Magnetism, an aspect of

electromagnetism, one of the

fundamental forces of nature.
Magnetic forces are produced by
the motion of charged particles
such as electrons, indicating the
close relationship between
electricity and magnetism. The
unifying frame for these two forces
is called electromagnetic theory
(see Electromagnetic Radiation).
The most familiar evidence of
magnetism is the attractive or
repulsive force observed to act
between magnetic materials such
as iron. More subtle effects of
magnetism, however, are found in
all matter. In recent times these
effects have provided important
clues to the atomic structure of
matter.
In this theory connection between
electricity and magnetism, was
followed up by the French scientist
André Marie Ampere, who studied the
forces between wires carrying electric
currents, and by the French physicist
Dominique François Jean Arago,
who magnetized a piece of iron by
 placing it near a current-carrying
wire.

Michael Faraday made

significant contributions to the
study of electricity and
magnetism. He found that a
current flows in a wire that is
moved through a magnetic field.
The discovery of this phenomenon,
which is called electromagnetic
induction, contributed to the
development of Maxwell’s
equations, and led to the
invention of the electric
generator.

Magnetic fields influence

magnetic materials, and also
influence charged particles that
move through the magnetic field.
Generally, when a charged
particle moves through a
magnetic field, it feels a force
that is at right angles both to
the velocity of the charged
particle and the magnetic field.
Since the force is always
perpendicular to the velocity of
the charged particle, a charged
particle in a magnetic field
moves in a curved path. Magnetic
fields are used to change the
paths of charged particles in
 devices such as particle
accelerators and mass
spectrometers.

Magnetic Pole, either of two

locations on the surface of
the earth where the direction
of the earth’s magnetic field
is vertical.At a magnetic pole,
the magnetic field is vertical
and the compass needle does
not indicate any particular
direction along the ground.
From any point on earth, a
compass can be followed to
the north and south magnetic
poles.

There are two types of magnetic

poles:-
1.North Pole
2.South Pole
At the north magnetic
pole, the magnetic force is
downward, into the
ground.
At the south magnetic
pole, the magnetic force is
upward, out of the ground.
The north magnetic pole is
located by following the
north-pointing end of the
compass needle.
The south magnetic pole is
located by following the
south-pointing end of the
compass needle.
The magnetic poles are located at considerable
distance from the geographic poles, which are
the ends of the axis that the earth revolves
around.

MAGNETIC LEVITATION TRAIN.

1. When a magnet is suspended

freely, it always points in a particular
direction.
2. Like poles repel each other and
unlike poles attract each other.
3. Magnetic pole always exists in
pairs.
1. Diamagnetic Substances
2. Paramagnetic Substances
3. Ferromagnetic Substances

1. Diamagnetic Substances: -
The substances which are feebly
magnetized in a direction
opposite to that of magnetizing
field in which these are placed
are called diamagnetic
substances. E.g. Copper, Gold,
Mercury etc.
2. Paramagnetic substances: -
The substances which are
feebly magnetized in a
direction of magnetizing field
when placed in it are called
paramagnetic substances.
E.g. Manganese, Platinum,
Aluminum, Chromium, Oxygen
etc.

3. Ferromagnetic substances: - The

substances which are strongly
magnetized in the direction of
magnetizing field in which they are
placed are called ferromagnetic
substances. E.g. Iron, Cobalt,
Nickel etc.
Solenoids with soft iron cores are
called electromagnet.
Electromagnets are used to lift
very heavy loads in industries in
the form of EOT (Electrical
Overhead Traveling) cranes.

The phenomenon, by virtue of

which changing magnetic field
produces induced current, is
known as electromagnetic
induction.

BY

Mrs. Geeta(Science Mistress)

SCHOOL: - GOVT. GIRLS SEN.
SEC.SCHOOL, THE MALL.