users with data from different databases dynamically, without being tied to a specific data
format. A database typically has two main parts: first, the files holding the physical database
and second, the database management system (DBMS) software that applications use to
access data. The DBMS is responsible for enforcing the database structure, including: ·
Maintaining relationships between data in the database. Ensuring that data is stored correctly,
and that the rules defining data relationships are not violated. · Recovering all data to a point
of known consistency in case of system failures.

Question: what is Relational Database ?

Answer: Although there are different ways to organize data in a database, relational
databases are one of the most effective. Relational database systems are an application of
mathematical set theory to the problem of effectively organizing data. In a relational
database, data is collected into tables (called relations in relational theory). A table represents
some class of objects that are important to an organization. For example, a company may
have a database with a table for employees, another table for customers, and another for
stores. Each table is built of columns and rows (called attributes and tuples in relational
theory). Each column represents some attribute of the object represented by the table. For
example, an Employee table would typically have columns for attributes such as first name,
last name, employee ID, department, pay grade, and job title. Each row represents an
instance of the object represented by the table. For example, one row in the Employee table
represents the employee who has employee ID 12345. When organizing data into tables, you
can usually find many different ways to define tables. Relational database theory defines a
process called normalization, which ensures that the set of tables you define will organize your
data effectively.

Question: What is Data Integrity and it's categories ?

Answer: Enforcing data integrity ensures the quality of the data in the database. For
example, if an employee is entered with an employee_id value of 123, the database should not
allow another employee to have an ID with the same value. If you have an employee_rating
column intended to have values ranging from 1 to 5, the database should not accept a value of
6. If the table has a dept_id column that stores the department number for the employee, the
database should allow only values that are valid for the department numbers in the company.
Two important steps in planning tables are to identify valid values for a column and to decide
how to enforce the integrity of the data in the column. Data integrity falls into these
categories:

1) Entity integrity
2) Domain integrity
3) Referential integrity
4) User-defined integrity

Entity Integrity: Entity integrity defines a row as a unique entity for a particular table. Entity
integrity enforces the integrity of the identifier column(s) or the primary key of a table
(through indexes, UNIQUE constraints, PRIMARY KEY constraints, or IDENTITY properties).

Domain Integrity: Domain integrity is the validity of entries for a given column. You can
enforce domain integrity by restricting the type (through data types), the format (through
CHECK constraints and rules), or the range of possible values (through FOREIGN KEY
constraints, CHECK constraints, DEFAULT efinitions, NOT NULL definitions, and rules).

Referential Integrity: Referential integrity preserves the defined relationships between

tables when records are entered or deleted. In Microsoft® SQL Server™ 2000, referential
integrity is based on relationships between foreign keys and primary keys or between foreign
keys and unique keys (through FOREIGN KEY and CHECK constraints). Referential integrity
ensures that key values are consistent across tables. Such consistency requires that there be
no references to nonexistent values and that if a key value changes, all references to it change
consistently throughout the database. When you enforce referential integrity, SQL Server
prevents users from:

· Adding records to a related table if there is no associated record in the primary table.
· Changing values in a primary table that result in orphaned records in a related table.
· Deleting records from a primary table if there are matching related records.

For example, with the sales and titles tables in the pubs database, referential integrity is
based on the relationship between the foreign key (title_id) in the sales table and the primary
key (title_id) in the titles table.

User-Defined: Integrity User-defined integrity allows you to define specific business rules
that do not fall into one of the other integrity categories. All of the integrity categories support
user-defined integrity (all column- and table-level constraints in CREATE TABLE, stored
procedures, and triggers).

Question: SQL Server runs on which TCP/IP port and From where can you change
the default port?
Answer: SQL Server runs on port 1433 but we can also change it for better security and From
the network Utility TCP/IP properties -->Port number.both on client and the server.
Question: What is the use of DBCC commands?
Answer: DBCC stands for database consistency checker. We use these commands to check
the consistency of the databases, i.e., maintenance, validation task and status checks.DBCC
CHECKDB - Ensures that tables in the db and the indexes are correctly linked.and DBCC
CHECKALLOC To check that all pages in a db are correctly allocated. DBCC SQLPERF - It gives
report on current usage of transaction log in percentage. DBCC CHECKFILEGROUP - Checks all
tables file group for any damage.

Question: What is the difference between a HAVING CLAUSE and a WHERE CLAUSE?
Answer: Having Clause is basically used only with the GROUP BY function in a query. WHERE
Clause is applied to each row before they are part of the GROUP BY function in a query.

Question: When do you use SQL Profiler?

Answer: SQL Profiler utility allows us to basically track Connections to the SQL Server and
also determine activities such as which SQL Scripts are running, failed jobs etc.

Question: Can you explain the role of each service?

Answer: SQL SERVER - is for running the databases SQL AGENT - is for automation such as
Jobs, DB Maintenance, Backups DTC - Is for linking and connecting to other SQL Servers.

Question: What is Normalization ?

Answer: The logical design of the database, including the tables and the relationships
between them, is the core of an optimized relational database. A good logical database design
can lay the foundation for optimal database and application performance. A poor logical
database design can impair the performance of the entire system.

Normalizing a logical database design involves using formal methods to separate the data into
multiple, related tables. A greater number of narrow tables (with fewer columns) is
characteristic of a normalized database. A few wide tables (with more columns) is
characteristic of an nonnomalized database. Reasonable normalization often improves
performance. When useful indexes are available, the Microsoft® SQL Server™ 2000 query
optimizer is efficient at selecting rapid, efficient joins between tables.

Some of the benefits of normalization include:

·Faster sorting and index creation.
·A larger number of clustered indexes. For more information, Narrower and more compact
indexes.
·Fewer indexes per table, which improves the performance of INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
statements.
·Fewer null values and less opportunity for inconsistency, which increase database
compactness.

As normalization increases, so do the number and complexity of joins required to retrieve

data. Too many complex relational joins between too many tables can hinder performance.
Reasonable normalization often includes few regularly executed queries that use joins
involving more than four tables.

Sometimes the logical database design is already fixed and total redesign is not feasible. Even
then, however, it might be possible to normalize a large table selectively into several smaller
tables. If the database is accessed through stored procedures, this schema change could take
place without affecting applications. If not, it might be possible to create a view that hides the
schema change from the applications.

Question: Can you tell me the difference between DELETE &TRUNCATE commands?
Answer: Delete command removes the rows from a table based on the condition that we
provide with a WHERE clause. Truncate will actually remove all the rows from a table and
there will be no data in the table after we run the truncate command
 VB.NET QUESTIONS
Question:-What is DataType conversion in VB.NET ?
Answer: Convert one variable type to another one is called datatype conversion we can also
caleed this casting in VB.NET some automatically conversion is also there.
Cbool CByte CChar Cdate CDec CDbl CInt CLng CObj CShort CSng CStr CType Asc.

Question:-What do u mean by Redim in VB.NET ?

Answer: In vb.net we use Redim and erase to manipulate Array. Once we declare an array
the size set to array its makes limited to that range but with the help of redim we used to
change the array size.
Redim arr(6)
we can also used preserve to save these values.
Redim Preserve arr(6)

Question:- What is branching logic control in vb.net ?

Answer: Function and subroutines are the answer.The diffrence in two of them is function
send information back from where it is called means function can return a value but
subroutines can not do this.

Question:-Write the role of New keyword ?

Answer: New is used to initialize a new object. We sets a variable to any dattype with help of
New keyword .The New keyword gives a value to the variable.We can also uses new keyword
to initialize an object variable.
Example:- dim obj as new SqlDataAdapter.

WEB SERVICES
Question: Define Protocols that helps Web Services ?
Answer: From my point of view Web Services used three protocols for interacting with the
clients.Http-Post,Http-Get,SOAP.

Question: Explain functioning of Web Services Protocols ?

Answer: Http-Get:- This is standard protocol that helps client to communicate with server
with HTTP.When client send a request to server via HTTP request and reuired parameter are
attached with the querystring.Example:-
http://www.dotnetquestion.info/dotnet/interview.aspx?id=pervej&cast=munjal and we get the
value from querystring.
Request.querystring("id")
Request.querystring("cast").

Http-Post:-This is same as Http-Get but the diffrence is that in place of sending parameters
onto the URL information is send with HTTP request message with some extra information
which contains Parameters and their values.This Protocols is limited to sending name/value
pairs.

SOAP:-The only diffrence is that its relies on the XML as compares to Http-Get,Http-
Post.SOAP can send not only the name/value pairs but also some complex object also as for
example datatypes,class,objects.SOAP can also uses request/reponse model as Http-Get,Http-
post but it is not limited to Request/Response it can also send types of message.Because its
uses XML that is pure text so firewalls not created so much problem because its easily
converted in to HTML. .

Question: Why do some web service classes derive from System.Web.WebServices

while others do not ?
Answer: Those Web Service classes which employ objects like Application, Session, Context,
Server, and User have to derive from System.Web.WebServices. If it does not use these
objects, it is not necessary to be derived from it.

Question: What is WSDL ?

Answer: WSDL is an XML format for describing network services as a set of endpoints
operating on messages containing either document-oriented or procedure-oriented
information. The operations and messages are described abstractly, and then bound to a
concrete network protocol and message format to define an endpoint. Related concrete
endpoints are combined into abstract endpoints (services). (Source: www.w3.org).

Question: What is the standard you use to wrap up a call to a Web service ?
Answer: HTTP with SOAP.

Question: Explain Web Services ?

Answer: Web services are programmable business logic components that provide access to
functionality through the Internet. Standard protocols like HTTP can be used to access them.
Web services are based on the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), which is an application
of XML. Web services are given the .asmx extension..

Question: What are VSDISCO files ?

Answer: VSDISCO files are DISCO files that enable dynamic discovery of Web Services.
ASP.NET links the VSDISCO to a HTTP handler that scans the host directory and subdirectories
for ASMX and DISCO files and returns a dynamically generated DISCO document. A client who
requests a VSDISCO file gets back what appears to be a static DISCO document.

Question: What is UDDI ?

Answer: UDDI stands for Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration. It is like an
"Yellow Pages" for Web Services. It is maintained by Microsoft, IBM, and Ariba, and is designed
to provide detailed information regarding registered Web Services for all vendors. The UDDI
can be queried for specific Web Services.

Question: Is it possible to generate the source code for an ASP.NET Web service
from a WSDL ?
Answer: The Wsdl.exe tool (.NET Framework SDK) can be used to generate source code for
an ASP.NET web service with its WSDL link.
Example: wsdl /server http://api.google.com/GoogleSearch.wsdl.

Question: Can you give an example of when it would be appropriate to use a web
service as opposed to a non-serviced .NET component ?
Answer: When to Use Web Services:
(i)Communicating through a Firewall When building a distributed application with 100s/1000s
of users spread over multiple locations, there is always the problem of communicating
between client and server because of firewalls and proxy servers. Exposing your middle tier
components as Web Services and invoking the directly from a Windows UI is a very valid
option.

(ii)Application Integration When integrating applications written in various languages and

running on disparate systems. Or even applications running on the same platform that have
been written by separate vendors.

(iii)Business-to-Business Integration This is an enabler for B2B intergtation which allows one
to expose vital business processes to authorized supplier and customers. An example would be
exposing electronic ordering and invoicing, allowing customers to send you purchase orders
and suppliers to send you invoices electronically.

(iv)Software Reuse This takes place at multiple levels. Code Reuse at the Source code level or
binary componet-based resuse. The limiting factor here is that you can reuse the code but not
the data behind it. Webservice overcome this limitation. A scenario could be when you are
building an app that aggregates the functionality of serveral other Applicatons. Each of these
functions could be performed by individual apps, but there is value in perhaps combining the
the multiple apps to present a unifiend view in a Portal or Intranet.

Question: What are Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) ?

Answer: SOA describes an information technology architecture that enables distributed
computing environments with many different types of computing platforms and applications.
Web services are one of the technologies that help make SOAs possible. As a concept, SOA
has been around since the 1980s, but many early IT technologies failed to achieve the goal of
linking different types of applications and systems. By making early investments with .NET,
Microsoft has helped provide the building blocks that today are putting many enterprise
customers on the path to successfully implementing SOAs. With SOAs, companies can benefit
from the unimpeded flow of information that is the hallmark of connected systems.

Question: What is .NET Passport ?

Answer: .NET Passport is a Web-based service that is designed to make signing in to Web
sites fast and easy. Passport enables participating sites to authenticate a user with a single set
of sign-in credentials, alleviating the need for users to remember numerous passwords and
user names.

XML - XHTML
Question:-What is XML ?
Answer: XML is the Extensible Markup Language. It improves the functionality of the Web by
letting you identify your information in a more accurate, flexible, and adaptable way.
It is extensible because it is not a fixed format like HTML (which is a single, predefined markup
language). Instead, XML is actually a metalanguage—a language for describing other
languages—which lets you design your own markup languages for limitless different types of
documents. XML can do this because it's written in SGML, the international standard
metalanguage for text document markup (ISO 8879).

Question:-What is DOM?
Answer: Document Object Model (DOM) is a W3C specification that defines a standard
(abstract) programming API to build, navigate and update XML documents. It is a "tree-
structure-based" interface. As per the DOM specification, the XML parsers (such as MSXML or
Xerces), load the entire XML document into memory, before it can be processed. XPath is used
to navigate randomly in the document, and various DOM methods are used to create and
update (add elements, delete elements, add/remove attributes, etc.) the XML documents.

Question:-What is XPath?
Answer: XML Path Language (XPath) is a W3C specification that defines syntax for addressing
parts of XML document. XML document is considered as a logical tree structure, and syntax
based on this consideration is used to address elements and attributes at any level in the XML
document. For example, considering the XML document described above in answer to question
2, /abc:Employees/abc:Emp/@EmpID XPath expression can be used to access the EmpID
attribute under the (first) Emp element under the Employees document element. XPath is used
in various other specifications such as XSLT.

Question:-What is XHTML?
Answer: Is simple words, XHTML, or Extensible HTML, is HTML 4 with XML rules applied to it
(each begin tag must have an end tag, attribute values in single/double quotes, etc.).
However, the overall vision of XHTML is much more than that. In addition to using XML syntax
for HTML, XHTML also encloses specifications such as XHTML Basic (minimal set of modules for
devices such as PDAs), XForms (represents the next generation of forms for the Web, and
separates presentation, logic, and data), XML Events (provides XML languages with the ability
to uniformly integrate event listeners and associated event handlers), etc.

Question:-What is XML Parser ?

Answer: Microsoft's XML parser is a COM component that comes with Internet Explorer 5 and
higher. Once you have installed Internet Explorer, the parser is available to scripts.
Microsoft's XML parser supports all the necessary functions to traverse the node tree, access
the nodes and their attribute values, insert and delete nodes, and convert the node tree back
to XML.

To create an instance of Microsoft's XML parser with JavaScript, use the following code:
var xmlDoc=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM")

To create an instance of Microsoft's XML parser with VBScript, use the following code:
set xmlDoc=CreateObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM")

To create an instance of Microsoft's XML parser in an ASP page (using VBScript), use the
following code:
set xmlDoc=Server.CreateObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM")

The following code loads an existing XML document ("note.xml") into Microsoft's XML parser:
<script type="text/javascript">
var xmlDoc=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM")
xmlDoc.async="false"
xmlDoc.load("note.xml")
...
...
...
</script>

Question:- Some Limitation or Disadvantage of XML?

Answer: XML markup has a few disadvantages:
It can be verbose unless element and attribute names are chosen with care. In large
documents the markup overhead need not be large, but in short messages it can be
significantly more than the actual data, especially when the element or attribute names are
concocted by machine.

Overlapping markup is not permitted (an element cannot start inside one element and end
inside another): element markup must nest hierarchically.

Some of the software is truly mediocre.

Question:- How to add in XML document through XSL ?

Answer: XSL (the eXtensible Stylesheet Language) is far more sophisticated than CSS. One
way to use XSL is to transform XML into HTML before it is displayed by the browser as
demonstrated in these examples:
Below is a fraction of the XML file. The second line,
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="simple.xsl"?>, links the XML file to the XSL file:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="simple.xsl"?>
<breakfast_menu>
<food>
<name>Belgian Waffles</name>
<price>$5.95</price>
<description>
two of our famous Belgian Waffles
</description>
<calories>650</calories>
</food>
</breakfast_menu>

Question:- How do I convert my existing HTML documents into XML?

Answer: Tidy is a command-line utility which runs on a wide variety of operating systems; it
uses various command-line switches (parameters) to control its processing. At a minimum, it
simply cleans up your HTML by ensuring that elements are properly nested and so on; it also
warns you if your HTML uses non-standard code that's likely to cause cross-browser
compatibility problems. One of the most useful command-line options is -asxml ("as XML,"
see?), which does what you seem to be asking. It will properly balance elements, per usual,
but it also adds some extra information to the document. For instance, it tacks on an XML
declaration, , and a statement, which unambiguously mark this as an XML document. To the
root html element it also adds a namespace-declaring attribute that identifies all elements in
the document as conforming to the specific XML vocabulary known as XHTML. It even forces
all element names to lowercase, since the XHTML standard requires it.

If you're asking about converting HTML to a less generic form of XML than XHTML, your task
may turn out to be quite complex. For example, if you've been using HTML to mark up
customer invoices, not only the customer's name but also their number, item(s) ordered,
quantity, and price are probably all wrapped up inside <p> and </p> tags. How do you know
which "kind of paragraph" contains a given kind of information, so you can turn one instance
of the p element into a custname element, another into custnumber, another into price, and so
on? If you've been using CSS for styling your HTML, you may have supplied the different p
elements with class="custname" (etc.) attributes and so on; if that's the case, you may be
able to generate meaningful XML using an XSLT stylesheet. There may also be customized
software to do the sort of conversion you want. Otherwise you're probably looking down the
barrel of an ugly gun.

Question:- What is a schema? What are the limitations of a DTD?

Answer: SCHEMA is nothing but METADATA. The schema holds all the information of the xml
file that is to be deployed in the project. Metatdata is nothing about data about data since we
know that xml is used for data representation language we will be able to understand what
metadata is. Metadata includes the tags that is going to be exchanged to and fro from another
xml file. DTD (DATA TYPE DEFINITION ) which supervises two conditions namely well
formedness and closeness of the xml file. So the user should be aware of what tags he was
put into use of this xml file 'A' should be intimated to another application's XML file 'B', by then
our xml file will interact with the another xml file, this is the major limitation and mandatory
issue that the developers should follow.

C#.NET
Question: what do u mean by Array in C# ?
Answer: Array is a group of same type of datatype variable that shared a
common name .The ability to use a single name to represent a collections of
item is an array.There are manily three types of array.
*One-Dimensinal Array
*Two-Dimensinal Array
*Multi-Dimensinal Array
There are three steps include to create a Array
(1) Declare an array
(2)Creating memory location
(3)Putting values into the memory location
Declare the Array:-int[] counter;(declare int array)
Creating of Array:-arrayname=new type[size];
putting values in array:-number=new int[5];
number[0]=35;

Question: What is difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() &

System.Array.Clone()?
Answer: The Clone() method returns a new array object containing all the
elements in the original array. The CopyTo() method copies the elements into
another existing array. Both perform a shallow copy. A shallow copy means the
contents (each element) contains references to the same object as the
elements in the original array. A deep copy (which neither of these methods
performs) would create a new instance of each element's object, resulting in a
different, yet identacle object.
Question: Is there an equivalent of exit() for quitting a C# .NET
application ?
Answer: Yes, you can use System.Environment.Exit(int exitCode) to exit the
application or Application.Exit() if it’s a Windows Forms app.

Question: Is there a way to force garbage collection ?

Answer: Yes. Set all references to null and then call System.GC.Collect(). If
you need to have some objects destructed, and System.GC.Collect() doesn’t
seem to be doing it for you, you can force finalizers to be run by setting all the
references to the object to null and then calling System.GC.RunFinalizers().

Question: Is there regular expression (regex) support available to C#

developers ?
Answer: Yes, The .NET class libraries provide support for regular expressions.
Look at the System.Text.RegularExpressions namespace.

Question: What is the difference between a struct and a class in C# ?

Answer: From language spec: The list of similarities between classes and
structs is as follows. Longstructs can implement interfaces and can have the
same kinds of members as classes. Structs differ from classes in several
important ways; however, structs are value types rather than reference types,
and inheritance is not supported for structs. Struct values are stored on the
stack or in-line. Careful programmers can sometimes enhance performance
through judicious use of structs. For example, the use of a struct rather than a
class for a Point can make a large difference in the number of memory
allocations performed at runtime. The program below creates and initializes an
array of 100 points. With Point implemented as a class, 101 separate objects
are instantiated-one for the array and one each for the 100 elements.

Question: Why do I get a syntax error when trying to declare a variable

called checked ?
Answer: The word checked is a keyword in C#.

Question: Are private class-level variables inherited ?

Answer: Yes, but they are not accessible, so looking at it you can honestly say
that they are not inherited. But they are.

Question: What is the difference between the C#.NET and VB.NET ?

Answer:

VB.NET
- It didn't have the XML Documentation.
- It didn't have the Operator Overloading.
- It didn't have the Pointer Type variables.

C#.NET
- It has XML Documentation, Operator Overloading and supports Pointer
Variables using unsafe keyword.

Question: Is it possible to inline assembly or IL in C# code ?

Answer: No.

Question: What is the syntax for calling an overloaded constructor

within a constructor (this() and constructorname() does not compile) ?
Answer: The syntax for calling another constructor is as follows: class B
{ B(int i) { } } class C : B { C() : base(5) // call base constructor B(5) { }
C(int i) : this() // call C() { } public static void Main() {} }.

Question: What optimizations does the C# compiler perform when you

use the /optimize+ compiler option ?
Answer: The following is a response from a developer on the C# compiler
team: We get rid of unused locals (i.e., locals that are never read, even if
assigned). We get rid of unreachable code. We get rid of try-catch with an
empty try. We get rid of try-finally with an empty try. We get rid of try-finally
with an empty finally. We optimize branches over branches: gotoif A, lab1 goto
lab2: lab1: turns into: gotoif !A, lab2 lab1: We optimize branches to ret,
branches to next instruction, and branches to branches.