CALCULATION AND MEASURING OF LOW-FREQUENCY MAGNETIC FIELD OF 10(20)/0,4 KV TRANSFORMER STATION Preface Calculation and measuring of low-frequency electric

and magnetic fields, as well as their correlation, represent the basic problems in transmission and distribution of electric power in conditions of standardized electromagnetic compatibility and exposure of humans to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation. Resolution of these problems corresponds to solving nonlinear differential equations by modeling and applying the numeric methods, as well as by experimental measuring models of electric and magnetic fields. Calculation of magnetic fields is usually limited by configuration, as in power networks and objects, for which field sources can be significantly simplified. With modern computer software it is possible to determine a value of electric fields, as well as a mode of field optimization of highly complex power systems, and where it is needed to they have to confirmed by measuring. At calculation of facilities low-frequency magnetic fields values, by rule it is necessary to conduct entire observation of all relevant emissions of individual addends, to be able to evaluate their contribution to resulting magnetic field. 1. Calculation of low-frequency magnetic field Calculation of low-frequency magnetic field distribution, in and around a transformer station, can be carried out by procedure based on usage of: a) relation for induction of flat finite length streamline, b) law of superposition. Element of flat streamline of length d l = e dl shown on Figure 1., creates in arbitrary point of space T magnetic flux density which is according to Biot-Savart law equal to:

i d l r dB= 4 r 3

(1)

It should be emphasized that rotation symmetry exists, therefore resulting magnetic flux density is gained by applying cylindrical coordinate system. According to Figure 1., follows:

r = e ez z

(2)

Where:

e , e , e z are unit vectors in direction of coordinate axes of cylindrical coordinate system,

, z coordinate points in cylindrical system.

Vector product from equation (1) is:
d l i = e x dl e e z = (dl ) e '

(3)

Also according to Figure 1.:

dl = rd cos

,r=

cos

(4) 1

where angle is angle between axe and element of length d l . Introducing equation (4) in (3) we gain:
dl =

d cos 2

(5)

Introducing equation (5) in (3) and equations (4) and (3) in (1) we gain: d B = e

i cos d 4

(6)

After integration of contributions from all elements, follows:

i B = d B = e cos d 4

1 1

(7)

And for magnetic flux density of flat finite length streamline we can write: B = e

i (sin 2 sin 1 ) 4

(8)

Density of a magnetic flux in any point of space can be calculated by superposing of contribution of each conductor through which a current flows. Each conductor can be approximated with certain number of flat finite length streamlines (segments). A number of segments for discretization of conductor significantly depend on its geometry. A space position of segments, their currents and phase angles are representing the input data for calculation of magnetic flux density in desirable points of space. As it can be seen from equation (8), direction of magnetic flux density vector is defined by unit vector in cylindrical coordinate system bounded to observed segment. Since a positions of segments in space are different, as well as directions of their corresponding induction vectors, it is necessary to expound a resulting magnetic flux density vector (8) on components in direction of each coordinate axe of global system that is not bounded for certain segment. Coordinates of starting and ending points of segments can be set in rectangular coordinate system. For a given segment RS in rectangular global system, Figure 1.1.. The expression for magnetic flux density in point T, induced by current ik of k segment is:

Bk (t ) =

ik (t ) RRP RPS + 4TP RRT RST

(9)

In order to expound a magnetic flux density vector on its components, it is necessary to know its direction in global system. A direction of magnetic flux density vector is perpendicular on a plain defined by vectors R RS and R ST , apropos it is equal to a direction of a resulting vector of their vector product:

i bx

j ay by

k az bz

G = R RS R ST = a x

(10)

2
1

Figure 1. Flat finite length streamline

Figure 1.1. Segment in rectangular global system

Cosines of angles, created by magnetic flux density vector and coordinate axes x, y and z, are equal to angles that vector G creates with them: cos B = G x G cos B =

(a c
y

a z c y ) + (a z c x a x c z ) + (a x c y a y c x )
2 2

a y cz az c y

cos B = G y G

cos B =

(a c
y

a z c y ) + (a z c x a x c z ) + (a x c y a y c x )
2 2

az cx axcz

(11)

cos B = G z G

cos B =

(a c
y

a z c y ) + (a z c x a x c z ) + (a x c y a y c x )
2 2

axc y a y cx

Knowing cosines of angles can lead to determining of each component of magnetic flux density in time domain:
B x ,k (t ) = cos B Bk (t ) B y , k ( t ) = cos B Bk (t ) B z , k ( t ) = cos B Bk (t )

(12)

Total amount of magnetic flux density vectors, created by currents of n segments, is gained by addition of contributions of all segments: n n n B(t ) = B x ,i (t ) + B y ,i (t ) + B z ,i (t ) i =1 i =1 i =1
2 2 2

(13)

Where B x ,i (t ), B y ,i (t ), B z ,i (t ) are components of magnetic flux density from i segment. For presentation of the magnetic field, effective value of magnetic flux density according to following expression is used.

Bef =

1 2 2 2 Bx (t ) + B y (t ) + Bz (t ) T 0

)
(14)

2. Calculation results of magnetic field performed by software package EFC-400 Calculations of electric field are performed by software package EFC-400, according DINVDE0848-1 standard, which allows simulation in three-dimensional space. Model designing of conductors in software WinField can be conducted by thin-wire approximation replacing conductors with one-dimensional lines. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional display of facility disposition by EFC 400 software is given on Fig. 2., having in mind that a difference between a model and a reality depends on a subdivision of conductors on finite number of segments. Analyses were performed with subdivision of conductors on 635 segments of a resolution dx=dy=dz=0.1m. For calculation of field strength coordinates of the observed point are transformed in a local coordinate system of the corresponding segment. This is performed by rotation and translation operations. Calculation gives a contribution of each segment to a total field vector that has to be transferred back to earth coordinate system. Vector additioning of each contribution gives total field vector. In case there is a mix of different frequencies contributions to a field from each segment are temporarily extended, superimposed and integraled in time domain. EFC-400 calculates absolute value, each component and peak value. Interpolation mode is also available, which speeds up a calculation over large areas. In this mode predefined number of points within one calculation interval is estimated by third order polynomial. EFC-400 is capable of solving a set of differential equations for matrix with 16000x16000 elements (Method: LU-decomposition or conjunction gradient). Predefined geometry of conductor can be approximated with 16000 segments. For our example a matrix with 261x261 elements is used, which gives a values of electric field in 68121 points of observed plain with total calculation surface of 169m2, with resolution of (division) dx=dy=dz=0.05m. Greater segmentation is necessary only for overlapping conductors. In that case segment length should be of the same order as distance between conductors. Auto segments mode determines automatically a necessary number of segments in order to minimize calculation error. For calculation of transmission power lines on large areas only diagonal and neighboring matrix elements are different from zero, described like sparse matrix. For its efficient resolution Sparse matrix algorithm in EFC-400 is used. For a given load of transformer station of 40% of nominal power, with measured current on low voltage side of 375A and current load on medium voltage side of 15A, a numerical calculation of magnetic flux density distribution is conducted for z = 1.75m, 1.50 m, 1.00 m, above ground on characteristic XY plain at 5m x 8m and 5m y 8m . Results can be presented in different variants of graphical form which are describing twodimensional and three-dimensional magnetic flux density distribution as continual distribution and distribution by isolines. (Fig. 2. to Fig. 2.6.). Magnetic flux density inside a transformer station on heights z = 1 . 75 m , 1.50 m, 1.00 m, reaches its maximum values on primary and secondary transformer terminals, implemented cable connections with medium-voltage buses and low-voltage blocks as well as inside the transformer itself, in range from 0,35mT to 3,50 mT , but outside equipment boxes and with increasing a distance from cable connections for 0,25m , they fall on to values of 100 50 T .

Figure 2. 3D and 2D display of facility disposition in software EFC-400

Figure 2.1 Continual distribution of magnetic flux density on XY plain at height z=1.75m

Figure 2.2 3D display of magnetic flux density distribution on XY plain at height z=1.75m

Figure 2.3 Continual distribution of magnetic flux density on XY plain at height z=1.50m

Figure 2.4 3D display of magnetic flux density distribution on XY plain at height z=1.50m

Figure 2.5 Continual distribution of magnetic flux density on XY plain at height z=1.00m 6

Figure 2.6 3D display of magnetic flux density distribution on XY plain at height z=1.00m Maximum values of magnetic flux density for z = 1 . 75 m , in area II , are in range from 4,932 T , to 18,240 T , in area III from 3,125 T to 14,355 T , and in area IV from 3,041T to 10,634 T . Calculation results show that values of magnetic flux density outside a transformer station do not exceed value of 22,433 T in certain points of area I on distance of 0,2m from north transverse side of a transformer station in level of a transformer box. They are lower than maximum allowable values for increased sensitivity domain ( Bmax = 40 T ) , and on distances of 0,5m to 2m from a transformer station values fall on from 18,240 T to 7,810 T . Calculated values of magnetic flux density outside a transformer station satisfy border values for professional exposure domain ( Bmax = 100 T ) . Maximum values of magnetic flux density for z = 1 . 50 m , in area II , are in range from 5,299 T , to 26,518 T , in area III from 4,032 T to 18,876 T , and in area IV from 3,169 T to 12,672 T . Calculation results show that values of magnetic flux density outside a transformer station do not exceed value of 33,461T in certain points of area I on distance of 0,2m from west wing side of a transformer station in level of low-voltage block. They are lower than maximum allowable values for increased sensitivity domain ( Bmax = 40 T ) , and on distances of 0,5m to 2m from a transformer station values fall on from 26,518 T to 8,706 T . Calculated values of magnetic flux density outside a transformer station satisfy border values for professional exposure domain ( Bmax = 100 T ) . Maximum values of magnetic flux density for z = 1 . 00 m , in area II , are in range from 5,742 T , to 60,964 T , in area III from 4,293T to 29,109 T , and in area IV from 3,333T to 16,367 T . Calculation results show that values of magnetic flux density outside a transformer station do not exceed value of 100,958 T in certain points of area I on distance of 0,2m from west wing side of a transformer station in level of low-voltage block. They are higher than maximum allowable values for increased sensitivity domain ( Bmax = 40 T ) , and on distances of 0,5m to 2m from a transformer station values fall on from 60,964 T to 6,506 T . Calculated values of magnetic flux density outside a transformer station satisfy border values for professional exposure domain ( Bmax = 100T ) . 3. Measuring of low-frequency magnetic field 7

During measurement preparations, based on design documentation for construction of observed transformer station (10(20)/0,4 kV; 630KVA), 36 measuring locations outside the transformer station and 7 measuring locations inside the transformer station were chosen, where the largest levels of electric were expected (Figure 3.). Measuring range was related to occupational exposure domain and increased sensitivity domain. Measuring was conducted on 16.10.2007. from 14:05 to 16:25, at air temperature of 20,9oC, relative air humidity of 28,4% in a transformer station and air temperature of 22oC, relative air humidity of 27% outside a transformer station. After locating measuring points, a measuring instrument EFA-300 Field Analyzers aimed for analyze and measuring of electric and magnetic fields related to 50/60Hz systems of power transmission and distribution network as well as devices using such power, was tested. Climate conditions were recorded, and after that measuring were conducted, on distances of 0,50m 1,0m and 1,5m from a transformer station on heights of 1,75m, 1,50m and 1,00m above ground, i.e. in area where human had, thorax and legs can be placed in vicinity of the object.

28

29

30

b e
NN

16

17

18

261

g
1000 -2500 100 0-2500

100 0-2500

SN

d
NNSB
N PE

27

15

19

31

NNSB

f
SNSB

e
SNSB

26

14

25

a g b

20

32

10

f 25 13 1 12 c 9 11 10 21 33

470

24

23

22

36 Z X

35

34

Figure 3. Measuring points for magnetic flux density Measuring results and calculated values of magnetic flux density and electric field strength in measuring points are given by Table 3.1. The highest values of magnetic flux density outside a transformer station are measured on lateral low-voltage side of a transformer station on distance of 0.5m and height of 1.50m above ground in range from 57,699 T to 24,892 T , while increasing a distance from a transformer station to 1m , those values fall in to range from 27,750 T to 16,935 T , and on distance of 1.50m they are decreased to 8,378 T . Magnetic flux density measured inside a transformer station reaches its maximum values on low-voltage and medium voltage transformer terminals, implemented cable connections with medium-voltage and low-voltage blocks in point a 172,150 T and point b 195,100 T , while at low-voltage block on height of 1.00m , point g it reaches value of 119,185 T . Measuring results show that magnetic flux density values outside a transformer station on distance of 0.5m do not exceed value of 57,699 T and are higher than maximum allowable values for increased sensitivity domain ( Bmax = 40 T ) , but on distance of 1,5m from a transformer station values fall on to 2,895 T . Measured values of magnetic flux density outside a transformer station satisfy border values for professional exposure domain ( Bmax = 100 T ) .

Table 3.1. Measured and calculated values of magnetic flux density

4. Poreenje Comparison of measured and calculated values

On diagrams (Figure 4.1. and 4.2.), calculated and measured values of magnetic flux density are shown, as well as calculated errors between measured and calculated values.

Figure 4.1. Calculated and measured values of magnetic flux density outside and inside a transformer station

Figure 4.2. Error between measured and calculated values of magnetic flux density outside and inside a transformer station
It is visible from diagram that values of magnetic field density gained by calculation are following, in appropriate manner, the changes of measured values. Shown calculation gives percentage error, for some measuring points, between measured and calculated values within limits from 4,30% to 7,97%. For evaluation of field distribution both procedures are necessary, since they mutually supplement each other and therefore allow reliable evaluation of field values.

Conclusion Original scientific contribution of conducted research represents determination of threedimension (3D) distribution of low-frequency magnetic field, its interaction in conditions of complex geometry of transformer station and standardized electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in area of biologic influence of electromagnetic fields. Obtained three-dimensional (3D) mathematical models are representing very complex functional dependence of magnetic field distribution, as a base for objectified physical measurements in order to create optimal versions for solving electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in existing and new power facilities. Satisfying accuracy of results gained by calculations comparing to experimental measuring values with EFA-300 Field Analyzers instrument is confirmed, indicating that initiation and developing such calculations for designing of constructive solutions for transformer station is reasonable. From the economic point of view, such way of calculation can reduce the requirements for expensive experimental measurements and substation reparations, indicating that complex theoretical researches are resulting in appropriate constructive solutions. Introduced mathematical models, calculations, measuring and three-dimensional visual distribution of electric field, are representing the real assumption for researching of interaction between electromagnetic fields and human body on macroscopic and static level, revealing optimization criteria in aim to create a new technological solutions and methods for designing. The research results are important from scientific point of view, as well as, a possibility for practical implementation. Literature
1. Dragan Poljak Human exposure to non-ionizing radiation, Kigen ltd., Zagreb 2006. 2. V.Madarevi, A.Nuhanovi, A.Muharemovi, H.Salki: Numerical calculation of magnetic dissipation and power transformers, ELECTROCOMP 2005, Seventh International Conferences on Computation and Experimental Methods in Electrical Engineering and Electromagnetics, 16-18 March 2005. Orlando, Florida, USA. 3. tih, eljko; Berberovi, Sead; Kapetanovi, Izudin: Numerical analysis of low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure, 2003 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Istanbul, 2003.

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4. Vlado Madarevi, Hidajet Salki, Zlatko Salki :Numerical calculation of electric field distribution in
influence area of high-voltage conductor VIII Conference BH CIGRE, 21-25.10.2007. Neum.

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