Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Gestation
Gestation in cattle lasts on average for 280 days (279-290d) 1. Embryonic phase (1- 42d of pregnancy)
Proper corpus luteum function is essential for maintenance of pregnancy as this ensures sufficient levels of progesterone.
inhibition of oxytocin receptors on the uterine luminal epithelium induction of a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor
In cattle, mRNA for interferon-T is first detected in the trophoectoderm, its principle site of production, at approximately 12 days. Maximum levels are reached between days 15 and 16 (Farin et al., 1990). Interferon-T can is first detected in significant amounts in uterine flushings at 14-16 days, this is when embryo elongation begins.(Mann et al., 1998).
Gestation:
Period
from
Fertilization
to
Parturition
Table 1. Length of Gestation Species Sow Ewe Cow Mare A. Average Length of Gestation (days) 113 147 283 336 Periods in Development of Conceptus 1. Cleavage - process of cellular division without an increase insize of conceptus a. bovine 1. stage of gestation - fertilization to day 12 2. 16-32 cell embryo (morula) passes from oviduct to uterus at day 3.5 3. Zona ruptures to release blastocyst on day 9 2. Differentiation - process of forming specific organs in the body of the embryo a. bovine 1. stage of gestation - day 13 to day 38 2. day 13 - gastrulation is the process by which the young embryo acquires the three germ layers 3. day 38 - placentation occurs when the embryo position becomes fixed and establishes physical contact with the uterus Germ Organ Layer Endoderm Digestive system, liver, lungs Vascular system, muscle, bone, reproductive Mesoderm system; Wolffian ducts: male; Mullerian ducts: female Ectoderm Skin, nervous system, mammary glands
4. Types of Placental Attachment Placental Structure Placental Shape Species Epitheliochorial Diffuse Mare Epitheliochorial Cotyledonary Cow Syndesmochorial Cotyledonary Ewe 5. fetal cotyledons project villi that fuse with maternal caruncles to form placentomes 2. Growth - process of increase in size of fetus a. bovine 1. stage of gestation - day 39 to day 293 Fetal Growth Rate Day of Gestation 45 to 75 223 to 283 2. just before parturition: i. fetal fluids - 15 kg ii. fetal membranes - 4 kg iii. uterus - 10 kg B. Twinning 1. Twins - up to 5% of all births in cattle a. dizygotic twins (fraternal) - produced by double ovulation b. monozygotic twins (identical) - originate from a single fertility 1. occur in humans and cattle 2. only 1 in 1000 cattle births are identical twins 2. Chimera - multiple embryos a. membrane fusion of adjacent embryos Species Swine Sheep Cattle Chorion No Yes Yes Allantois No No Yes Common Circulation No No Yes Weight Change 6 to 72 grams 18 to 40 kg % Change 100 100
a. common circulation in twins of opposite sex results in free marin heifers (bovine) due to exposure of the female to Anti-Mullerian Hormone produced by the male co-twin Parameter Gamete Longevity (hours) Species Cattle Sperm 30-48 Ovum 20-24 2-cell 1 4-cell 1.5 8-cell 3 Blastocyst 7-8 Hatching 9-11 Hours 72-84 Cell Stage 8-16 13-21 22 278-290
Blastocyst transport to uterus Blastocyst elongation (days) Initial Placentation (days) Birth (days) *Days after ovulation
Sheep 30-48 16-24 1 1.3 1.5 6-7 7-8 66-72 8-16 11-16 15 145-155
**Unfertilized ova remain in the oviduct ***No elongation occurs to form filamentous blastocysts