TabIe of Contents

S.No. TitIe of the Experiment Page No.

1 To determine the workability of concrete by Slump test. 3-4
2 To determine the workability of freshly mixed concrete by
compaction factor test.
5-6
3 To determine normal consistency and setting time of the
cement.
7-9
4 To determine the compressive strength of the cement
concrete cubes
10-11
5 To determine bulking of sand. 12-13
6 To determine the specific gravity of cement. 14-15
7 To determine water absorption and compressive strength of
bricks.
16-18
8 To determine the Meta centric height of a floating vessel
under loaded and unloaded conditions.

19-20
9 perimentally. 21-22
10 To determine the coefficient of discharge for an obstruction
flow meter (venturimeter/orifice meter)

23-24
11 To measure the velocity of flow at different points in a pipe. 25-26
12 To determine loss co-efficient for the pipe-fittings. 27-29
13 To study the transition from laminar to turbulent flow and to
ascertain the lower Critical Reynolds number.

30-32
14 To determine the discharge coefficient for a Vee notch or
rectangular notch.
33-35









1. TitIe: To determine the workabiIity of concrete by SIump test.
Equipment Required: Mould, pan, trowel weighing balance weight steel rod, Cone
(Bottom diameter 20 cm, Top diameter -10 cm, Height -30 cm)
MateriaI Required: Fine and coarse aggregate, cement, water.
Learning Objectives:
Unsupported fresh concrete, flows to the sides and a sinking in height takes
place. This vertical settlement is called slump. Slump increases as water
content is increased. Slump is a measure of workability or consistency of the
concrete. t gives us an idea of water content needed for concrete to be used
for different works. A concrete is said to be workable if it can be easily placed,
compacted, mixed and finished. A workable concrete should not show any
segregation and bleeding.



Slump Cone Apparatus


Procedure:
Prepare concrete mix with known proportions.
Place the mould on a smooth flat and non absorbent surface.
Fill the mould with concrete to about 1/4th the height.
Compact the concrete with the help of steal rod 0.6m long and 16mm in
diameter.
Fill the mould to about of its height and compact it again.
Repeat the procedure till the mould is filled completely and excess concrete is
trimmed off.
Remove the slump cone carefully in the vertical direction and on the removal
of the mould the concrete subsides.
Measure the height of concrete after subsidence.








Scope of the resuIts expected:

Water Cement ratio Slump
0.50
0.60
0.70

Result: The slump value of given concrete mix is found to be__

Cautions:
Make sure that the slump apparatus should be cleaned properly before
experiment.
Tamper the rod to the various places while compacting the concrete.
Use at least the number of blows as stated in experiment.
Observe the slump carefully.
Take the correct and accurate readings.

















2. TitIe: To determine the workabiIity of freshIy mixed concrete by compaction
factor test.

Experiment Required: Compaction factor testing machine hand weight and
machine weight.

MateriaI Required: Cement, sand, coarse aggregate.

Learning Objective:
To test the workability of freshly concrete, compaction factor test is carried out. This
test works on the principal of determining the degree of compaction achieved by
standard amount of work done by allowing the concrete to fall through a standard
height the degree of compaction factor is the ratio of weight partially compacted
concrete to the wt of fully compacted concrete




Compaction Factor Apparatus

Procedure:

Add water assuming the water ratio to be 0.65 (for 2kg of cement add 910 ml
at water)
Place the concrete mix in the upper hopper of the compaction Factor
apparatus and up the top level acierates
Open the trap in cylinder
Again open the trap in cylinder
Take the wt of cylinder concrete Compaction
Remove the concrete and refill the cylinder in three layers and give 25 blows
on each layer by tamping rod.
Again take the weight of cylinder with concrete and record it as weight of full
compacted concrete and calculate the compaction factor.





Scope of the resuIts expected:
S.No. Water
cement
ratio
Mass with
partially
filled
concrete,
W3
Mass with
fully
compacted
concrete
W3
Mass of
partially
compacted
concrete
W2 W1
Mass of
fully
compacted
concrete
W3 W1


1 0.5
2 0.6
3 0.7
4 0.8



Cautions:
Clean the apparatus before experiment.
Shift the lever gently.
Prepare the dry mix till uniformity of colour appears.
Make sure the bottom cylinder is firmly attached.
Weigh the concrete accurately.















3. TitIe: To determine normaI consistency and setting time of the cement.
Experiment Required: Vicat apparatus with Vicat plunger, Vicat needle and Vicat
mould, gauging trowel, measuring jar (100 to 200ml capacity), weighing balance
(accuracy 0.05 per cent of W), stop watch, rice plates, weight box, rubber gloves and
glass plates.
MateriaI Required: Cement, Water.
Learning Objective:
Standard consistency is to find out the amount of water to be added to cement
to get a paste of normal consistency i.e the paste of a certain standard
solidity, which is used to fix the quantity of water to be mixed in cement before
performing tests for setting time, soundness and compressive strength.
n order the concrete may be placed in position conveniently, it is necessary
that the initial setting time of the cement should not too quick and after it has
been laid, hardening should be rapid so that the structure can be made od as
early as possible. The initial set is the stage after which any crack if appears
will not be reunited. The concrete is finally to be set when it has obtained
sufficient strength and hardness. Therefore certain limits for initial and final
setting time should be specified.


Vicat Apparatus


Procedure
(A) Standard Consistency
The standard consistency of a cement paste is that which permits the Vicat
plunger A to penetrate to a height 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the Vicat
mould when the cement paste is tested as described below.



For preparing one mould take for 00gm of cement passing 850- micron is
sieve and a pasts of cement with a weighed quantity of water (100ml) taking
care that the time of gauging is between 3 to 5 min. The gauging time is
counted from the time of adding water to the dry cement until commencing to
fill the mould.
Fill the Vicat mould resting upon non-porous plate with this paste. After
completely filling the mould smooth of the surface of the paste by single
movement of palm miffing it level with the top of the mould. The mould many
be slightly shaken to expel air.
Place the test block in mould with the non-pours resting plate under the rod
attached with the plunger A. Lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of
the test block and release it quickly, allowing it to sink into the paste.
Prepare the trial pastes with varying % of water (firstly at an interval of 4%, at
is of 24%, 28% and 32% and then at an interval of 1% and 0.25% between %
range determined by the previous test) and test as describe above until the
amount of water necessary for the standard consistency as defined is
obtained.
(B) Setting times of cement
Prepare a neat cement paste by gauging by the cement with 0.85 P water,
where P = standard consistency as found before. The gauging time is again
kept between 3 to 5 min. Start the stop watch at the instant when the water is
added to the cement.
Fill the Vicat mould and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level
with the top of the mould. The cement block thus prepared is known as test
block.
For the determine of initial setting time, place the test block confined in the
mould and resting on non-porous plates under the rod attached with the
needle B, lower the needle gently in contact with the surface of the test block
and release quickly, allowing it to penetrate into test block.

Scope of the resuIts expected:
1. Percentage of water
2. nitial reading
3. Final reading
4. Height not penetrated, mm



Mass of cement taken : 400 grams
Mass of water taken = 0.85 x P x 400 grams

1.Time in minutes
2.nitial reading
3.Final reading
4.Height not penetrated, mm

Cautions:
The experiment should be conducted at a room temperature of 27+ 2 cent
grate and at a relative humidity of 90 per cent.
After a half min. from the instant of adding water, it should be thoroughly
mixed with fingers for at lest one min. A ball of this paste is prepared and then
it is present into the test mould, mounted on the non-porous plates.
The plunger are should be released quickly without pressure jerk, after the rod
is brought down to touch the surface of the test block.
For each repetition of the experiment fresh cement is to be taken.
Plunger should be cleaned during every repetition and make sure that it
moves freely and that there are non vibrations.















4. TitIe: To determine the compressive strength of the cement concrete cubes.
Experiment required: 150mm cube moulds, CTM, buckets, trowel, and tray.
MateriaI required: Cement, sand, coarse aggregate, water.
Learning objective:
To know the strength of the concrete in compression. The strength in compression
has its relationship with all other properties of concrete i.e. these properties are
improved with the improvement in the compressive strength.

Procedure:
Calculation of the material required: For preparing the concrete for given
proportions (1:2:4) by mass and water cement ratio of 0.6, take 3 kg of
cement, 6kg of fine aggregate and 12 kg of coarse aggregate. And 0.6% of
the total mass of cement.
Mix them thoroughly in the mechanical mixer until uniform colour of concrete
is obtained. f mixed with hand then care is to be taken that firstly mix the
cement and fine aggregate until the uniform colour of mixture is obtained.
Then the coarse aggregate is mixed with the above mixture until the proper
mix is in place. Then the required water as per calculation is to be added until
the uniform colour of mix of concrete is obtained. Mix for at least 2 minutes.
Take at least 3 moulds to be tested on three days for 7
th
, 14
th
and 28
th
day.
Pour the concrete in the moulds oiled with medium viscosity oil. Fill the
concrete in the moulds in three almost equal layers and each layer is to be
tampered at least with 35 blows with the help of tempering rod.
Struck off the concrete flush with the top of the moulds.
mmediately after being made, they should be covered with wet mats.
Specimen is to be removed from the moulds after 24 hours and to be
preserved in the water bath for 7, 14 and 28 days.
Compression tests of cube are made as soon as after removal of the cubes
from water bath.
Place the specimen carefully on the marks on the CTM and load is applied
continuously, uniform and without shock. The load is increased until the
specimen fails and record the maximum load carried by the each specimen
during the test.
a. Cube strength =



Scope of the resuIts expected:
On 7
th
day
Specimen No. 1 2 3 Average Strength,
N/mm
2
Load on cubes, KN

On 14
th
day
Specimen No. 1 2 3 Average Strength,
N/mm
2
Load on cubes, KN

On 28
th
day
Specimen No. 1 2 3 Average Strength,
N/mm
2
Load on cubes, KN

Cautions:
Both the mould and base plate should be lightly oiled before use to prevent
the concrete from sticking to the moulds.
The blows should be evenly distributed over the surface of each layer.
The moulds should be slightly overfilled after compacting, and then flushed /
struck off the upper part of the surplus to as to have the proper sized
specimen.
On no account must the specimens be allowed to dry, even partially and they
must be tested in wet condition.
Cube should be carefully placed on the CTM on the marks only.










5. TitIe: To determine buIking of sand.
Apparatus: Balance, cylindrical container, graduated cylinder, beaker, metal tray,
steel rule and oven.
Learning objective:
1. To know the difficulty with the measurement of fine aggregate by volume
which has the tendency to vary in bulk according to moisture content. f sand
is measured by volume and no allowance is made for bulking, the mix will be
richer than that specified because for given mass, moist sand occupies
considerably larger volume than the same mass of dry sand.
2. f the sand is measured by loose volume, than it is necessary to increase the
measured volume of the sand in order that the amount of sand put into
concrete is intended for the nominal mix.
Procedure:
Put sufficient quantity of the oven dry sand loosely into the container until it is
about two-third full. Level off the top of sand and weigh the container.
Calculate the mass of sand by deducing the mass of the container.
Push the steel rule vertically down through the sand at the middle to the
bottom and measure the height of sand. Let it be h mm.
Empty the sand out into a clan metal tray without any loss.
Add one percent of water by mass of sand. Mix the sand and water thoroughly
by hand.
Put the wet sand loosely into the container without tamping it.
Smooth and level the top surface of the moist sand and measure its depth at
the middle with the steel rule. Let it e
Repeat the steps 4 to 6 of the above procedure with 2 % of water by mass.
Go on increasing the percentage by one till bulking is maximum and start
falling down and ultimate bilking is zero i.e saturated sand occupies the same
volume as dry sand.

Observation and caIcuIation:

Material Details
Mass of container with oven dry sand,
gm

Mass of empty container, gm
Mass of the fine aggregates, gm
Height of dry sand h,mm








Mass of sand Mass of added
water
Total
percentage
Height of
mm
Bulking= h-
h





Precautions:
1. There should not be any inadvertent loss of sample.
2. Water should be measured accurately.
3. Container should be clean and dry.

ResuIt AnaIysis:
ncrease in bulking from 15 to 30 percent will result into an increase in concrete
strength by as much as 13 per cent. f no allowance is made for bulking concrete
strength may vary by as much as 25 percent.



























6. TitIe: To determine the specific gravity of cement.
Experiment Required: Weighting balance, Le-Chatelier flask, kerosene free from
water, specific gravity bottle, constant temperature water bath etc.
MateriaI Required: Cement, distilled water, kerosene.
Learning Objective:
Specific gravity is normally defined as the ratio between the mass of a given
volume of material and mass of an equal volume of water. One of the
methods of determining the specific gravity of cement is by the use of a liquid
such as water-free kerosene which does not react with cement. A specific
gravity bottle may be employed or a standard Le-Chatelier flask may be used.
Procedure:
Weight the specific gravity bottle dry. Let the mass of empty bottle be W1.
Fill the bottle with distilled water and weight the bottle filled with water. Let the
mass be W2.
Wipe dry the specific gravity bottle and fill it with kerosene and weight. Let this
mass be W3.
Pour some of the kerosene out and introduce a weight quantity of cement
(about 50 grams) into the bottle. Roll the bottle gently in inclined position until
on further air bubbles rise to surface. Fill the bottle to the top with kerosene
and weigh it. Let this mass be W4.
From these data calculate the specific gravity of the cement.
Scope of the resuIts expected:

1. Mass of empty bottle

W1,gm

2. Mass of bottle +water W2,gm
3. Mass of bottle +kerosene W3,gm
4. Mass of cement W5,gm
5. Mass of bottle + cement + kerosene W4,gm
6. Sp. Gr. Of kerosene ,
s

7. sp. Gr. Of cement ,
S







Cautions:
The kerosene used should be free from water
Clean the bottle before experiment.
While adding cement, care should be taken to avoid splashing and cement
should not adhere to the inside of the flask above the liquid.
Specific gravity bottle should be kept at optimum temperature.
Weigh the cement accurately.
Mix the mixture carefully.
Calculate the specific gravity to the nearest two decimals.

































7. TitIe: To determine water absorption and compressive strength of bricks.
Apparatus Required: 3 bricks, a sensitive balance capable of weighing within 0.1%
of the mass of the specimen and ventilated oven.
Procedure:
Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105 C to 115C till
it attains substantially constant mass.
Cool the specimen to room temperature and obtain its weight ( ) specimen
too warm to touch shall not be used for this purpose.
mmerse completely dried specimen in clean water at a temperature of
27+2C for 24 hours.
Remove the specimen and wipe out any traces of water with damp cloth and
weigh the specimen after it has been removed from water ( ).



CALCULATIONS
Water absorption, % by mass, after 24 hours immersion in cold water in given by the
formula,

The average of result shall be reported.




ResuIt
Water absorption of the given bricks .%
When tested as above, the average water absorption shall not be more than 20% by
weight up to class 12.5 and 15% by weight for higher class.

) Title: to determine the compressive strength of bricks
Apparatus: Compression testing machine and bricks.
Sampling
Remove unevenness observed the bed faces to provide two smooth parallel faces
by grinding .mmerse in water at room temperature for 24 hours .Remove the
specimen and drain out any surplus moisture at room temperature. Fill the frog and
all voids in the bed faces flush with cement mortar (1 cement, 1 clean coarse sand of
grade 3mm and down). Store it under the damp jute bags for 24 hours filled by
immersion in clean water for 3 days .Remove and wipe out any traces of moisture.
Procedure
Place the specimen with flat face s horizontal and mortar filled face facing
upwards between plates of the testing machine.
Apply load axially at a uniform rate of 14 ( ) per minute till
failure occurs and note maximum load at failure.
The load at failure is maximum load at which the specimen fails to produce
any further increase in the indicator reading on the testing machine.
Calculation

The average of result shall be reported.
Range Calculation
Maximum compressive strength =
Contact area =
Maximum expected load =




ResuIt
Average compressive strength of the given bricks
S SPECCATONS
Speciation of Common CIay BuiIding Bricks
Dimensions: The standard size of clay bricks shall be as follows
Length (mm) Width (mm) Height
(mm)
190 90 90
190 90 40
CIassification: The common burnt clay shall be classified on the basis of average
compressive strength as given in table.
CIass Designation

Average compressive
strength
Not Iess
than
( )
Less than
( )
350 35 40
300 30 35
250 25 30
200 20 25
175 17.5 20
150 15 17.5
125 12.5 15
100 10 12.5
75 7.5 10
50 5 7.5
35 3.5 5






8. TitIe: To determine the Meta centric height of a fIoating vesseI under Ioaded
and unIoaded conditions.

Equipment required: Meta centric height apparatus.
Procedure:
Make the tank free from dust.
Fill tank with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there.
Weigh the ship model to find W.
Float the ship model in water and ensure that it is in stable equilbrium.
Apply the known weight (w) at the centre of model.
Give the model a small angular displacement in clock wise direction.
Measure the distance moved by the weight applied with the help of scale.
Measure the angle of tilt on the graduated arc.
Repeat the experiment for different weights.

CaIcuIation TabIe:

S.No w (kg) W (Kg) X (cm) (Degree) Meta
centric
height GM
1
2
3
4
5
6

Standard Data:
Distance of grooves nos. 1,2,3,4,5 from centre= 2.5 cm, 5 cm, 7.5 cm, 10 cm, 12.5
cm.
Weight of ship model= 5.9 Kg
Weight of big strip= 2.6 Kg
Weight of small strip= 1.25 Kg (2 Nos)
Weight of hanger=110 Kg
Applied weights= 350 gm (1 No.), 500 gm (1 No.)
FormuIae:




G= Centre of gravity of the vessel
M= Meta centre of the vessel
w= applied weight
x= distance moved by weight w
W= weight of vessel including weight w.

























9. TitIe: equation experimentally.
Equipmet required , 220 Volt, 50
hZ, and water supply.
Procedure:
Clean the apparatus and make the tanks free from dust.
Close the drain valves provided.
Fill sump tank with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are
there.
Close flow control valve given at the end of test section.
Open flow control valve and by pass valve given on the water supply line to
overhead tank.
Ensure that all on/off switches given on the panel are at off position.
Now switch on the main power supply.
Switch on the pump.
Regulate flow of water through test section with the help of given gate valve at
the end of test section.
Measure flow rate using measuring tank and stop watch.
Observation tabIe:
S.No R (cm)[rise of water level in
measuring tank]
T(sec) H (cm)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3

CaIcuIation TabIe:
Run No=
Discharge= m
3
/s
Tube
No
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
V
(m/s)

p/
V
2
/2g
Z
E

Precaution and maintenance Instruction:
Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180 volts.



Never fully close the delivery line and by passs line valves simultaneously.
Always keep apparatus free from dust.
To prevent clogging of moving parts, run pump at least once in a fortnight.
Always use clean water.
f apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus
completely and fill pump with cutting oil.
Standard data:
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s
2

A= Area of, measuring Tank = 0.1 m
2

FormuIae:
1. Total Energy (E):
E= (p/
2
/2g) +Z
2. Velocity of fluid (V):
V= Q/a
3. Discharge (Q):
Q= v/t (v= A xR)
4.
Where:
E = Total Energy

V
2
/2g = kinetic energy per unit weight of kinetic head.
Z= potential energy per unit weight of potential head.
p = Pressure of fluid (m of water).
V= Velocity of fluid (m/s)
Q= Discharge through test section
v = volume o water collected in measuring tank.
R = Rise of water level in measuring tank.
t = time taken for R




10. TitIe: To determine the coefficient of discharge for an obstruction fIow
meter (venturimeter/orifice meter)

Apparatus :-
The apparatus consists of a Venturi meter, and Orifice meter fitted in pipeline.
The pipeline is taken out from a common inlet. At the downstream end of the
pipeline. Separate control valves are provided to regulate the flow through the
Venturimeter and orifice meter to conduct experiment separately. Pressure tapings
are taken out from inlet and throat of Venturi meter, inlet and outlet of Orifice meter
and are connected to a differential manometer. Discharge is measured with the help
of measuring tank and stop watch.

Learning objective:-
To determine the co-efficient of discharge through Venturi meter & Orifice meter.
To compare the discharge of the venturi meter and orifice meter

OutIine of the procedure:-
Switch on the Pump and Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the flow
of water in the desired Test Section. Open the Pressure Taps of Manometer of
related Test section very slowly to avoid the blow of water on manometer fluid. Now
open the Air release Valve provided on the Manometer Slowly to release the air in
Manometer. When there is no air in the manometer, close the Air release valves.
Adjust water flow rate in desired with the help of control valve. Record the
Manometer reading. Measure the flow of water, discharge through desired test
section using stop watch and Measuring Tank. Repeat the same procedure for
different flow rates of water operating Control valve and By-Pass valve. When
experiment is over for one desired test section, open the By-pass Valve fully then
close the flow control valve of running test section and open the Control valve of
second desired test section and Repeat the same procedure for other test section.

Scope of ResuIt and discussion:-
Parameters:-
To calculate the theoretical and actual discharge through a venturi meter and orifice
meter and hence find out the coefficient of discharge.
For OriIice meter:
Theoretical discharge (Qt):
Qth = H = 12.6 x h
1
2
a
2
2

ActuaI discharge (Qa): Co- efficient of discharge (Cd):
Qa = A x R Cd = Qa/Qt
t

DATA:
A = 0.1 m2
s = Specific gravity of Hg = 13.6



g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2
For Orificemeter:
d
1
= Dia inlet of Orificemeter = 25 mm
d
2
= Dia. of Orificemeter Plate = 15 mm
a
1

2
/4 Area at nlet of Orificemeter =
a
2

2
/4 Area of Orifice Plate =

Where
H = 12.6 x h
h = Pressure difference in m of Hg.
A = Area of Measuring Tank (m2)
R = Rise of Water level in Measuring Tank (m)
t = Time taken for Rise of water level in measuring tank (sec.)
Qa = Actual discharge
Qt = Theoretical discharge
s = Specific gravity of Hg

PRECAUTION
Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180 Volts.
Never fully close the Delivery line and By-Pass line Valves simultaneously.
Always keep apparatus free from dust.
To prevent closing of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.
Frequently Grease/oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
















11. TitIe: To measure the velocity of flow at different points in a pipe.

Apparatus:-
Complete set up of Pitot tube apparatus
Stop Watch
The pitot tube consists of a capillary tube, bent at right angle. The lower end, which
is bent through 90 is directed in the up stream direction. The liquid rises up in the
tube due to conversion of kinetic energy into pressure energy. The velocity is
determined by measuring the rise of liquid in the tube.

Learning objective:-
To find the co-efficient of pitot tube
To find the point velocity at the centre of a tube for different flow rates
To plot velocity profile across the cross section of pipe

Out Iine of procedure :-
Switch on the Main Power Supply (220 Volts AC, 50 Hz).Switch on the Pump.
Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the flow of water in the Test Section.
Open the Pressure Taps of Manometer of related Test section very slowly to avoid
the blow of water on manometer fluid. Now open the Air release Valve provided on
the Manometer Slowly to release the air in Manometer. When there is no air in the
manometer, close the Air release valves. Adjust water flow rate in desired with the
help of control valve.Set the Pitot tube at the centre of the Test section. Record the
Manometer reading.Measure the flow of water, discharge through desired test
section using stop watch and MeasuringTank. Now move the Pitot tube up & down
on the same flow and note down the manometer readings tofind out the velocity at
different points in pipe. Repeat the same procedure for different flow rates of water
operating Control valve and By-Pass valve.

Scope of resuIt and discussion:-
Parameters
Calculate velocity at various points by moving the pitot tube UP & down calculate
coefficient of pitot tube.

PIots :- Plot velocity profile

FORMULAE:
Discharge (Q): Velocity,
Q = A x R V = Q/a (m/s)
t
Actual Velocity
H = 12.6 x h
Coefficient of Pitot Tube,
Cv = Q




DATA:

A = Area of measuring tank = 0.1 m2
a = Cross section area of test section/pipe = 13.6
g = Acceleration due to gravity =
9.81 m/sec
2

m
= Density of manometer fluid
w
= Density of water
h = Manometer difference.
A = Area of Measuring Tank (m2)
R = Rise of Water level in Measuring Tank (m)
t = Time taken for Rise of water level in measuring tank (sec.)
Cv = Coefficient of Pitot Tube
a = Cross section area of Test Section

PRECAUTION

1. Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180 Volts.
2. Never fully close the Delivery line and By-Pass line Valves simultaneously.
3. Always keep apparatus free from dust.
4. To prevent closing of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.
5. Frequently Grease/oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
6. Always use clean water.
7. t apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus
completely.














12. TitIe: To determine loss co-efficient for the pipe-fittings.
Apparatus: - Pipe fitting set up ,Stop watch

tapings are provided at inlet and outlet of these fittings at suitable distance. A
differential manometer fitted in the line gives pressure loss due to fittings. Supply to
the pipeline is made through centrifugal pump, which deliver water from sump tank.
The flow of water in pipeline is regulated by means of Control valve & By-Pass valve.
Discharge is measured with the help of measuring tank and stop watch.

Learning Objective:
To determine the loss of head in the pipe fittings at the various water flow
rates.
To study various types of pipe fittings.

OUT LINE OF PROCEDURE:

Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the flow of water in the desired
test Section. Open the Pressure Taps of Manometer of related Test Section Very
slowly to avoid the blow of water on manometer fluid. Now open the Air release
Valve provided on the Manometer. Slowly to release the all in manometer. When
there is no air in the manometer. Close the Air release valves. Adjust water flow rate
in desired section with the help on Control Valve and record the Manometer reading.
Measure the flow of water, discharge through desired test section using Stop Watch
and Measuring Tank. Repeat same procedure for different flow rates of water.
Operating Control Valve and By-Pass valve. Repeat the above for each test section
separately .When experiment is over, close all Manometers Pressure Taps first,
Switch off Pump and Power Supply to Panel.

FormuIaes:
Loss of head due to change in cross-section, bends, elbows, valves and fittings of all
type fall into the category of minor losses in pipe lines. n long pipe lines the friction
losses are much larger than these minor losses and hence the latter are often
neglected. But in shorter pipelines thief consideration is necessary for the correct
estimate of losses. When there is any type of bend in pipe, the velocity of flow
changes, due to which the separation of the flow from the boundary and also
formation of eddies.Takes place. Thus the energy is lost.

The losses of head due to bend in pipe.
h
L
= K
L
x V
2

2g

The minor losses in contraction can be expressed as:
h
L
= K
L
x V
1
2

2g





The minor losses in enlargement can be expressed as:
h
L
= K
L
x (V
1
-V
2
)
2

2g

Where
h
L
= Minor loss or head loss
K
L
= Loss coefficient
V = Velocity of fluid.
V
1
= Velocity of fluid in pipe of small Diameter.
V
2
= Velocity of fluid in pipe of large Diameter.

Loss of Head (for Contraction):
h
L
= K
L
x V
1
2

2g

Loss Co-efficient:
K
L
= h
L
x 2g
V
1
2


Loss of Head (for Expansion):
h
L
= K
L
x (V
1
-V
2
)
2

2g

Change of Kinetic Energy:

C = (V
1
-V
2
)
2

2g

Discharge:

Q = V
t

VoIume:
v = A x R (m
3
)

VeIocity:
V
1
= Q
a
1


V
2
= Q
a
2


DATA:
A = Area of the measuring tank = 0.1 m2
s = Specific gravity of Hg = 13.6
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2



Where
d
1
= Dia of the smaller pipe =
d
2
= Dia of the larger pipe =
a
1
= Area of Cross section of small dia. pipe =
a
2
= Area of Cross section of large dia. pipe =
= 12.6 x h
V
1
= Velocity of fluid in pipe of Small Diameter (m).
V
2
= Velocity of fluid in pipe of Large Diameter (m).
V = Volume of water collected in measuring tank (m)
R = Rise of water level in measuring tank (m).
t = Time taken for R (sec.)

Scope of resuIt and discussion:-
Parameters: - Find out the loss coefficient of Bend, Elbow, Ball valve ,gate valve
Differentiate between losses due to sudden enlargement and contraction
PIots :- Nil

PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less-than 180 volts.
2. Never fully closed, the Delivery line and By-Pas line Valves simultaneously.
3. Always keep apparatus free from dust.
4. To prevent clogging of moving parts. Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.
5. Frequently Grease/Oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
6. Always use clean water.
7. t apparatus will not in use for more than one month drain the apparatus
completely.












13. TitIe: To study the transition from Iaminar to turbuIent fIow and to
ascertain the Iower CriticaI ReynoIds number.

Apparatus: Reynolds Apparatus
Learning objective: To observe dye filament and identify laminar, turbulent or
transition flow
Procedure:
Clean the apparatus and make all the tanks free from dust.
Close the drain valves provided.
Fill sump tank with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there.
Close flow control valve given at the end of test section.
Open flow control valve and by pass valve given on the water supply line to
overhead tank.
Prepare a coloured solution one litre as dye i.e KMnO
4
solution in clear water in
a separate vessel. Close the control valve for dye given in PU tubing. Put this
solution in dye vessel after ensuring that there are no foreign particles in
solution.
Now switch on the main power supply.
The water supply of the overhead tank should be maintained in such a way that
the over flow from it must be minimum. Otherwise greater turbulence will be
created in the overhead tank and the result will be affected badly.
Regulate minimum flow of water through test section with the help of given gate
valve at the end section. Then adjust the flow of dye through capillary tube so
that a fine colour thread is observed indicating laminar flow. ncrease the flow
through glass tube and observe the colour thread, if it is still straight the flow still
remains to be in laminar region and if waviness starts it is the indication that the
flow is not laminar.
The discharge at the colour thread starts moving in wavy form, which
corresponds to higher critical Reynolds number and higher critical velocity.
ncrease the discharge still further. The filament starts breaking up indicating
greater turbulence. Further increase in the discharge will cause the flow to be
turbulent which is apparent from the diffusion of the dye with the flowing water.
Now start decreasing the discharge first diffusion will continue. Further decrease
will decrease diffusion. f the discharge is further reduced, a stage will be



reached when the dye filament become straight. This corresponds to lower
critical Reynolds number and lower critical velocity.
Measure flow rate using measuring cylinder and stop watch.
Standard data:
1. d = D of glass tube = 25 mm = 0.0025 m
2.
2
/4= cross sectional area of glass tube= .0.00049m
2

3. = kinematic viscosity of water at 0
0
C= 1.788 x10
-6
m
2
/s
20
0
C= 1.006 x10
-6
m
2
/s
40
0
C=0.657 x10
-6
m
2
/s
60
0
C=0.478 x10
-6
m
2
/s
Re < 1800 for Laminar flow
Re> 2300 for Turbulent flow
Re= 1800-2300 is Transition zone

FormuIae:
1. Re= /
Kinematic viscosity of fluid in m
2
/s
2. V= Q/A m/sec
3. Q= v/t in m
3
/s
Where
2

= Density of fluid in kg/m
3

V= Average velocity of fluid flow in m/sec.
v = volume of water collected in measuring cylinder m
3
t= time taken for v
A= cross sectional area of glass tube
Observation TabIe
S.No v(ml) t (sec) Observation of the dye( type of



flow)
1
2
3
4
5


CaIcuIation TabIe:
S.No Q
m
3
/s
V
m/sec
/

Observation of the
dye( type of flow)
1
2
3
4
5


Precautions:
1. Conduct the experiment when water will stable.
2. Do not run the pump at low voltage
3. Never fully close the delivery line and by-pass line valve simultaneously.
4. Always keep apparatus free from dust.
5. To prevent clogging of moving parts, run pump at least once in a fortnight.
6. Frequently grease/oil the rotating parts once in three months.
7. Always use clean water.
8. f apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus
completely and fill pump with cutting oil.






14. TitIe: To determine the discharge coefficient for a Vee notch or
rectanguIar notch.
Apparatus: Discharge over notches.
Learning objective: To make flow measurement calculations
Procedure:
Clean the apparatus and make all three tanks free from dust.
Close the drain valve provided.
Close flow control valve given in water line.
Open by-pass valve.
Fix desired notch on the flow channel.
Fill sump tank with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are
there.
Ensure that all on/off switches given on the panel are at off position.
Now switch on the main power supply.
Regulate flow of water through channel with the help of given flow control
valve.
Record the height of water level in the channel with the help of pointer
gauge.
Measure flow rate using measuring tank and stop watch
Standard data
RectanguIar notch
Width = 50 mm
Depth= 80 mm
V-Notch
Depth =80 mm
Angle of notch = 45
0
and 60
0

Area of measuring tank= 0.099647m
2






FormuIae
Discharge over a rectanguIar notch:
Q= 2/3 C
d
L
3/2

Discharge over a V notch:
Q= 8/15 C
d
5/2

Volume V= R x A (m
3
)
Actual Discharge Q
actual
= V/t (m
3
/sec)
C
d
= actual discharge/ theortical discharge
Q= actual discharge in m
3
/sec
C
d
= Co-efficient of discharge
L= width of the rectangular notch in meter
-notch
g = acceleration due to gravity in m/s
2

H= water head over crest in meter
A= area of measuring tank in m
2

R= rise of water level in measuring tank in cm
V= volume of water in m
3

t = time taken to R in sec
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No H (cm) R (cm) t (sec)
1
2
3








CALCULATION TABLE:
S.No H (m) Q (m
3
/s) C
d

1
2
3


Precautions:
1. Never switch on main power supply before ensuring that all the on/off
switches given on the panel are at off position.
2. Never run the pump at low voltage.
3. Never fully close the delivery and by-pass line valves simultaneously.
4. Always keep apparatus free from dust.
5. To prevent clogging of moving parts, run pump at least fortnight.
6. Frequently grease/oil the rotating parts once in three months.
7. Always use clean water.
8. f apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus
completely and fill pump with cutting oil.